1366
3, JULY 2008
A Universal Fault Location Technique for N-Terminal
(N 3) Transmission Lines
Chih-Wen Liu, Senior Member, IEEE, Kai-Ping Lien, Ching-Shan Chen, and Joe-Air Jiang, Member, IEEE
Abstract—This paper presents a universal fault location tech-
nique for N-terminal ( 3) transmission lines based on
synchronized phasor measurement units. The development of the
technique is based on two-terminal fault location technique. The
proposed algorithm is different from traditional multiterminal
fault location techniques. We apply two-terminal fault location
technique to N-terminal transmission lines and propose a novel
fault section selector/fault locator. The proposed method has a
very good tolerance. The proposed approach provides an analyt-
ical solution and its computational burden is very low since it does
not require iterative operations. An extensive series of simulations
were conducted to verify the accuracy of the proposed algorithm.
The average fault location error under various fault conditions is
well below 1%.
Index Terms—Fault location, multiterminal transmission lines,
phasor measurement units (PMUs).
I. INTRODUCTION
I N POWER systems, transmission lines are vital links that
achieve the essential continuity of service from the gener-
ating plants to the end users. From views of economics and
quality of power feeding, the importance of fault location to the
transmission lines is increasing. As a result, the development of
a robust and accurate fault location technique is a highly impor-
tant research area [1]–[5].
The fault location techniques of transmission lines can be
mainly classified into one-terminal and multiterminals based
techniques. Since the new rights of way for transmission lines
are difficult to obtain, a lot of double-circuit and three-terminal
transmission lines exist in power systems. With the current
trend toward multiterminal power transmission lines, one-ter-
minal fault location systems are of limited use because they are
unable to determine whether or not a fault that lies beyond a
tap point is a branch line fault.
Present communication technology allows for use of data
from multi ends of transmission lines. A variety of such mul-
tiended data based algorithms have been presented, but only a
Manuscript received April 11, 2007; revised July 31, 2007. This work was
supported in part by the National Science Council of Taiwan, R.O.C., under
Contract NSC-93-2213-E-002-054. Paper no. TPWRD-00181-2007
C.-W. Liu is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan
University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, R.O.C. (e-mail: cwliu@cc.ee.ntu.edu.tw).
K.-P. Lien is with Bei-Tou Incinerator, Department of Environmental Protec-
tion, Taipei City Government, Taipei 106, Taiwan, R.O.C.
C.-S. Chen is with the Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 310,
Taiwan, R.O.C. (e-mail: JohnsonChen@itri.org.tw).
J.-A. Jiang is with the Department of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engi-
neering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, R.O.C. (e-mail:
jajiang@ntu.edu.tw).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRD.2008.919244
0885-8977/$25.00 © 2008 IEEE
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 23, NO.
few of the many references are included in the references. Abe
et al. [6] used synchronized three-phase voltages and currents at
all terminals. They proposed an algorithm using voltage differ-
entials at terminals to gradually reduce a multiterminal line to a
two-terminal line containing the faulted section. Then, a reactive
power-based method was used to locate the fault. Nagasawa et
al. [7] used current differentials at terminals to perform a similar
reduction. Their reduction procedure was very complicated and
also normalized section impedances when impedances were dif-
ferent. However, this is a source of error. Funabashi et al. [8] uti-
lized synchronized current inputs from all terminals and devel-
oped two different methods to locate the fault. The paper, how-
ever, failed to report results for three-phase and two-phase to
ground faults. Sanderson et al. [9] used both current and voltage
data to identify the terminal electrically nearest to the fault. Al-
though the paper reported successful results in identifying the
faulted section, the exact fault location on the section was not
attempted. Brahma [10] adopted synchronized voltage measure-
ments to locate the exact fault location. Although the paper re-
ported successful results for locating the fault, the exact source
impedance must be considered. The authors proposed fault lo-
cation/detection techniques for transmission lines based on syn-
chronized phasor measurement units [11], [12]. The developed
fault location/detection indices also can be used for transmis-
sion line protection [13]–[15].
This paper proposes a new fault section selector/fault locator
for N-terminal transmission lines. All two-terminal fault loca-
tion techniques that use synchronized voltage and current mea-
surement data can apply the proposed method to develop their
fault location techniques for N-terminal lines. Also, the fault
section selector/fault locator is a universal algorithm so that it
is suitable for any type of multiterminal transmission lines such
as double-circuit lines, nonhomogeneous lines, short lines, long
lines, and any multiterminal lines with arbitrary configuration.
II. FAULT LOCATION TECHNIQUE
A. Two-Terminal Fault Location Technique
Consider a single-circuit transmission line shown in Fig. 1.
The voltages and currents at a distance of kilometers away
from the receiving end can be obtained as [11]
(1)
(2)
where denotes the characteristic impedance, and
is the propagation constant. and are the se-
quence impedance and admittance of transmission line, respec-
tively.
LIU et al.: UNIVERSAL FAULT LOCATION TECHNIQUE 1367

