REVIEWER

During the obtainment of soluble coffee, the soluble solids are extracted with water in a solid liquid extraction. This extraction is
performed in a multistage system that operates counter currently, where 3000 kg/h of roasted and ground coffee contains 24% in
weight of soluble solids, while the moisture content is negligible. Five percent of the soluble solids contained in the food appear in
the final underflow stream, while the overflow stream contains 35% in weight of such solids. From the previous laboratory
experiments, it was obtained that the amount of solution retained by inert solids is 1.6 kg solution per kg inert solids. Calculate the
following:
The percentage soluble solids in the final underflow
The amount of solvent needed.
The number of stages needed if the global efficiency of the system is 75%.

Determine the relative volatility of n-butane/n-pentane mixture at 300C and 1 atm abs
One hundred mols of 15% by mole n-butane/n-pentane mixture is distilled until the residual liquid contains 45.5 mols. Using the
value of the relative volatility, find the average concentration of the distillate in mol% butane.

The distribution equilibrium for A between an extract solvent S and a raffinate solvent B is given Y=2X where Y=mass of A per unit
mass of S, X=mass of A per unit mass of B. The extract and raffinate solvents are immiscible with each other at all concentrations
of A. From these data, calculate the amount of extract solvent needed per 100 kg solution containing 30% A in B in 95% of A is to
be removed for each of the following arrangements:
Single stage contact
Three-stage batch contact, one third of the solvent will be used in each contact
Three-stage countercurrent operation

A mixture containing 60 mol% benzene and 40 mol% toluene is fed to a distillation column at its dew point in order to be separated
into a liquid distillate and a liquid bottoms product of 95 mol% and 5 mol% benzene, respectively. The distillation is operated at a
pressure P where the relative volatility can be assumed at a value of 2.48. If the McCabe-Thiele assumptions can be applied for
the system, determine the reflux ratio for the infinite number of stages.

A liquid mixture containing 55% benzene and 45% toluene by weight is fed to a fractionating column at a rate of 1000 kg/h. The
concentration of benzene in the distillate and the bottoms are 92% and 6% by weight, respectively.
If the reflux ratio is 2, determine the amount of vapor in the top section of the column.
What percentage of toluene from the feed goes to the bottoms product?
If the relative volatility between benzene and toluene is assumed to be constant at α = 3, what is the minimum number of stages
required to achieve the desired separation?

Determine the mass percentage of carbon tetrachloride (P0 = 114.5 torr) in the vapor phase at equilibrium in a 1:1 mole ideal
solution with trichloromethane (P0 = 199.1 torr) at 25 0C.

A solution that contains a valuable material M in water is recovered from the solution using solvent S. If 9 kg is used per kg of
solution and the distribution equilibrium is X/Z = 3, where X = kg M per kg water and Z = kg M per kg S. Calculate the % M that will
remain in the solution after solvent extraction using
Single batch equilibrium stage
Two successive batch equilibrium stage using fresh solvent for each step

An aqueous solution containing 1.5 kmol X / m3 is fed at 36 ml/s to the top of the column of height 1.60 m and cross-sectional area
of 0.0045 m2 and it leaves at the bottom with 1.4 kmol / m3. An organic solvent containing 0.006 kmol X / m3 flows counter to the
aqueous phase at 9 ml/s. The equilibrium relationship is given by: CX organic = 0.3 CX aqueous. Calculate:
The log mean concentration difference for the transfer.
The overall volumetric transfer coefficient based on the organic phase.
The height of transfer unit.

What is the boiling point of an equimolar mixture of benzene and toluene at 101.3 kN/m2?

What is the dew point of an equimolar mixture of benzene and toluene at 101.3 kN/m2?
Cod liver oil is obtained from crushed livers by extraction with an organic solvent. A sample that contains 0.335 kg of oil per each
kg of exhausted liver is fed into a multistage extractor that operates under countercurrent, where pure organic solvent is employed.
It is desired to recover 90% of the oil in the final overflow, with a composition 60% in weight of oil. If retention of the solution is 2
kg per each 3.2 kg of insoluble solids, calculate the amount of solvent required and the number of ideal stages required to carry
out the desired extraction. Calculations are made assuming that 100 kg of food is introduced into the extractor.
Amount of solvent required
Number of ideal stages

It is desired to produce an overhead product containing 80 mol% benzene from a feed mixture of 68 mol% benzene and 32 mol%
toluene. If the mixture is subjected to equilibrium distillation at 1 atm, what is the fraction of the liquid that is vaporized?

A vessel contains a liquid mixture of 50% benzene and 50% toluene by weight at 100 0C. Calculate the average molecular weight
of the vapor in contact with the solution.

