CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 General

The Iloilo Bridge is a 146.51m long bridge with 6 spans at 18.79m and 2
spans at 26.8 at both ends. The Owner/Client is planning to rehabilitate the
structure. A necessary requisite before it can be rehabilitated is to conduct a
study on the structure and find out if is still possible and economically viable
to use the building to the extent of its rehabilitation, if needed.

Photo 1.1
Iloilo BRIDGE

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1.2 Project Description

The structural investigation of the Iloilo Bridge is the primary focus of this
project. Comprehensive testing, evaluation and analysis were undertaken to
determine the structural condition of the bridge.

There is a need to establish that the structure can still be used with or without
minor repairs. If needed, a retrofit scheme was to be prepared and designed.

1.2.1 Contracted Consulting Services

The client commissioned Canete Structural Investigation Inc. (CSII),

hereinafter shall be referred to as the “Consultant” to provide
consulting services. The following project objectives are anticipated to
be achieved:
i. All services to be rendered shall be of the highest
quality that is functional and responsive to the
objectives of DPWH;
ii. All actions and major decisions related to the works
shall be properly coordinated with DPWH Engineering
Management to ensure that every work aspect of the
Consultant strictly adheres to Management’s policies
and programs; and
iii. Perform detailed evaluation of the condition of
structures and recommend the most appropriate
upgrading/rehabilitation design and measures to
maintain and enhances the structural stability and
integrity of Calao Bridge.

1.2.2 Scope of Work

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The Consultant shall render the following services:

A. Ocular Inspection
i. Visual inspection of the structure for signs of structural
damage, cracks, spalls, exposed and corroded reinforcing
bars, etc.
B. Research and Documentation Works and Inspection
i. Conduct site inspection as to the dimension, size and
civil/structural dimension and plans of the building.
ii. Conduct observation and inventory of the structure that
need the most immediate attention.
iii. Review and inspect all existing information and facilities
concerning the actual layout of various facilities/equipment.

C. Material evaluation and Testing

i. Conduct appropriate testing and evaluation procedure to
determine and confirm actual materials strength, property
and quality using non-destructive and destructive
techniques for the whole building.

D. Detailed Structural Assessment

i. Information gathered from research and investigation work
shall be thoroughly analyzed in order to come up with a
complete report. All data provided in previously
documented studies, if any, shall also be validated. This
will become the basis of the recommendations for
appropriate solutions during the Detailed Structural
Assessment.

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 CHAPTER 2: PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION

2.1 General

Compilation and familiarization with information significant in the conduct of

the structural investigation and evaluation process of the subject structure
have been undertaken with the results discussed in the following articles.

2.2 Surveys and Investigation of Project Site

2.2.1 Visual Inspection

Having the building as a main concern for structural investigation, an

ocular inspection was conducted last February 14, 2012. The following
observations were noted:

 Cracks were visible in beams, columns, walls and slab of the

Building. Most cracks were seen in walls, most especially in
wheat bin wall.
 Due to crack on slabs, rain-water from roof decks dripping
inside the building.
 Cracks on walls were concluded to be plaster cracks.
 Floor slabs are damaged with exposed rusty steel
reinforcements.
 Some beams have railings that were used in lifting equipment
when the building was in its operation.

2.2.2 Verification of Plans (Survey)

For reference, the group verified the given Architectural Plans of San
Miguel Flour Mill Building to the actual situation of the structure by
surveying. The following information verified are:

 Bridge dimension, length, width, since there were no structural

plans available
 Girder, Pier and Slab dimension

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 CHAPTER 3: STRUCTURAL ASSESSMENT APPROACH AND
METHODOLOGY

3.1 General

Prior to the assessment of the preliminary investigation results, the

Consultant had come up with a systematic procedure that was used in
evaluating the structural integrity of the building. The procedure involves an
independent Materials Property Investigation and Structural Capacity
Investigation. The Structural Analysis was done creating a structural model
using STAAD Pro Software while other analyses shall be carried out by using
in-house MS-Excel worksheets.

3.2 Material Investigation

A. Non-destructive Testing
The Consultant shall perform a non-destructive testing in the Iloilo
Bridge in order to determine the actual material characteristics of
the structures. The testing involves:

 Rebound Hammer Test – The strength of concrete is

generally governed by the strength of the cement paste.
Measurement of the strength of the paste can therefore
provide a reasonable indication of the strength of the
concrete and the strength can be determined by inference
from the elasticity of the concrete. A practical assessment
of elasticity can be made on site by measuring the rebound
of a sprung hammer.

The Rebound (or Schmidt) hammer is an easy to use

instrument, which provides a quick and simple non-
destructive test for obtaining an immediate indication of
concrete strength in various parts of a structure. The
minimum verifiable strength is 1400 PSI (10 MPa) and can
be carried out under the guidance of BS1881- 202 or
ASTM C805 to assess the general quality, uniformity, and
relative strength of concrete members.