Fig. 1. One-line diagram of a single-circuit transmission line under a fault oc-

curs at a distance x= DL away from the receiving end R.

Constants A and B in (1) can be determined by the boundary

condition of voltages and currents measured at receiving end R Fig. 2. One-line diagram of a three-terminal line under a fault occurs.
and sending end S, respectively. Therefore, the voltage equation
of (1) can be further rewritten as We can derive the voltage and current phasors at point and
express them in terms of the data sets ( , ) at sending end
(3)
(8)
(4)
(9)
where the subscripts and in the voltages measured at “x”
point denote that the voltages are expressed in terms of the two
data sets ( , ) and ( , ) measured at the sending and According to Kirchhoff’s law, we have
receiving ends of the line, respectively.
(10)
Suppose that a midway fault occurred at the point F which
is km away from receiving end on a transmission where is the injective current of the tap branch, which is given
line shown in Fig. 1. Equating and solving the two (3) and (4), a by
per-unit fault location index can be obtained via the following
equation [11]:
(11)
(5)
Similarly, we can derive the new fault location index , and
where and are given by then obtain the fault location away from receiving
end
(6)
(12)
(7) where
When no fault or an external fault occurs, the fault location (13)
index is an indefinite value [11], [12]. If the fault location
technique uses symmetrical components of voltages and cur- and
rents rather than phase values, the three-phase system can be
treated like three single circuits. By virtue of these decoupled (14)
single-phase circuits, the fault location of the original three-
phase transmission line system can be obtained and thus the Similarly, we can derive the voltage and current phasors at
computation burden is reduced significantly. Moreover, use of point and express them in terms of the data sets ( , ) at
positive sequence quantities (applicable for all fault types) is the sending end . We also acquire the new fault location index
preferred choice to avoid fault type identification. , and then obtain the fault location away from
receiving end
B. Fault Location Technique for Multi-Terminal Lines
(15)
1) Three-Terminal Lines: As shown in Fig. 2, it is a one-line
diagram of a three-terminal transmission line. The PMUs are in- where
stalled at buses and . Therefore, we can obtain three-ter-
minal synchronized voltage and current phasors. We will con- (16)
sider the injective currents that come from the tap branch of mul-
titerminal lines. Tap point of the transmission line system is and
selected as virtual sending end . We define the line section
length as reference per-unit length of fault location indices. (17)
1368 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 23, NO. 3, JULY 2008

TABLE I
FAULTED SECTION/FAULT LOCATION IDENTIFICATION
FOR THREE-TERMINAL LINES

Fig. 3. One-line diagram of an N + 1 terminal transmission lines.