A multiple contact extraction is to treat 1.25 tons per hour of dry black ash containing 40% Na 2CO3 and 60% insoluble matter with
30 gpm of water. If 5% of the Na2CO3 remains unextracted, calculate the solvent required and the number of stages. The mass
ratio of insoluble matter to solvent in the underflow from the stage is 1:2.
Concentration of final overflow
Number of ideal stages

A 537 kg solution of 50% wt octane and 50% wt heptane is batch-distilled until only 4.74 lbmols remain in the still. Assuming α=2.0,
calculate the following:
The total moles of distillate
The percentage by mol of heptane in the distillate
The octane concentration of the residue by weight

A liquid mixture of acetaldehyde and toluene contains 8 lb of acetaldehyde and 90 lb of toluene. Part of the acetaldehyde in this
solution is to be extracted using pure water as the extracting agent. The extraction is to be performed in two stages, using 25 lb of
fresh water for each stage. The raffinate layer from the first stage is treated by fresh water in the second stage. The extraction
takes place at 170C and the equilibrium equation Y=2.2X may be employed. Assuming toluene and water is immiscible, what would
be the weight percent of acetaldehyde in a mixture of the extracts from both stage if each of the extraction were theoretically
perfect?

. Nikuradse developed a semi theoretical correlation for f vs. Re for steady turbulent flow in smooth pipes (105 < Re < 107):

Toluene (ρ = 866 kg/m3, μ = 0.0008 Ns/m2) is to be conveyed through a 100 m pipeline of diameter 0.2 m. What is the maximum
flow rate of toluene in kg/s that can be maintained, if the frictional pressure loss is not to exceed 10 kN/m 2?

Cooling water at 220C flows through a 25 mm inside diameter smooth tube of length 10 m. If the pressure drop throughout the pipe
is 20 kPa.
What is the velocity of water in the pipe?
What is the mass flow rate at the outlet of the pipe?

A town derives its water supply from lake nearby, pumping it up to a standpipe on the highest hill. The intake to the system is 10 ft
below the lake surface, the inlet to the pump is 15 ft above lake surface, and the water level in the tower is kept constant at 310 ft
above the pump discharge. The friction loss is 140 ft-lbf/lbm of water through the 6000 ft of 4 inch pipeline which includes the total
equivalent length of all piping from the lake to the water tower. If the pump capacity is 6000 GPH and the water pump set is 85%
efficient, what would be the hourly pumping cost is electric power is 7.50 per KW-hr?

An oil well is 1200 ft below ground level. Oil at 500 psig at the bottom flows to ground level through a 12 inch sch40 commercial
steel pipe. The oil has a specific gravity of 0.86 and viscosity of 8 cp. Calculate the volumetric flowrate in barrels/hr.

How many gallons of water at 68˚F can be delivered through a 1320 ft. length of smooth 6.00- in ID pipe under a pressure difference
of 0.25 psi?
Water flows in a 50 mm pipe, 100 m long, whose roughness ε is equal to 0.013 mm. If the pressure drop across this length of pipe
is not to exceed 50 kN/m2, what is the maximum allowable water velocity? The density and viscosity of water may be taken as
1000 kg/m3 and 1.0 mN s/m2 respectively.

A 280 km long pipe connects two pumping stations. If 0.56 m 3/s are to be pumped through 0.62 m diameter line, the discharge
station is 250 m lower in elevation than the upstream station and the discharge pressure is to be maintained at 300 kPa. Determine
the power in kW required to pump the oil. For the oil, υ= 4.5 x10-6 m2/s and ρ= 810 kg/m3. The inlet pressure may be taken as
atmospheric.

What is the hydraulic diameter of a 200 mm by 300 mm rectangular duct which air flows?

What is the hydraulic mean diameter of the annular space between 40 mm and a 50 mm tube?

A 150 mm diameter pipe carries 81.3 L/s of water. The pipe branches into two pipes one is 50 mm in diameter and the other is 75
mm. What is the velocity in the 75 mm pipe if the velocity of the flow in the 50 mm pipe is 10 m/s?

Nitrogen is to be fed through a 15 mm-id commercial steel pipe 11.5 m long to a synthetic ammonia plant. Calculate the downstream
pressure in the line for a flow rate of 1.5 mol/s, an upstream pressure of 600 kPa, and a temperature of 27 oC throughout. The
average Fanning friction factor may be taken as 0.0066.

What is the theoretical minimum consumption of the free air to lift 100 gpm of water through a height of 50 ft (neglecting frictional
losses) by means of an acid egg? Assume ΔP is 14.7 psia.

Calculate the theoretical horsepower required to compress 100 cfm of carbon dioxide at 60 0F and 1 atm to 10 atm in a single
stage adiabatic compressor.

Water at 600F flows from a lake through 500 ft of 4-in ID cast iron pipe at a water turbine 250 ft below the surface of the lake. After
flowing through the turbine, the water is discharged into the atmosphere through a horizontal 50 ft section of the same pipe. The
turbine power output is 10 hp when the water in the discharge pipe is flowing at 5 ft/s.
What is the turbine efficiency?
If the turbine were by passed, what would be the mass flowrate of water through the 500 ft of 4in pipe.