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The conversion of rebound number to compressive
strength can be achieved by producing a calibration graph
for the concrete concerned. This is undertaken by testing
previously sampled concrete specimens and then crushing
in accordance with ASTM. Cores may be extracted from
the sample test location and crushed to determine in-situ
strength.

The calibration chart may then be used to convert rebound

numbers to estimated specimen strength. It is likely that
95%confidence limits on the estimated strength will be
better than +/-25% under ideal conditions. In practice the
test is considered to be very dependent on the surface
condition, type and size of aggregate. The test is therefore
best used as a comparative test to identify areas of lower
strength concrete which may then be sampled by coring
and tested to determine in-situ strength by conventional
crushing.

If it is not possible to produce a calibration graph, most

makes of rebound hammer are supplied with a conversion
curve, which will enable the average rebound value to be
converted to an estimated concrete strength in N/mm2.
The angle of application needs to be taken into account to
give the correct reading. An example of the conversion
chart is shown in photo 3.1.

Photo 3.1

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 The Consultant shall perform several tests on selected
structural members and the results shall be the basis in
choosing structural members to be subjected to a more
detailed investigation.

 Concrete Reinforcement Lay-out Investigation – The

Consultant shall use the HILTI PS 200 S Ferroscan System
equipment. This equipment has the capability for detecting,
measuring the depth of concrete cover, and determining
the diameter and position of reinforcing bars on embedded
concrete without undergoing destructive method. This
equipment can be used for concrete column, beams, slabs,
and other structural components which require structural
investigation.

This instrument can also be used in avoiding rebar hits;

avoiding cutting critical reinforcement or costly rebar hits.
When used, the location, diameter, and depth of concrete
cover of structural component being investigated can be
traced in the surface. The surface should be flat and
smooth to obtain higher accuracy of reading. The location
of rebar is drawn manually in the concrete cover, depth,
and diameter. Below is the picture of the proposed
equipment to be used.

Photo 3.2
HILTI PS 200 S Ferroscan System

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 In this Project, The Consultant shall specify an area to be
tested based on the results of the Rebound Hammer test.
On the specified area, the equipment will be used to detect
the location and position of rebars, depth of concrete cover,
and possible size of reinforcement. The layout of
reinforcement, including the size and concrete cover shall
be drawn manually on the surface to reflect the position
and arrangement of embedded rebars. The maximum area
of test per location shall be one (1.0) m2. Once the layout
for every location is done, pictures shall be taken to
incorporate in the report.

A report shall be made which contains the rebar layout for

each location which includes the range and mean of
concrete cover and possible sizes of reinforcing bars.

 Crack Mapping – Cracks on the concrete components will

be measured as to the length and width. These will be
drawn in plans showing their location in the structure and
orientation. This will be used to better understand the
actual behavior of the structure and to detect if there are
foundation settlements. The cracks will be measured using
a crack gauge as shown in the picture below in Figure 3.3.
The cracks will be documented in order that these will be
properly reflected in the crack map drawings.

Figure 3.3
Crack Gauge

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 Figure 3.4
Crack Measurement Using Crack Gauge

B. Destructive Testing
The Results of the Non-Destructive Testing shall be verified by a
series of Destructive Testing Procedures that the Consultant
deemed necessary in determining the Structural Integrity of the
structure.

These tests are also needed in quantifying material properties that

cannot be measured by any non-destructive test. These tests shall
be carried out carefully by qualified skilled technicians and shall be
supervised by the Consultant’s Structural Engineer. The tests to be
carried out are as follows:

 Concrete Core Testing – This involves extracting Cylindrical

Concrete Core Samples from identified locations that the
Consultant considered non-critical in the structure.

The Core Samples shall be extracted by using Cylindrical

Diamond drill. The extracted specimens shall be tested by
Cylindrical Concrete Compressive Strength Test based on
ASTM C-42. The specimen shall have a diameter-height ratio
of 1:2 (i.e. 3” diameter and 6” height) so that no correction
factor is needed in determining the Compressive Strength of
the concrete specimen.

Prior to Core Extraction, a reinforcement layout investigation

shall be done in order to avoid hitting any reinforcement that
may cause the results of the compressive test invalid.

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 Photo 3.4
HILTI DD 130 Coring Machine

 Reinforcement Tensile Strength Test – The Consultant shall

conduct a Tensile Strength Test conforming ASTM-E8. The
steel specimen/s shall be extracted from non-critical sections
as specified by the Consultant’s Structural Engineer.

The Sample shall then be subjected to tensile force until it

yields and ruptures at the same time recording the force at
yield and fracture. The specimens’ elongation shall also be
recorded in order to determine its elasticity.

3.3 Structural Capacity investigation

The Consultant shall investigate the Structural Capacity of individual

members and compare them with their carried loads derived from Frame
Analysis. The Consultant shall use the NSCP Vol. 1, 2010 edition as the basis
of all structural analysis. The loads to be used are as follows:

Dead Load: 23.6 kN/m3 Density of Concrete

3
77 kN/m Density of Steel
1.05kPa Future Wearing Surface

Live Load: MS-18

3.4 Frame Analysis

The Consultant created a three-dimensional structural model using a

structural analysis and design computer program STAAD Pro 2006,
considering the actual dimensions of the structure. EXCEL spreadsheets
were prepared to calculate the design loads and introduced to the model. The
resulting member forces were tabulated and compared with the structural
member’s capacities in question.

