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COURSE FILE
For
For
Code: 4B722
MAY 2017
Syllabus for B. Tech. IV Year I semester
Mechanical Engineering
Code: 4B722 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING
a b c d e f g h i j k l
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L T P/D C
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UNIT – I
Introduction to Refrigeration: Necessity and applications – Unit of refrigeration and C.O.P. – Mechanical Refrigeration – Types of
Ideal cycles of refrigeration.
Air Refrigeration: Bell Coleman cycle and Brayton Cycle, Open and Dense air systems – Actual air refrigeration system problems –
Refrigeration needs of Air crafts.
UNIT – II
Vapour compression refrigeration – working principle and essential components of the plant – simple Vapour compression
refrigeration cycle – COP – Representation of cycle on T-S and p-h charts – effect of sub cooling and super heating – cycle analysis –
Actual cycle Influence of various parameters on system performance – Use of p-h charts – numerical Problems.
UNIT III
System Components: Compressors – General classification – comparison – Advantages and Disadvantages.
Condensers – classification – Working Principles
Evaporators – classification – Working Principles
Expansion devices – Types – Working Principles
Refrigerants – Desirable properties – classification refrigerants used – Nomenclature – Ozone Depletion – Global Warming.
UNIT IV
Vapor Absorption System – Calculation of max COP – description and working of NH3 – water system and Li Br –water ( Two shell
& Four shell) System. Principle of operation Three Fluid absorption system, salient features. Steam Jet Refrigeration System –
Working Principle and Basic Components.
Principle and operation of (i) Thermoelectric refrigerator (ii) Vortex tube or Hilsch tube.
UNIT – V
Introduction to Air Conditioning: Psychometric Properties & Processes – Characterization of Sensible and latent heat loads –– Need
for Ventilation, Consideration of Infiltration – Load concepts of RSHF, GSHF- Problems, Concept of ESHF and ADP.
Requirements of human comfort and concept of effective temperature- Comfort chart –Comfort Air conditioning – Requirements of
Industrial air conditioning , Air conditioning Load Calculations.
UNIT – VI
Air Conditioning systems: Classification of equipment, cooling, heating humidification and dehumidification, filters, grills and
registers, fans and blowers. Heat Pump – Heat sources – different heat pump circuits.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning / CP Arora / TMH.
2. A Course in Refrigeration and Air conditioning / SC Arora & Domkundwar / Dhanpatrai
REFERENCES:
1. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning / Manohar Prasad / New Age.
2. Principles of Refrigeration - Dossat / Pearson Education.
3. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning-P.L.Bellaney
Evaluation of Learning Out Comes with Blooms Taxonomy of Six Cognitive Domain levels
The questions framed in this course file are to check six levels of cognitive domain levels of student.
OBJECTIVES
By going through the various sections of this unit, one should be able to the need for studying refrigeration and
air-conditioning is to produce cold and create air of specific properties ( H, cleanliness , removal odors etc)
Air conditioning also deals with the same i.e human comforts/ efficient working of electronic
components
The scheme of study involves qualitative and quantities assessment of refrigeration systems.
2. Prove that the performance factor of a Bell-Coleman cycle refrigeration system is given by C.O.P = T2/
T3-T2
Where T2 and T3 are the temperature of air at the inlet and discharge of compressor respectively.
3. Explain the working of a simple air cooling system used for air crafts?
4. Explain the working of a simple air evaporative cooling system used for air crafts?
5. Explain the working of a Boot strap air cooling system used for air crafts?
6. Explain the working of a Boot strap evaporative air cooling system used for air crafts?
7. Explain the working of reduced air cooling system?
8. A refrigerator working on Bell-coleman cycle operates between pressure limits of 1.05 bar and 8.5 bar.
Air is drawn from the cold chamber at 10 oC , compressed and then it is cooled to 30oC before entering
the expansion cylinder. The expansion and compression follows the law PV1.3= constant. Determine
the theoretical C.O.P of the system.
9. A simple air cooled system is used for an aero plane having load of 10 tonnes. The atmospheric
pressure and temperature are 9 bar and 10 o respectively. The pressure increases to 1.013 bar due to
ramming. The temperature of the air reduced by 50 oC in the heat exchanger. The pressure in the cabin
is 1.01 bar and the temperature of air leaving the cabin is 25 oC . determine 1. power required to take
load of collong in the cabin and 2. C.O.P of the system.