A certain type of centrifugal pump delivers 0.12m3/s of water with a head of 28m using an impeller speed is 75%, the power
requirement for the pump is

A pump is pumping 50 gal/min of water from a pressure of 30 psia to a pressure of 100 psia. The changes in elevation and velocity
are negligible. The motor that drives the pump supplies 2.80 hp. What is the efficiency of the pump?

A single stage compressor is to compress 7.56x10-3 kmol/s of methane at 26.70C and 137.9 kPa to 551.6 kPa. For methane
Cp/Cv=1.31.
Calculate the power required if the mechanical efficiency is 80% and the compression is adiabatic.
Repeat, but for isothermal compression.

A liquid flows through pipes 1 and 2 with the same flow velocity. If the ratio of the pipe diameters d 1 : d2 be 3:2, what will be the
ratio of the head loss in the two pipes?

A 6-in standard horizontal pipe delivers water at a velocity of 10 ft/s to a m3 pond from a river. The equivalent length of the pipe is
1000 ft. If the water temperature is 80 0F,
The flow is
The theoretical horse power of the pump is

An air lift pump is used for raising 10 gpm of a liquid of SG=1.2 to a height of 60 ft. Air is available at 50 psig. If the efficiency of the
pump is 30%.
What is the cfm of air measured at STP?
Calculate the power requirement, assuming isentropic compression of the air.

Water is flowing upward at 1.676 m/s through a vertical piping system consisting of 3’’ sch40 steel pipe at the inlet and 2 “ sch40
steel pipe at the outlet. The vertical distance from the inlet to the outlet is 0.457 m. The inlet pressure is 68.9 kPa absolute.
Assuming no frictional losses, what will be the outlet pressure?

A two-stage air compressor has water-jacketed cylinders and a water inter-cooler. The compressor takes in 500 cfm of “free” air at
14.7 psia and 800Fand discharges it into a receiver in which the pressure remains constant. Cooling water flows through the jackets
and the intercooler at the rate of 4 gpm, the water entering at 80 0F and leaving at 1200. Assuming that the heat loss from the
compressor to its surrounding if negligible. The enthalpy of the air increases by 41 BTU/lb. Neglect kinetic energy changes.
Calculate the heat removed from air stream.
What is the horsepower supplied to the compressor?

A 1-in diameter smooth tube 1000 ft long is carrying a product having a viscosity of 25 centipoises and density 55 lb/ft 3 at an
average velocity of 7.33 ft/s. Due to a production change, the product viscosity will be decreased to 12.5 centipoises with no change
in density. What will be the percentage change in pump horsepower output to overcome the friction losses in the smooth tube for
the same flow?

Nitrogen is to be fed through a 15 mm-id commercial steel pipe 11.5 m long to a synthetic ammonia plant. Calculate the downstream
pressure in the line for a flow rate of 1.5 mol/s, an upstream pressure of 600 kPa, and a temperature of 27 oC throughout. The
average Fanning friction factor may be taken as 0.0066.

In a feed-back control system G and H denote open loop and closed loop transfer functions respectively. The output-input
relationship is
a. G / (1 + H) c. H / (1 + G)
b. G / H d. H / G

The open loop transfer function of a control system is KR / (1 + τs), This represents
a. a first order system c. dead time system
b. a first order time lag d. a second order system

A system with a double pole at the origin is unstable since the corresponding term in the time domain.
a. is a constant c. grows exponentially with time
b. grows linearly with time d. decays linearly with time

A sinusoidal variation in the input passing through a linear first-order system

a. becomes more oscillatory (frequency increases)
b. becomes less oscillatory (frequency decreases)
c. gets amplified (magnitude increases)
d. gets attenuated (magnitude decreases)

A typical example of a physical system with under-damped characteristics is a

a. U – tube manometer
b. spring-loaded diaphragm valve
c. CSTR with first-order reaction
d. thermocouple kept immersed in a liquid-filed thermowell

On doubling the concentration of reactant, the rate of reaction triples, find the reaction order.

The slow gas – phase reaction A → 2.4 R with first – order kinetics takes place isothermally (25°C) in a constant volume bomb.
Starting with pure A at 1 atm, the pressure in the bomb rises to 1.8 atm in 75 minutes.
The actual conversion of A in the constant volume bomb.
The concentration of A (M) after 75 minutes.
N2O5 decomposes into NO2 and NO3 with a rate constant of 1.96 X 1014 exp [-10,660/T ]s-l. At t = 0, pure N2O5 is admitted into a
constant temperature and volume reactor with an initial pressure of 2 atm. After 1 min, what is the total pressure of the reactor? T
= 273 K.