3.5 Loads and Load Combinations

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The loads considered in the load calculation are the following:
 Dead Loads
 Live Loads
 Seismic Loads

The dead and live loads are the vertical or gravity loads applied on the
structure. There are two lateral loads in the Structural Code: wind and seismic
loads. The lateral load considered in the analysis is the seismic or earthquake
load which is prevailing load for concrete buildings. This is because seismic
loads are inertial loads and are thus dependent and proportional to the weight
of the structure. Concrete buildings, being heavy, will therefore have
considerable seismic forces.

The different loads above are combined and applied simultaneously in

accordance with the load combinations specified by the Code.

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 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS, FINDINGS AND INTERPRETATIONS

4.1 General

This chapter discusses all structural assessment results, findings and

interpretations prior to the aforementioned test and analysis. All test locations are
listed below. Refer to Appendix A for all Activity/Material Investigation photos.

4.2 Materials Investigation

4.2.1 Concrete Core Testing

The table below shows the results of the compression tests on the
extracted concrete core sample. These results shall be correlated with the
results of the rebound hammer tests.

Table 4.1
RESULTS OF CONCRETE CORE TESTS

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
SAMPLE I.D. LOCATION OF CORE
(MPa)
S-1 SLAB 25.56
S-2 SLAB 25.95
S-3 SLAB 27.59
S-4 SLAB 24.41
S-5 SLAB 14.22
S-6 SLAB 18.64
S-7 SLAB 17.96

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4.3 Structural Capacity Investigation

Structural members were analyzed individually to verify the structural integrity

of the structure. Two (2) types of analyses were considered: 1) using factored loads
based on the National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP 2010 Vol. 1,), 2.)
using service loads based on the unfactored actual gravity loads of the structure.

The member capacities were obtained based on the concrete and steel
reinforcement properties and amount, and the member sizes. Softwares were used
to obtain member capacity. Again, the material test results, dimensions and other
relevant data obtained from site inspection were used as basis for the capacity
calculations. Microsoft Excel and PCACOL were used to determine member
capacity of the beams and columns respectively. The results of member capacities
were compared to the member forces obtained from the 3-D Structural Frame
Analysis using a structural analysis and design computer program STAAD. From this
comparison, Demand/Capacity (D/C) ratios were determined for each member
wherein the “Demand” is based on the forces determined in the analysis and the
“Capacity” are based on the material and section properties of the structural member.
All these calculation for the “Demand” and “Capacity” are based on the requirements
of the NSCP 2010 Code.

Presented below are excerpts from the Structural Capacity Analysis,

summarizing the evaluation by D/C ratios and “pass/fail” ratings. Ratings of “pass”
are given to structural components with D/C ratios that are less than unity while “fail”
ratings are given to those with ratios greater than unity. The complete compilation of
the Structural Assessment worksheets is presented in Appendix B.

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4.4 Retrofit Analysis and Design

4.4.1 Beam FRP Retrofit Application

The inadequacies in the beams can be classified into three types:
1.) Negative moment
2.) Positive moment
3.) Shear inadequacy

For negative moment inadequacy, the retrofit strategy is to provide

FRP reinforcements at the top of the slab.

Beams found to be inadequate for positive moment were

strengthened by providing FRP reinforcements at the bottom.

Beams were found to have inadequate shear capacities. These

beams are to be strengthened by putting strips of FRP on the webs as shown
below. If both shear and positive moment FRP strengthening is required, the
longitudinal FRP for positive moment is placed in the inner layer as shown
below.

SLAB SLAB
SHEAR FRP SLAB SHEAR FRP

FAILED BEAM

PIER
COL PIER
COL

FAILED BEAM

SLAB SLAB
SHEAR FRP SLAB

PIER
COL PIER
COL
SHEAR FRP POSITIVE MOMENT FRP

SHEAR ELEVATION SHEAR SECTION

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 4.4.2 Column FRP Retrofit Application

Columns are to be retrofitted against earthquake by ensuring that they

will not fail prematurely when intense shaking occurs. This is made possible by
wrapping both ends of the column (top and bottom) with FRP.

FAILED BEAM

WRAP FRP COL

COL
COL

COL

COL

WRAP FRP

WRAP FRP
COL
PLAN

ELEVATION

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECCOMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusions

In general, the structural assessment results for the structure are not good.
However, Slabs assigned to carry bigger loads cause the beams to be inadequate to
negative and positive moment. Appropriate retrofit strategies were adopted to
address the particular problems of the beams. Most of the beams were adequate
during the course of the structural assessment.

5.2 Recommendations

From above results and conclusions, the following measures are

recommended for implementation:

1. Slabs & Girders that fail in positive and negative moment will have to be
retrofitted as designed.
2. All cracks on walls, slab, beams and columns will have to be repaired by
injecting epoxy.

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