UNIT –II
1. List out the advantages of v.c. system over ai9r refrigeration system?
2. Distinguish between dry and wet compression. what are the advantage of one over the other?
3. What is the object of under cooling ?
4. Explain how would you detect whether refrigerator is undercharged or over charged?
5. Under what circumstances the super heating of vapor before coming to compressor is more
objectionable give the ways to prevent?
6. Why throttle valve is used in v.c.r rather than an expansion cylinder to reduce the pressure between the
condenser and evaporator?
7. Draw the refrigeration cycle on T-S diagram when the refrigerant is dry and saturated at the end of
compression and find an expression for C.O.P in terms of
a) Temperature and entropy b) enthalpy
8. What is foreign material? Why is it objectionable in refrigeration system? What are methods to prevent
it?
9. Draw the T- S an P-H diagram of theoretical vapour compression refrigerator when the refrigerant is
just dry at the end of compression?
10. Draw the T- S an P-H diagram of theoretical vapour compression refrigerator when the refrigerant is
just wet at the end of compression?
11. Draw the T- S an P-H diagram of theoretical vapour compression refrigerator when the refrigerant is
super saturated vapour at the end of compression?
12. Draw the T- S an P-H diagram of theoretical vapour compression refrigerator when the refrigerant is
super saturated vapour at the before compression?
13. Draw the T- S an P-H diagram of theoretical vapour compression refrigerator when the refrigerant is
under cooling or sub cooling?
2. The temperature limits of an ammonia refrigerator system are 25oC and -100oC. If the gas is dry at the
end of compression calculate C.O.P of the cycle assuming no under cooling of the liquid ammonia.
Use the following table for properties of ammonia.
4. A vapour compression refrigerator uses methyl chloride (R-40) and operates between temperature
limits of -100 C and 450C. At entry to the compressor, the refrigerant is dry saturated and after
compression it acquires a temperature of 600C. Find C.O.P of the refrigerator. The relevant properties
of methyl chloride as follows.
5) A simple R-12 plant is to develop 5 tonnes of refrigeration. The condenser and evaporator temperatures
are to be 40°C and -10oC respectively. Determine (a) the refrigerant flow rate in kg/s, (b) the volume
flow rate handled by the compressor in m3 Is, (c) the compressor discharge temperature, (d) the
pressure ratio, (e) the heat rejected to the condenser in kW, (f) the flash gas percentage after throttling,
(g) the COP,; and (h) the power required to drive the compressor. How does this COP compare with
that of a Carnot refrigerator operating between 40° C and -10oC?
6) A two-stage vapour compression refrigeration system with a direct contact heat exchanger (flash
chamber) operates with ammonia as the refrigerant. The evaporator and condenser temperatures are
-30 and 40° C respectively. If the capacity of the plant is 30 tonnes of refrigeration, estimate the total
work of compression and the COP. Had the compression been done in a single stage, what would have
been the percentage increase in the work of compression? What is the percentage increase in the COP
owing to the staging of the compression process?
7) In an aircraft cooling system, air enters the compressor at 0.1 MFa, 4°C, and is compressed to 0.3 MFa
with an isentropic efficiency of 72 %. After being cooled to 55()C at constant pressure in a heat
exchanger the air then expands in a turbine to 0.1 MFa with an isentropic efficiency of 78%. The low
temperature air absorbs a cooling load of 3 tonnes of refrigeration at constant pressure before re-
entering the compressor which is driven by the turbine. Assuming air to be an ideal gas, determine the
COP of the refrigerator, the driving power required, and the air mass flow rate.
8) A refrigerating plant works between temperature limits of —5 oC and 25oC . The working fluid ammonia
has dryness fraction of 0.62 at entry to compressor. If the machine has a relative efficiency of 55% .
The ice is to be formed at 0°C from water at 15°C and 6.4 kg of ammonia is circulated per minute.
Specific heat of water is 4.187 kj/kgk and latent heat of Ice is 335 kj/kg Properties of NHj:
UNIT –III
1. Show the Air compression cycle (in the case of Reciprocating compressor) on p-V and T-S planes.
2. Why is an external power input needed lo drive a compressor?
3. What are the uses of compressed gases?
4. How will you classify compressors?
5. Is it essential to maintain clearance between Cylinder head and piston? Give
reason,
6. What is the condition for minimum work Input?
7. What is the function of a condenser in a refrigeration system?
What are the points to be considered for selecting a condenser for a refrigeration system?