The homogeneous first – order gas phase reaction A  3B has a rate constant k= 0.5 / min. Pure A at 1 atm was introduced into
a constant – volume batch reactor.
The total pressure after 4 minutes
The total pressure after 2 minutes

The irreversible reaction A → B takes place in a solvent. The kinetics of the reaction have been studied at concentrations of A from
2.0 gmole/L to 0.25 gmole/L. Over this range, the kinetic data are well correlated by the rate equation, - ra = kCa0.5. At 25ºC, in an
isothermal, ideal batch reactor, the concentrations of A drops from an initial Cao of 2M to 1.0 M in 15 min. At 50ºC, it takes 20 s for
this same change to occur.
The rate constant at a temperature of 40ºC
The activation energy of the reaction is approximately ______
The calculated final concentration of A at 40ºC after 10 minutes. Is the answer possible?

Nitrogen pentoxide decomposes as follows:

N2O5 → ½ O2 + N2O4
-r N2O5 = (2.2 x 10 -3/min) CN2O5
N2O4 ↔ 2NO2, instantaneous Kp = 45 mmHg
The partial pressure of A (constant volume bomb) after 6.5 hours if we start with pure N2O5 at atmospheric pressure.
The partial pressure of NO2

An aqueous solution of ethyl acetate (A) with a concentration of 0.3 moles/liter at 0.5 L/s mixes with an aqueous solution of sodium
hydroxide (B) with a concentration of 0.45 moles/liter and flowing at 1.0 L/s. The combined stream enters a reactor system for
saponification to occur at 16 degrees Celsius at which temperature the rate constant (k) is 0.0574 L/mol-s. Conversions is to be
80% at steady state.
If the reactor system is a single CSTR, what volume V is required?
If the reactor is made up of two equal-sized CSTRs in series, what is the volume of each?
If the reactor system is made up of two-equal sized CSTRs in parallel, what is the volume of each?

A first-order homogeneous reaction of A going to 3B is carried out in a constant pressure batch reactor. It is found that starting with
pure A. The volume after 12 min is increased by 70 percent at a pressure of 1.8 atm. If the same reaction is to be carried out in a
constant volume reactor and the initial pressure is 1.8 atm, calculate the time required to bring the pressure to 2.5 atm.

The homogeneous first – order gas phase reaction A  3B has a rate constant k= 0.5 / min. Pure A at 1 atm was introduced into
a constant – volume batch reactor. Calculate the total pressure after 4 minutes

Given the reaction A → B/2, initially pure gas A was fed in the reactor with an initial pressure of 8.2 atm at 500K. With Cao = 0.2
mole/L and k = 10 L/mol-s
What is the order of the reaction based on k?
If the reactor used is a constant volume batch reactor, calculate the residence time for 90% conversion.
For 90% conversion of A, how much B is produced in the batch reactor?
If a 340-L CSTR was used, what is the space time for the gaseous reaction?
For 90% conversion of A, what is the space time in a 45.2 L PFR for the gaseous reaction?

A gas –phase reaction between methane (A) and sulfur (B) is conducted at 600ºC and 101 kPa in a PFR, to produce carbon
disulfide and hydrogen sulfide. The reaction is first-order with respect to each reactant, with kb = 12 m3/mol-h (based upon the
disappearance of sulfur). The inlet molar flow rates of methane and sulfur are 23.8 and 47.6 mol/h respectively.
Determine the volume V required to achieve 18% conversion of methane.
The space time for the reaction

A structure within or on cell that performs specific functions and is related to the cell in a way similar to that of an organ to the body.
Which sequence shows the central dogma of molecular biology?

A lab technician may prevent a blood sample from clotting by adding a compound that prevents ___ from entering the clotting
process.

In the Lineweaver-Burk double reciprocal plot the slope is equal to

For an enzyme that displays Michaelis-Menten kinetics, the reaction velocity (as a fraction of Vmax) observed at [S] = 2 Km will be

A glass sphere in water at 680F contains 1206 g of glass spheres in 1140 cm3 of total volume. The average diameter of the spheres,
as determined from photomicrographs, was 0.061 in and the true density of the spheres was 154 lb/ft3. For water at 680F, the
density is 62.2 lb/ft3 and viscosity is 6.72x10-4lb/ft-s. The terminal velocity in ft/s for the hindered settling is

Granular feldspar is produced by beneficiation of high alumina river sand. After screening, drying and magnetic separation, the
recovery is only 21%. The screen analysis of this product on a dry basis as shown:

US Standard SIeve Percent

- 10 + 20 1.5
- 20 + 40 24.0
- 40 + 60 30.0
- 60 + 80 18.5
- 80 + 100 12.5
- 100 + 120 8.0
-120 5.5
In a specific application, this product must be reprocessed to remove the grains finer than 100 mesh where 2 MT reprocessed
product is required.
The MT of river sand with 10% moisture that would have to be beneficiated is