Therefore, the two-terminal data fault location technique de-
scribed previously can be used to derive the fault location in-
dices. Both of the indices and can be applied to locate
faults occurring in , , and . There are special relation-
ships between the two indices and . They can be used to
identify the faulted line segment and locate faults. The relation-
ships are summarized and listed in Table I. In next section, we
will develop a general form of the faulted section/fault location
identification for any multiterminal lines.
2) -Terminal Transmission Lines: Consider an -ter-
minal transmission lines depicted in Fig. 3. The PMUs
are installed at receiving bus R and sending buses . There-
fore, we can obtain the synchronized voltage and current phasors
at terminals of the considered system. First, we select tap
point P1 as virtual sending end P1. The line section length is
definedasreferenceper-unitlengthoffaultlocationindices.Fig.4
illustrates the procedure of our fault location technique for multi-
terminal transmission lines. The procedures of the proposed fault
location algorithm for multiterminal lines are divided into three
steps.
Step 1) Select any one bus as receiving end and the others
are sending ends. The nearest tap point P1 to receiving
end is selected as virtual sending end. The line sec- Fig. 4. Fault location scheme for multiterminal lines.
tion length from P1 to receiving end is defined as
reference per unit length of fault location index. So,
Step 3) Fault Section Selector/Fault Locator
in this case.
The indices can be applied to
Step 2) Fault Index Generator
locate faults occurring in all branches of the trans-
1) The voltages and currents at the virtual sending
mission line system. There are some special relation-
end P1 are expressed in terms of the boundary
ships among these indices to identify the faulted line
conditions at sending ends , where
branch and locate faults. The details will be presented
.
in the next subsection. According to the special rela-
2) Apply the adopted two-terminal fault location
tionships among these indices, the proposed fault sec-
technique to acquire fault location indices of all
tion selector/locator can correctly identify a faulted
sending ends and storage all fault location in-
section and fault location for multiterminal lines.
dices.
We derive the fault location indices , where C. Proposed Fault Location Indices
In order to introduce the proposed fault location indices con-
(18) veniently, we define the path that is from receiving end to
sending end as the fault location path of (refering to
Also, and are, respectively, expressed as Fig. 5, the dotted line sections represent that they do not be-
long to the fault location path of ). The fault location indices
(19) ’s are used to locate faults at the fault location path of .
For internal faults, there are two types of fault events that should
and be considered. Type A (as shown in Fig. 5) is that a fault occurs
at the fault location path of . Type B (as shown in Fig. 6) is
(20) that a fault does not occur at the fault location path of .
LIU et al.: UNIVERSAL FAULT LOCATION TECHNIQUE 1369

Fig. 5. Type A: Fault occurs at the fault location path of D . Fig. 7. Fault occurs at the tap point P (K 0 1).

Fig. 8. Case 1: Fault occurs at the line section PK 0 P (K +) 1 .