8. Discuss the natural convection and forced convection types of air cooled condenser?
9. Explain a re-circulated water system in water cooled condensers?
10. Give the comparison of air-cooled condenser water cooled condenser?
11. Write short note on cooling towers?
12. What are the factors that affect the heat transfer capacity of an evaporator?
13. What do you understand by pool boiling and flow boiling?
14 EXPLAIN the dry expansion evaporator with the help of a neat sketch?
15. Write short note on methods of defrosting?
16. Discuss the frosting and defrosting evaporators?
17. Discuss the operation of a capillary tube in a refrigeration system?
18. Differentiate between low-side float valve and high –side float valve?
19. What are the desirable properties of an ideal refrigerant?
20. Name the different refrigerant generally used?
1. Describe with a sketch a centrifugal compressor. Where are centrifugal compressors preferred over
reciprocating compressor in refrigeration system?
2. What are the advantage and disadvantage of centrifugal compressor over reciprocating compressor?
3. Give the main types of condensers in use with specific application of each type?
4. Describe forced convection evaporator and gives its field of application?
5. Explain the working of automatic expansion value. Why its constant pressure expansion value?
6. What are the desirable properties of an ideal refrigerant?
UNIT –IV
1. What is the function of a compressor in vapour compression refrigeration system? How this function is
achieved in vapour absorption refrigeration system?
2. Draw a neat sketch of a practical vapour absorption system? And explain?
3. What is the function of the following components in an absorption system?
4. Absorber b) rectifier c) analyzer d) heat exchanger
5. Discuss the advantages of an vapour absorption refrigeration system over compression refrigeration
system?
6. Draw a neat diagram of three fluid absorption system of refrigeration , and explain its working?
7. Draw a neat diagram of li- br water absorption system and explain working. List the major field of
applications of this system?
8. What is principle of a stem jet refrigeration system?
9. Explain with the help of a neat sketch , the working of a steam jet refrigeration system?
11. Draw the temperature –entropy and h-s diagram of a stem jet refrigeration system and write the expression
for the following efficiencies
12. Nozzle efficiency b) entrainment efficiency c) compression efficiencies
13. Derive an expression for finding out the mass of motive steam required per kg water vapour produced.
14. What are the advantage and disadvantage of steam jet refrigeration system over other types of
refrigeration system?
UNIT-V
OBJECTIVES:
12. . Explain the difference between comfort air –conditioning and industrial air conditioning ?
13. Define the term effective temperature and explain the importance in air –conditioning?
14. Define thermal shock used in air-conditioning, describe the methods to reduce the same?
15. What are the important consideration design of air conditioning systems?
Why ventilation is rewired?
16. What are the ventilation standards used under different conditions?
17. What are the governing factors which effect effective temperature? Describe in detail?
1s8. What is the role played by clothing, how does it affect comfort zone of human being?
UNIT –VI
4. The ratio of heat extracted in the Refrigerator to the work done on the Refrigerant is called
[ ]
a) Coefficient of performance of Refrigeration
b) Coefficient of performance of heat pump
c) Refrigerating efficiency
10) The simple air cooling system is good for ………… fight speeds
a) low b) high [ ]
11) The water, alcohol and ammonia have ………….. refrigerating effects at different altitudes.
a) Same b) Different [ ]
15) The reduced ambient air cooling system is used for very ………. Speed air crafts.
a) low b) high [ ]
Q) A machine working on a carnot cycle operates between 305K and 260K. Determine COP when it is
operated.
23) In a vapour compression refrigeration system, the condition of refrigerant before entering the
compressor is [ ]
24) The highest temperature during the cycle, in a vapour compression refrigeration system, occurs after
[ ]
a) compression b) condensation
c) expansion d) evaporation
25) In a vapour compression refrigeration system, the lowest temperature during the cycle occurs after
[ ]
a) compression b) condensation
c) expansion d) evaporation
26) In a vapour compression refrigeration system, the effect of superheating the vapour before suction to
compression [ ]
a) increase the work of compression b) in crease the heat rejection in the condenser
c) may increase or decrease C.O.P. depending upon the refrigerant used
d) all of the above
27) In a domestic vapour compression refrigerator, the refrigerant commonly used is
[ ]
a) CO2 b) Ammonia c) Freon – 12 d) All of these
28) The sub cooling is a process of cooling the refrigerant in vapour compression refrigeration system
[ ]
29) In a vapour compression refrigeration system, subcooling the liquid refrigerant is to ………………..