Base on Bond’s Crushing Law, the power required to crush a certain material will change by ___ % if the diameter of the product
is made smaller by 50%
In a mixture of quartz (sp.gr. = 2.85) and galena (sp.gr. = 7.5), the size of the particle ranges from 0.0002 cm to 0.001 cm. On
separation in a hydraulic classifier using water under free settling conditions, what is the maximum size of quartz and minimum of
galena in pure products? (Viscosity = 0.001 kg/m-s, density = 1000 kg/ m3)
Maximum size of quartz
Minimum size of galena

A constant pressure filtration test gave data that can fit an expression: dt/dv = 9.3 V + 8.5. If the resistance of filter medium is
assumed unaffected with pressure drop and the compressibility coefficient of the filter cake is 0.3, what will be the time taken for
the collection of 3.5 liters of filtrates at a filtration pressure twice that used in the test?

Particles of an average size of 25 x10-4 m are crushed to an average product size of 5 x10-4 m at the rate of 15 tons/hr. At this rate
the crusher consumes 32 kW of power of which 2 kW are required for running the mill empty. What would be the power
consumptions of 10 tons/hr of this product to further crushed 1x10-4 m size in the same mill? Assume Rittinger’s law is applicable

The terminal settling velocity in water at 700F of a particle with a specific gravity of 2.0 and diameter of 100 microns is __ ft/s.

Sphericity for an ideal cone is

A random handful of silica particles ranging in size from 28 mesh to 200 mesh is thrown to a very deep body of water (without tides
or turbulence)
Data:
Viscosity of water = 0.01 poise
Density of silica = 2.65 g/cm3
28 mesh = 0.0589 cm
200 mesh = 0.0074 cm
The distance between the largest and smallest particles after 10 min is
How much CaCl2·6H2O must be dissolved in 100 kg of water at 20°C to form a saturated solution? The solubility of CaCl2 at 20°C
is 6.7 gmol anhydrous salt (CaCl2) per kg of water.

What is the yield of sodium acetate crystals (CH3COONa x 3H2O) obtainable from a vacuum crystallizer operating at 1.33 kN/m2
when it is supplied with 0.56 kg/s of a 40 percent aqueous solution of the salt at 353 K? The boiling point elevation of the solution
is 11.5 K.
Data:
Heat of crystallization, q = 144 kJ/kg trihydrate
Heat capacity of the solution, Cp = 3.5 kJ/kg deg K
Latent heat of water at 1.33 kN/m2, λ = 2.46 MJ/kg
Boiling point of water at 1.33 kN/m2 = 290.7K
Solubility of sodium acetate product = 0.539 kg/kg water.

Glauber’s salt, Na2SO4x10H2O, is to be produced in a Swenson–Walker crystallizer by cooling to 290 K a solution of anhydrous
Na2SO4 which saturates between 300 K and 290 K. Cooling water enters and leaves the unit at 280 K and 290 K respectively and
evaporation is negligible. The solubilities of anhydrous Na2SO4 in water are 40 and 14 kg/100 kg water at 300 K and 290 K
respectively, the mean heat capacity of the liquor is 3.8 kJ/kgK and the heat of crystallization is 230 kJ/kg. For the crystallizer, the
available heat transfer area is 3 m2/m length, the overall coefficient of heat transfer is 0.15 kW/m2-K.
Calculate the amount of feed in kg/s
The total heat to be removed is
How many sections of crystallizer, each 3 m long, will be required to process 0.25 kg/s of the product?

A single continuous single effect evaporator concentrates 9072 kg/hr of a 1 wt% salt solution entering at 311 K to a final
concentration of 1.5 wt%. The vapor space in the evaporator is at 101.325 kPa and the steam supplied is saturated at 143.3 kPa.
The overall heat transfer coefficient U = 1704 W/m2-0C. Calculate the heat transfer area required. Assume that, since it is dilute,
the solution has the same boiling point as water.

An evaporator is used to concentrate 4536 kg/h of a 20% solution of NaOH in water entering at 600C to a product of 50% solids.
The pressure of the saturated steam used is 172.4 kPa and the pressure in the vapor space of the evaporator is 11.7 kPa. The
over-all heat transfer coefficient is 1560 W/m2-K. Calculate the following:
Steam consumption
Steam economy
Heating surface area in m2

Consider a four-effect standard vertical tube, each effect has 140 m2 of heating surface, is to be used to concentrate, from 4% to
35% percent solids, the total boiling point elevation is 100C. Forward feed is to be used. Saturated steam is available at 1200C,
and the vacuum in the las effect corresponds to a boiling temperature of 40 0C. the overall coefficients, in W/m2-K are 2950 in I,
2670 in II, 2070 in III and 1360 in IV, all specific heats may be taken as 4.2 J/g-0C and radiation is negligible. Calculate the boiling
point of solution in effect number 1.