equals that of the tap point, i.e., the joint of the faulted section
and the fault location path of , to the receiving end.
Fig. 6. Type B: Fault does not occur at the fault location path of D . According to the above discussion, we find that any a fault
location index can be used to locate fault at its fault loca-
tion path of . As for fault beyond its fault location path of
Type A: Suppose that a midway fault occurred at the point , the fault location index merely point out the joint of
F which is km away from receiving end R on the the faulted section and the fault location path of , to the re-
fault location path of as shown in Fig. 5. The fault location ceiving end. Based on this fact, a novel algorithm is proposed in
path of is thus divided into two parts. One is line section the following section.
– , the other is line section – .
The voltages at fault point that are expressed in terms of D. Fault Section Selector/Fault Position Locator
these two data sets ( , ) and ( , ) are identical. We can
derive the fault location index . The fault location index For an multiterminal line, there are sending ends and
can correctly locate the fault that is a distance of a receiving end. Therefore, the proposed fault location technique
from away receiving end . can generate fault location indices . We can find
Type B: An internal fault does not occur at the fault location four special relationships among these indices.
path of (refer to Fig. 6). Case 1: A fault occurs at the line section .
As shown in Fig. 6, a fault occurs at the line section As shown in Fig. 8, the fault occurs at the line section
. This line section does not belong to the fault lo- . The computed fault location indices for Case 1 are
cation path of . As mentioned above, we have considered shown in Fig. 9. It is clearly seen that the values of the fault
the injective currents of all tap points during estimating the location indices are equal
voltage and current phasors at virtual sending end P1. Due to and bigger than the remaining indices. We know that the
the fault occurred in tap branch, we know that the injective cur- correct fault location is
rent of tap point estimated by PMU at away from receiving end .
Bus is wrong. Therefore, the fault location path of is Case 2: A fault occurs at the section
thus divided into two parts. One is line section , Fig. 10 depicts the case that the fault occurs at the line section
the other is line section . The voltage at tap point . The computed fault location indices for Case 2 are
that are expressed in terms of these two data sets ( , shown in Fig. 9. It is clearly seen that the value of the fault lo-
) and ( , ) are identical. Thus, we can derive the fault lo- cation index is the maximum. We conclude that the correct
cation index . But, the fault location index points out fault location is away from receiving end .
tap point that is a distance of from away Case 3: A fault occurs at the line section .
receiving end (as shown in Fig. 7). In summary, if a fault does As shown in Fig. 11, the fault occurs at the line section
not occur at the fault location path of , the proposed algo- . The magnitudes of all fault location indices are equal as
rithm still can output a value of fault location index , which shown in Fig. 9.
corresponds to the actual distance . This distance Case 4: An external fault or no fault occurs.
1370
Fig. 9. Variation curves of fault location indices under Case 1, 2, and 3.
Fig. 10. Case 2: Fault occurs at the line section PK-K.
Fig. 11. Case 3: Fault occurs at the line section P1- R.
When no fault or an external fault occurs, the voltages at any
point on the transmission line that are expressed in terms of
the two data sets ( , ) and ( , ) are identical. It can
be found that all the fault location indices ’s are indefinite
values.
Based on the observations from the above four cases, we pro-
pose a fault section selector/fault position locator for multiter-
minal lines, which can be illustrated by Fig. 12. The proposed
fault section selector/locator meets all multiterminal transmis-
sion lines. The values of some fault location indices are equal
(for example, ) in
theory, even if, there are few differences among the values of
these indices in simulations. The difference within 1% among
these indices will be treated equally without discrimination.
III. FAULT LOCATION TECHNIQUE FOR OTHER
TYPES OF MULTITERMINAL LINES
A. Double Circuit/Multiterminal Lines
Since only positive sequence data is used in the proposed
algorithm, the double-circuit transmission line can be treated
as two independent single-circuit lines. The transmission line
system in Fig. 13 is equivalent to two individual multiterminal
lines. Therefore, the fault location technique developed previ-
ously also can be directly applied to the transmission line system
shown in Fig. 13.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 23, NO. 3, JULY 2008
Fig. 12. Proposed fault section selector/locator for N-terminal lines.
Fig. 13. Simulation system consists of a transposed double-circuit five-ter-
minal transmission line and an external line 4–5.
B. Untransposed Multiterminal Lines
The previously developed technique is based on the assump-
tion that the considered transmission line system is transposed.
For these cases, we can use positive sequence equivalent cir-