coefficient of performance. [ ]
a) increase b) decrease
36) The work requirement for a reciprocating compressor is minimum when the compression process is
[ ]
a) isothermal b) isentropic c) polytropic d) adiabatic
38) The clearance volume in reciprocating refrigerant compressors ……… the work done and the power
required for compressing the refrigerant. [ ]
a) does not effect b) increases c) decreases
39) In compound compression refrigeration systems with intercooling, the optimum intercooler or
intermediate pressure P2, when the cooling ratio is fixed, is given by
[ ]
a) P2 = P1/P3 b) P2=P3/P1
P1 P3
c) P2=P1xP3 d) P2=
40) The centrifugal compressors are generally used for refrigerants that require
a) small displacements and low condensing pressures [ ]
b) large displacements and high condensing pressures
c) small displacement and high condensing pressures
d) large displacement and low condensing pressures
41) The coefficient of performance of vapour compression refrigeration system is quite …….. compared to
air refrigeration system. [ ]
a) low b) high
43) In a vapour compression refrigeration system, the condition of refrigerant before entering the
compressor is [ ]
44. The highest temperature during the cycle, in a vapour compression refrigeration system, occurs after
[ ]
a) compression b) condensation
c) expansion d) evaporation
45. In a vapour compression refrigeration system, the lowest temperature during the cycle occurs after
[ ]
a) compression b) condensation
c) expansion d) evaporation
46. In a vapour compression refrigeration system, the effect of superheating the vapour before suction to
compression [ ]
a) increase the work of compression b) in crease the heat rejection in the condenser
c) may increase or decrease C.O.P. depending upon the refrigerant used
d) all of the above
48. The subcooling is a process of cooling the refrigerant in vapour compression refrigeration system
[ ]
56. The work requirement for a reciprocating compressor is minimum when the compression process is
[ ]
a) isothermal b) isentropic c) polytropic d) adiabatic
58. The clearance volume in reciprocating refrigerant compressors ……… the work done and the power
required for compressing the refrigerant. [ ]
a) does not effect b) increases c) decreases
59. In compound compression refrigeration systems with intercooling, the optimum intercooler or
intermediate pressure P2, when the cooling ratio is fixed, is given by
[ ]
a) P2 = P1/P3 b) P2=P3/P1
P1 P3
c) P2=P1xP3 d) P2=
60. The centrifugal compressors are generally used for refrigerants that require
a) small displacements and low condensing pressures [ ]
b) large displacements and high condensing pressures
c) small displacement and high condensing pressures
d) large displacement and low condensing pressures
61. Science of providing and maintaining temperature below the ambient temperature is called :
[ ]
(a) air conditioning (b) refrigeration
(c) air cooling (d) any of them
63. 1000 kg of ice melts in 24 hours and produces a cooling effect at the rate of 210 kJ/min. This is called :
[ ]
(a) unit of refrigeration (b) refrigeration capacity
(c) ice making capacity (d) any of them
65. A certain refrigerating machine is designated as 1.5 ton machine. Then it can extract heat at the
rate of : [ ]
(a) 210 kJ/min (b) 1500 kJ/hr
(c) 315 kJ/sec (d) 315 kJ/min
67. A thermodynamic cycle in which the refrigerators use air as working substance operates on :
[ ]
(a) Carnot cycle (b) Joule cycle
(c) Bell-coleman cycle (d) Brayton cycle
69. The refrigerant absorbs heat equivalent to its latent heat of evaporation from [ ]
(a) water surrounding the condenser
(b) atmosphere
(c) compressor
(d) space or products to be cooled
70. By superheating the refrigerant, the refrigerating effect and work supply will [ ]
(a) increase (b) decrease
(c) (a) or (b) (d) none
72. In vapour compression refrigeration the state of refrigerant when it leaves the evaporator should
be : [ ]
(a) wet vapour (b) very wet vapour
(c) dry vapour (d) saturated liquid
73. A device that separates liquid refrigerant from vapour and passes vapour to compressor
bypassing the evaporator is called : [ ]
(a) flash chamber (b) accumulator
(c) receiver tank (d) none
75. T1 and T2 being absolute temperatures before and after adiabatic compression in a Bell-Coleman
cycle, C.O.P is given by : [ ]
76. State of refrigerant is wet before compression, but dry and saturated at the end of compression; then
it is called : [ ]
(a) dry compression (b) wet compression
(c) saturated compression (d) none
78. Keeping the condenser pressure constant, if evaporator pressure is slightly reduced :
[ ]
(a) COP is unaltered (b) COP increases
(c) COP decreases (d) (b) or (c)
80. Device that is used to meter the quantity of refrigerant flow in vapour compression system is :
[ ]
(a) receiver tank (b) expansion valve
(c) solenoid valve (d) any of them
87. C.O.P. of a refrigerator may be increased if a sub cooler is brought in the cycle
(a) before compressor (b) before condenser [ ]
(c) after the condenser (d) after the expansion valve
88. While a refrigerator works on a vapour compression system, the working substance (refrigerant)
rejects the heat in a : [ ]
(a) evaporator (b) compressor
(c) expansion valve (d) condenser
89. After coming out of the evaporator, the condition (state) of refrigerant in vapour compression system
is : [ ]
(a) wet vapour (b) dry vapour
(c) very wet vapour. (d) high pre. saturated liquid.