A single effect evaporator is being used to concentrate a feed of 10000 lb/h of a cane sugar solution at 800F and containing a sugar
content of 150 Brix to 300 Brix for use in a food process. Saturated steam at 2400F is available for heating. The vapor space in the
evaporator will be at 1 atm abs pressure. The overall U = 350 BTU/h-ft2-0F and the heat capacity of the feed CP = 0.91 BTU/lb-0F.
The boiling point rise of the solution can be estimated from BPR, 0F = 3.2x + 11.2x2, where x is wt fraction of sugar solution. The
heat of solution can be considered negligible and neglected. Calculate the area required for the evaporator.

A mixture of 5% butane air is absorbed in a bubble plate tower containing 8 ideal plates. The absorbing liquid is a heavy non-
volatile oil having a molecular weight of 250 and a specific gravity of 0.90. The absorption takes at 1 atm and 60 0F. The butane is
to be recovered to extent of 95%. The vapor pressure of butane at 600F is 26 psia and liquid butane has a density of 4.84 lb/gal at
600F. Calculate the gallons of fresh absorbing oil per gallon of butane recovered.

A gas mixture consisting 60% N2 and 40% SO3 is admitted to an absorption column at a rate of 100 kmol/h. It is contacted with a
stream of 50% H2SO4 flowing countercurrent to the gas stream at a rate of 6000 kg/h. The gases leave at 101.3 kPa. The water
lost with the exit gases exerts a partial pressure of 26.66 kPa. If the concentrated acid leaving the bottom of the column contains
74.73% H2SO4 what percent of the entering SO3 will be absorbed and converted to acid?

Air from a solvent plant contains 2 percent n-pentane. The pentane concentration is to be reduced to 0.1 percent by contacting the
gas, at 800F and 147 lb per sq. in abs with 6950 lb per hour of an absorption oil that contains 0.05 percent pentane by weight;
100000 cu. ft of the gas, measures at 600F and 14.7 psia, is handled per hour. The molecular weight of the oil is 220. The vapor
pressure of pentane at 800F is 523 mmHg. Raoult’s law and Dalton’s law are assumed to be valid at these conditions. Calculate
the following:
The molar flowrate of the entering gas.
The concentration of strong solution.
The number of perfect plates required

7316 lbs per hour of a rich absorption oil containing 5% hexane by weight is to be stripped until the leaving liquid contains 0.05%
by weight of hexane. It is to be heated to 2670F and contacted with 180 lbs per hour of steam. The tower operating at 2670F.
Pressure in the stripper is 1 psig. Vapor pressure of hexane at 2670F is 3800 mm. Molecular weight of oil is 220. Calculate the
number of theoretical plates required

A constant-volume vessel contains dry air at 660F and 21.2 psia. One pound of liquid water is introduced into the vessel. The vessel
is then heated to a constant temperature of 1800F. After equilibrium is reached, the pressure in the vessel is 31 psia.
Did all of the water evaporate?
Compute the volume of the vessel in cubic feet.
Compute the humidity of the air in the vessel at the final conditions in pounds of water per pound of air.

30,000 m3 of cool gas (measured at 289 K and 101.3 kN/m2 saturated with water vapor) is compressed to 340 kN/m2 pressure,
cooled to 289 K and the condensed water is drained off. Subsequently the pressure is reduced to 170 kN/m 3 and the gas is
distributed at this pressure and 289 K. What is the percentage humidity after this treatment? The vapor pressure of water at 289 K
is 1.8 kN/m2.

0.6 m3/s of gas is to be dried from a dew point of 294 K to a dew point of 277.5 K.
How much water must be removed?
What will be the volume of the gas after drying?

Saturated air leaving the cooling section of an air conditioning system at 140C at a rate of 50 m3/min is mixed adiabatically with the
outside air at 320C and 60% RH at a rate of 20 m3/min. Assuming that the mixing process occurs at a pressure of 1 atm. Determine
the following:
Specific humidity
Relative humidity
Dry bulb temperature

Dry air is bubbled through 25 liters of water at a rate of 15 L (STP)/min. The air leaving the liquid is saturated with water at 25°C
and 1.5 atm. How long will it take for all water to vaporize?

The rate of drying at constant rate period is 20 lbs/hr. 400 lbs of dry solid containing 300 lbs water enter the drier. If the critical free
moisture is 0.5 (db) and the equilibrium moisture content is 0.05 (db), the drying time to dry the material to 5% moisture (wb) is

A tray is to be used for drying a solid material. Each tray is 3 ft wide by 4 ft long and the wet material has depth of 2 in. The density
of the wet material is 50 lb/ft3. The wet material contains 3 lb of water per pound of dry solid. How many trays are necessary to
obtain 3,000 lb of a product containing 1 lb of water per pound of dry solid?