cuits to calculate the fault location. If the transmission line
system is untransposed, the diagonal quantities of the phase
impedance and admittance matrices can be averaged to obtain
self-impedance and self-admittance. Similarly, the off-diagonal
quantities can be averaged to obtain the mutual impedance
and admittance. Then, using symmetrical components trans-
formation, we can obtain the approximate positive sequence
parameters and equivalent positive sequence single-circuit. The
simulation results indicate that only slight error is introduced to
the estimation of fault location under untranposed line system
considered.
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
A. Five-Terminal Transmission Line System
A 345-kV 60-Hz transposed double-circuit five-terminal
transmission line with zero sequence mutual coupling was
modeled as shown in Fig. 13. The simulated sample system
can be used to demonstrate the correctness of the mentioned
fault location technique for transmission lines. Circuit 2 is the
protected transmission line system. Line 4–5 is used to evaluate
the performance of the proposed algorithm for external faults.
The related parameters of the simulated system are summarized
in Table II. The transmission line parameters are obtained
LIU et al.: UNIVERSAL FAULT LOCATION TECHNIQUE
TABLE II
PARAMETERS OF A FIVE-TERMINAL TRANSMISSION LINE SYSTEM
using EMTP LINE CONSTANTS program [16], [17] based
on related tower data encountered in Taiwan. The sampling
frequency is 3840 Hz (64 sampling points per cycle). This
work uses a digital mimic filter [18] to eliminate dc-offset
and full-cycle discrete Fourier transform (DFT) is applied to
estimate the phasors with fundamental frequency.
The simulation studies have been conducted with respect to
various system operation and fault conditions. The error of fault
location algorithm is evaluated as
estimated location-actual location
Error (21)
the line section length of
1) Test for Fault Section Selector/Fault Locator: Fig. 14(a)
shows the post-fault response curves of the proposed fault lo-
cation indices for a phase-“abc” to ground fault (abc-g fault) in
represents that the output of fault selection selector is correct.
line section between Bus 4 and Bus 5 (external fault). The fault
position is set at 40 (km) away from bus 4, the fault resistance
is 100 and fault inception angle is zero degree with respect
to phase-“a” voltage waveform at bus 4. From Fig. 14(a), we
observe that all of the four indices , , , do not con-
verge. Fig. 14(b) shows the post-fault response curves of the pro-
posed fault location indices for a phase-“a” to ground fault (a–g
fault) in section of the five-terminal line (internal fault). The
fault position is set at 90 (km) away from P3, the fault resistance
is 100 and fault inception angle is zero degree with respect to
phase-“a” voltage waveform at bus 4. From Fig. 14(b), we ob-
serve that all of the four indices , , , converge to
1, 2, 3, and 3.9039, respectively. Since this simulation belongs
to Case 2, the index is the correct fault location.
Therefore, from (13) the fault location error is 0.39%.
To demonstrate the correctness of the developed faulted line
branch identification logic, 8 fault events are conducted. The
fault conditions and results are summarized in Table III. Note
that in some tested cases the fault resistance is intentionally set
as 10 k (only one case is included in Table III). An inspec-
tion of Table III clearly observes that the four indices still can
accurately locate the fault even a high impedance fault occurs.
Therefore, the proposed technique is virtually unaffected by the
fault path resistance.
1371
Fig. 14. The post-fault response curves of the proposed fault location indices
for (a) an external fault and (b) an internal fault.
TABLE III
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE PROPOSED FAULT LOCATION
TECHNIQUE FOR FIVE-TERMINAL LINES
Symbol
Symbol “--” represents an infinite value. R represents the fault resistance.
2) Statistical Evaluation: The same sample system shown
in Fig. 13 is utilized to perform statistical evaluation. There are
in total of eight fault sections in the sample system are con-
sidered and up to 736 different tested cases including internal
and external faults are conducted. The performance of the pro-
posed technique under various fault conditions for transposed
lines is presented in Table IV. It is clearly seen that the pro-
posed fault location technique provides excellent performance
under different fault conditions such as different fault types,
fault positions, fault resistance, and fault inception angles. The
average fault location error under various fault conditions is
about 0.31%.
The line parameters for untransposed lines are also obtained
using EMTP LINE CONSTANTS program and the related
data for tower configuration is the same as that of transposed
lines mentioned previously. The performance of applying the
proposed algorithm to untransposed multiterminal lines is also
evaluated. There are up to 736 different tested cases including
internal and external faults are conducted. The average fault
location error under various fault conditions is about 0.59%.
The simulation results indicate that the proposed technique also
works well for five-terminal untransposed lines.
1372 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 23, NO. 3, JULY 2008