91. In place of compressor as used in the vapour compression refrigeration system, the vapour
absorption system uses : [ ]
(a) an absorber (b) a liquid pump
(c) a generator (d) all of the above
97. The pipe line material for a refrigerating system using freon as a refrigerant is[ ]
(a) copper (b) brass
(c) bronze (d) aluminium
98. Which of the following refrigerants has the boiling point equal to - 78.3 °C : [ ]
(a) NH3 (b) SO2
(c) CO2 (d) Freon – 12
99. The freezing point of Freon-12 is : [ ]
(a) -56.5°C (b) - 77.7 °C
(c) - 95.2 °C (d) - 135.8 °C
100. The material used for the pipes and pipe fittings in ammonia refrigeration system is :
(a) cast steel (b) brass [ ]
(c) copper (d) aluminium
101. For the same operating temperature limits COP of a heat pump equals: [ ]
(a) COP of a refrigerator (b) 1 + COP of a refrigerator
(c) COP of a refrigerator - 1 (d) none
102. COP of a carnot refrigeration cycle has COP = 5. The ratio of max. [ ]
temp, to min. temp, is :
(a) 1.20 (b) 1.5
(c) 2.0 (d) 2.5
103. A carnot refrigerator rejects 2500 kj of heat at 390K while using 750 kJ [ ]
of work. The lowest operating temperature of the cycle is :
(a) 300°C (b) 270°C
(c) 27°C (d) 327°K
109. The lowest temperature in vapour compression refrigeration cycle occurs after [ ]
(a) expansion (b) condensation
(c) evaporation (d) compression
112. The mass of water vapour that the air in a given space can hold depends on :
(a) pressure {b) temperature [ ]
(c) volume (d) any of them
113. When air is heated without changing its moisture its dew point will : [ ]
(a) decrease (b) increase
(c) remain unchanged (d) any of them
120. During dehumidification process, property of air that remains constant is: [ ]
(a) DBT (b) WBT
(c) RH (d) Sp. Humidity
SREENIDHI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
IV/IV B.TECH MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
REFRIGERATION AND AIRCONDITIONING
MODEL PAPER(2016-2017)
MAXIMUM MARKS-70M
PART-A
Answer all questions 10X2=20M
1. Define Tonn of Refrigeration. (UNIT-1)
2. Sketch the effect of sub cooling and super heating on T-S and P-h planes. (UNIT-2)
3. a) Describe the working of shell and tube type and shell and coil type
Evaporators.
b) Explain the working of a automatic expansion valve with the help of a neat sketch.
(UNIT-3)
4. a) Explain the working principle of steamjet refrigeration system with a neat
sketch
5. An auditorium is maintained at 240C DBT and 60% RH. The sensible and
latent heat loads in the room are 132 Kw and 78 Kw respectively. The DBT of air
entering the auditorium is 180 C . Determine, (i) kg of air supply to auditorium per hour. (ii)
DPT and RH of the supply air (iii) SHR.
(UNIT-5)
6. a) Describe the following types of air filters for cleaning air with simple sketches.
(i) Viscous filter (ii) Wet filter.
b) Explain the working of summer air conditioning system with neat sketch. (UNIT-6)
7. a) An air refrigeration plant working on Bell Coleman cycle operates
between 1 bar and 5 bar. The adiabatic efficiency of compression is 85% and
expansion Is 90%. Find out the COP of the system and its tonnage when the air flow rate is
1kg/sec. The cooler temperature is 27ºC and refrigerant temperature is 0ºC.also draw
the cycle on P-V and T-S planes.
(UNIT-1)
b) Compare the reciprocating compressors with rotary compressors used for Refrigeration.
(UNIT-3)
8. a) Write the differences between air conditioners and heat pumps. (UNIT-6)
b) Explain the following terms (i) Dry Bulb Temperature (ii) Enthalpy of Humid air iii)
Relative Humidity (iv) Degree of Saturation.
(UNIT-5)