10 short tons/h of crushed coal with 15.1% moisture (wet basis) is to be dried to 5% moisture (wet basis) in a counter-current
continuous rotary dryer using hot air entering the dryer at 180°F, 10% relative humidity and leaves at 40% RH. Assume adiabatic
operation.
Calculate the humidity of the leaving air.
Determine the wet bulb temperature of the leaving air.
How much hot air, in ft3/min will be needed for the operation
A batch drier removes water from a solid material at a rate of 30 lb/hr during the constant rate period. Under the operating
conditions, the critical free moisture content is 0.5 lb H2O/lb dry solid, and the equilibrium moisture content is 0.04 lb water/ lb dry
solid. The curve of drying rate versus moisture content may be assumed as a straight line during the entire falling rate period.
Three hundred pounds of dry solid, containing 200 lb of water, enters the drier. How long will the total drying require if the final
product contains 0.08 lb water per lb of dry solid.

How many ft3 of entering air is needed to evaporate 10 lb of water per hour from a rayon, if the air enters at 800F and 25% humidity
and leaves at 1700F and 55% relative humidity. The operating pressure is 14.3 psia.

A cooling coil, consisting of a single length of tubing through which water is circulated, is provided in a reaction vessel, the contents
of which are kept uniformly at 360 K by means of a stirrer. The inlet and outlet temperatures of the cooling water are 280 K and
320 K respectively. What would be the outlet water temperature if the length of the cooling coil were increased by 5 times? Assume
the overall heat transfer coefficient to be constant over the length of the tube and independent of the water temperature.

In an oil cooler, 216 kg/h of hot oil enters a thin metal pipe of diameter 25 mm. An equal mass of cooling water flows through the
annular space between the pipe and a larger concentric pipe; the oil and water moving in opposite directions. The oil enters at 420
K and is to be cooled to 320 K. If the water enters at 290 K. Take coefficients of 1.6 kW/m 2 K on the oil side and 3.6 kW/m2 K on
the water side and 2.0 kJ/kg K for the specific heat of the oil.
Calculate the outlet temperature of the water.
What is the overall heat transfer coefficient?

Air is cooled in a double-pipe counter current heat exchanger from 1200F to 1000F with water entering at 600F and leaving at 750F.
The largest temperature range in the heat exchanger is
The smallest temperature approach in the heat exchanger is
The LMTD for the heat exchanger is

Estimate the heat transfer area for an exchanger to cool an organic liquid from 1050 C to 500 C. The hot liquid will flow at a rate of
10000 kg/hr and will be cooled by using circulating foul water containing some salt. The cooling water will leave at 400C. It is
proposed to use one shell pass and two tube pass exchanger for the above duty.
Cooling water inlet temperature = 250C
Heat capacity for water = 4.2 KJ/kg.0C
Heat capacity for hot liquid = 2.84 KJ/kg.0C
Ft, the temperature correction for the design will be 0.85
The recommended overall heat transfer coefficient U will be 600 W/m2 0C.

A thick-walled copper cylinder has an inside diameter of 2 cm and an outside diameter of 3.6 cm. The inner and outer surfaces are
held at 305 degrees C and 295 degrees C, respectively. Assume k varies linearly with temperature, where k = 371.9-9.25E-5*T
W/m-K. Determine the heat loss per unit length.

Saturated steam at 6.9 x 104 Pa pressure and 90°C saturation temperature condenses on a vertical pipe of 0.025 m outside
diameter and 0.3 m length. The average condensing heat transfer coefficient on the tube is 12000 W/m2k.
Other data:
Outside surface temperature of the pipe = 86°C
Enthalpy of saturation steam = 2695 KJ/kg
Enthalpy of condensate = 375 KJ/kg
Viscosity of condensate at the film temperature = 3.24 x 10-4 Pa.s.
Assume the flow of the condensate is laminar:
Calculate the rate of steam condensation.
Calculate the Reynolds Number?

Water, flowing in a steel pipe of diameter 0.02 m, is to be cooled from 40°C to 30°C. The velocity of water in the steel pipe is 1.5
m/s. The inside surface temperature of the steel pipe is maintained at 25°C. The physical properties of water at mean bulk
temperature of the fluid area:
Specific heat = 4.174 KJ/kg
Density = 985 kg/m3
Thermal conductivity = 0.623 W/m.K.
Viscosity = 7.65 x 10-4 Pa.s.
Calculate:
The convective host transfer coefficient of water
The length of the tube required

Liquid is heated in a vessel by means of steam which is supplied to an internal coil in the vessel. When the vessel contains 1000
kg of liquid it takes half an hour to heat the contents from 293 to 368 K if the coil is supplied with steam at 373 K. The process is
modified so that liquid at 293 K is continuously fed to the vessel at the rate of 0.28 kg/s. The total contents of the vessel are always
being maintained at 1000 kg. What is the equilibrium temperature which the contents of the vessel will reach, if heat losses to the
surroundings are neglected and the overall heat transfer coefficient remains constant?