TABLE IV
FAULT LOCATION STATISTICAL RESULTS FOR THE TESTED
SAMPLE SYSTEM OF A FIVE-TERMINAL LINE

Fig. 15. One-line diagram of a six-terminal transmission line system (with ar-
bitrary configuration).

TABLE V
PARAMETERS OF A SIX-TERMINAL TRANSMISSION LINE SYSTEM

Symbol “--” represents an infinite value (external fault).

Total rested cases include different fault types, fault inception angles, and
fault resistance.

B. Six-Terminal Transmission Line System With Arbitrary

Configuration

We test the proposed fault location technique with respect to TABLE VI

a multiterminal transmission line with arbitrary configuration. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE PROPOSED FAULT LOCATION TECHNIQUE
Fig. 15 shows the sample transmission line system, which is a FOR A SIX-TERMINAL TRANSMISSION LINE SYSTEM

345-kV 60-Hz transposed six-terminal transmission line with

zero sequence mutual coupling. The simulated system can be
used to demonstrate the correctness of the mentioned fault loca-
tion technique. Notably, the line section between tap point
and in Fig. 15 is an unusual arrangement. The configura-
tion of the simulation system is more complicated than that of
the aforementioned system. Moreover, this multiterminal line
system is a nonhomogeneous one. Two groups of line segments
with different line parameters are adopted in this simulation
sample system, which are the groups of line segments ( , ,
, , , ) and ( , , , Bus 5-Bus
6), respectively. The related parameters of the simulated system
are shown in Table V.
Table VI shows the performance evaluation results of the
proposed fault location technique with respect to the six-ter-
minal transmission line with arbitrary configuration. The pro-
posed fault section selector/locator can correctly identify the
faulted section. The average fault location error under various
fault conditions is about 0.27%. The results indicate that the
proposed algorithm works well for a six-terminal transmission Symbol
represents that the output of fault selection selector is correct.
nonhomogeneous line system with arbitrary configuration. Symbol “--” represents an infinite value. R represents the fault resistance.
LIU et al.: UNIVERSAL FAULT LOCATION TECHNIQUE
V. CONCLUSION
A new fault location technique for N-terminal trans-
mission lines is presented in this paper. Basic principles and
detail formulation are given. There is no particular restriction
on the power source behind each terminal or the grounding
system when adopts the proposed algorithm. We develop the
faulted line branch identification selector and fault locator. The
proposed approach is analytic compared to traditional heuristic
approaches. Extensive simulation studies show that the perfor-
mance of the proposed algorithm is very excellent and the av-
erage error of fault location is well less than 1% under various
system operation and fault conditions considered. The simula-
tion results also demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of
the proposed fault location technique for multiterminal trans-
mission lines with arbitrary configurations. The proposed fault
location technique is an accurate method and its performance
is almost unaffected by system operation conditions and fault
events.
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Chih-Wen Liu (S’93–M’96–SM’02) was born in Taiwan, R.O.C., in 1964. He
received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from National Taiwan Univer-
sity (NTU), Taipei, Taiwan, in 1987, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical
engineering from Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, in 1992, and 1994, respec-
tively.
Since 1994, he has been with NTU, where he is a Professor of electrical engi-
neering. His main research interests include application of computer technology
to power system monitoring, protection, and control. His other research inter-
ests include motor control and power electronics.
Kai-Ping Lien was born in Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C., in 1970. He received the
B.S. degrees in electrical engineering from National Sun Yat-Sen University,
Taiwan, and the Ph.D degree in electrical engineering from National Taiwan
University (NTU), Taipei, Taiwan, in 1992 and 2006, respectively.
At present, he works at Bei-Tou Incinerator, Department of Environmental
Protection, Taipei City Government.
Ching-Shan Chen was born in Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C., in 1976. He received
the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from the National Taiwan University
of Science and Technology, Taipei, in 1998, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees
in electrical engineering from National Taiwan University, Taipei, in 2000, and
2003, respectively.
At present, he works at Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu,
Taiwan, and his research interests include distributed generation systems and
computer relaying.
Joe-Air Jiang (M’01) was born in Tainei, Taiwan, R.O.C., in 1963. He received
the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from National Taiwan Uni-
versity, Taipei, Taiwan, in 1990 and 1999, respectively.
From 1990 to 2001, he was with Kuang-Wu Institute of Technology, Taipei,
Taiwan. Currently, he is an Associate Professor of bio-industrial mechatronics
engineering at National Taiwan University, Taipei. His areas of interest are in
computer relaying, mechatronics, neuro-engineering, wireless sensor network,
and bio-effects of electromagnetic wave.