 A C-rate is a measure of the rate at which a battery is discharged relative to its

maximum capacity. A 1C rate means that the discharge current will discharge the
entire battery in 1 hour. For a battery with a capacity of 100 Amp-hrs, this equates
to a discharge current of 100 Amps

 Say a capacitor is connected in an AC single phase Ckt. Now capacitor both

side terminal say A & B.

Now switch on the AC supply.

 Effect:-

1) in1st half cycle A become Positive & B become Negative.

2) In the2nd half Cycle B become +Ve & A become -Ve.

 In a complete AC cycle once the capacitor got charged & again it got
discharged.That is why Capacitor work in AC only.

Because if We connect a capacitor in DC Ckt,at the time of switching it will

charged( DC One directional, or it is not having +ve & -VE half cycle), it will
not discharged.It will only discharged if DC ckt is made off.

 This section covers the theory and operation of "Maximum Power Point
Tracking" as used in solar electric charge controllers.An MPPT, or maximum
power point tracker is an electronic DC to DC converter that optimizes the match
between the solar array (PV panels), and the battery bank or utility grid. To put it
simply, they convert a higher voltage DC output from solar panels (and a few
wind generators) down to the lower voltage needed to charge batteries.

 Monocrystalline solar panels are slightly more expensive, but also slightly
more space-efficient. efficiency of up to 22.8 percent
 Electric Traction- The system which use electrical power for traction system i.e.
for railways, trams, trolleys, etc. is called electrical traction. OR Electric traction
means a locomotion in which the driving force is obtained from electric motors.
Electric traction will continue to play a dominant role in the Railway since it is
an environmentally clean technology compared to diesel traction and also its
running cost is low. There are many advantages of electric traction over other
forms of locomotion.

What is Battery Sulfation?

Sulfation, a build-up of lead sulfate crystals, is the number one cause of early failures
of lead-acid, sealed AGM or flooded (wet cell-filler caps) batteries. A sulfated battery
can lead to:
 loss of cranking power
 longer charging times
 excessive heat build-up leading to "boil out"
 shorter running times between charges
 dramatically shorter battery life
Other causes of battery failure include: vibration, contamination, damaged
charging plates (due to overheating) and under or over charging.
What Causes a Sulfated Battery?
All lead-acid storage batteries will develop sulfate during their life time. This
includes the new sealed "dry" such as Optima, Odyssey, Exide and Interstate
branded AGM-spiral-wound types. Batteries develop sulfation each time they are
used (discharged - recharged). If they are overcharged or undercharged or left
discharged, some for even just several days, they will rapidly develop sulfate. Even
when a battery is stored fully charged, sulfate will form unless a desulfating battery
charger is used. Using or storing batteries in temperatures above 75°F accelerates
the rate of self-discharge and increases battery sulfation dramatically. In fact, the
discharge rate doubles, as does sulfation, for every 10°F rise above room
temperature.