A composite flat wall of a furnace is made up of two materials A and B. The thermal conductivity of A is twice that of material B,
while the thickness of A is half of that B. If the temperatures at the two sides of the wall are 400 and 1200 K, calculate the
temperature drop (in 0C) across the layer of material A.

It is desired to warm an oil of specific heat 2.0 kJ/kg K from 300 to 325 K by passing it through a tubular heat exchanger containing
metal tubes of inner diameter 10 mm. Along the outside of the tubes flows water, inlet temperature 372 K, and outlet temperature
361 K. The overall heat transfer coefficient from water to oil, based on the inside area of the tubes, may be assumed constant at
230 W/m2 K, and 0.075 kg/s of oil is to be passed through each tube. The oil is to make two passes through the heater and the
water makes one pass along the outside of the tubes. Calculate the length of the tubes required.

By what percentage would the rate of absorption be increased or decreases by increasing the total pressure from 100 to 200 kPa
in the following cases?
The absorption of ammonia from a mixture of ammonia and air containing 10% ammonia by volume, using pure water as solvent.
Assume that all the resistance to the mass transfer lies within the gas phase.
The same conditions as previous problem but the absorbing solution exerts a partial vapor pressure of ammonia of 5 kN/m2.

An ethanol –water solution in the form of stagnant film 2 mm thick at 293 K in contact at one surface with an organic solvent in
which ethanol is soluble and water is insoluble. At point 1 the concentration of ethanol is 16.8 wt% and the solution density is 972.8
kg/m3. At point 2 the concentration of ethanol is 6.8 wt% and density is 988.1 kg/m 3. The diffusivity of ethanol is 0.740x10-9 m2/s.
Calculate the steady state flux, NA.

Acetic acid is diffusing in aqueous solution at 298 K inside a 2 cm diameter tube 100 cm long. Determine the total diffusion rate of
acetic acid in gmol/s if the concentration at one end is 0.125 and on the other end is 0.051 gmol/cm 3.

A stream of air at 100 kPa pressure and 300 K is flowing the top surface of a thin flat sheet of solid naphthalene of length of 0.2 m
with a velocity of 20 m/s. The other data are
Mass diffusivity of naphthalene vapor in air = 6 x 10-6 m2/s
Kinematic viscosity of air = 1.5 x 10-5 m2/s
Concentration of naphthalene at the air solid naphthalene interface = 1 x 10-5 kmol/m3
Calculate the following:
The average mass transfer coefficient over the flat plate.
The rate of loss of naphthalene from the surface per unit width.

What is the molal diffusivity of methyl alcohol at 77 0F and 1 atm in lbmol/ft-hr?

Ethanol vapor is being absorbed from a mixture of alcohol vapor and water vapor by means of non-volatile solvent in which alcohol
is soluble but water is not. The temperature is 970F and PT = 760 mmHg. The alcohol vapor can be considered to be diffusing
through a film of alcohol – water vapor 0.1 mm thick. The mole percent of the alcohol in the vapor at the outside film is 80% and
that on the inside, next to solvent is 10%. The volumetric diffusivity of alcohol – water vapor mixtures at 250C and 1 atm is 25 cm2/s.
Calculate the rate of diffusion of ethanol vapor in kg/hr if A = 10 m2.

A simple rectifying column consists of a tube arranged vertically and supplied at the bottom with a mixture of benzene and toluene
as vapor. At the top, a condenser returns some of the product as a reflux which flows in a thin film down the inner wall of the tube.
The tube is insulated and heat losses can be neglected. At one point in the column, the vapor contains 70 mol% benzene and the
adjacent liquid reflux contains 59 mol% benzene. The temperature at this point is 365 K. Assuming the diffusional resistance to
vapor transfer to be equivalent to the diffusional resistance of a stagnant vapor layer 0.2 mm thick, calculate the rate of interchange
of benzene and toluene between vapor and liquid. The molar latent heats of the two materials can be taken as equal. The vapor
pressure if toluene at 365 K is 54 kPa and the diffusivity of the vapor is 0.051 cm2/s.

Ammonia is absorbed in water from a mixture with air using a column operating at 1 bar and 295 K. The resistance to transfer may
be regarded as lying entirely within the gas phase. At a point in the column, the partial pressure of the ammonia is 7.0 kN/m 2. The
back pressure at the water interface is negligible and the resistance to transfer may be regarded as lying in a stationary gas film 1
mm thick. If the diffusivity of ammonia in air is 236 x 10 – 5 m2/s, what is the transfer rate per unit area at that point in the column?