Acknowledgement

I would like to thank all those who made possible the research on which this thesis is based, assisted in the
field work or in the analysis of the data and contributed in any other way to its production. During my field
work I received assistance from numerous individuals attached to official institutions and governmental
departments. I am very much indebted to Mr. Architect Hussein my thesis supervisor as constant source of
information. Without his regular inspiration and motivation, this work wouldn’t be possible. It was his
insight of the research materials that brought me thus far. For me to stand at this juncture of thesis
submission, our head of department Mr. dewit alemu had a great role in proving the confidence to stand any
pressure and the required morale booster. I would also like to offer my profound gratitude to all my
honorable teachers, Admas University, hargeisa for their indispensable support of various stages of the
study. Throughout my work I have enjoyed the active support and encouragement of colleagues,
contemporaries and individuals. Special thank goes to my friend Mohamed Adam. My final
acknowledgements must be to the many ……………………
I begin by thanking Allah for bringing me this far, and all that He has enabled me to pursue and achieve. I
am gratified by my family who have supported me from the very beginning of this journey to this point. I
would also like to thank my friends for the support, encouragement they provided and guidance through the
years unto the final work of writing this thesis. I am thankful to my supervisor Arch. Hussein for his
guidance and precision. For the prompting and timely suggestions that helped guide and shape this exercise.
To all lecturers, Department of Architecture and Building Science: The Chairman, Arch. Musau Kimeu,
Prof. J. Magutu, Mr. Kahare Miano, Mr. N. Musyoki, Mr. E. Liku, Mr. M. Gititu, Mr. Y. Ebrahim, Mr. A.
Mwakulomba, Mr E. Oyaro, Mr. N. Kariuki, Dr. L. Shihembetsa, for all your guidance during my years in
ADD. I am also grateful to my classmates whose criticism, encouragement has taken me through this writing
process. I would like to thank Remold Finance and the SOS Children’s Villages for permitting me to
proceed with my research work, offering advice along the way. I am also grateful for the family in House
Number 5 at the SOS Children’s Village in Buru Buru, for accommodating me in your home and making me
feel like family. Your kindness, support and playfulness have made this process a joy. Finally, I thank all
that in one way or another have provided moral, financial and any ancillary help to this study
This work would not have been skillfully done without the contributions of numerous individuals and
institutions. In this regard, I wish to express my gratitude to the following; First, I would like to
appreciate the Almighty God for guiding me and ordering my steps up to the completion of this thesis.
Secondly, I appreciate admas University for the opportunity that they gave me to pursue my studies.
Thirdly, my heartfelt gratitude goes to arch Hussein and dean of the department dewit alemu, for their
dedication, commitment, patience and professional guidance for this study. Fourthly, the interviews would
not have been carried out successfully without his assistance.
First all I would like to begin with thanking my God who has been with me in every single step the way
through my stay in degree Program. Thus, the highest gratitude goes to God. Secondly, my heartfelt thanks
and appreciations goes to my advisor arch hussein whose advises, comments and directions have helped
and guided the study to reach its current state. I thank you for your time, for being understanding and
supportive. My dear brother yahye Mohamed saaed you know I wouldn`t have attended this program had it
not been for you and everything I am going to say will not express the level of your support both materially
and emotionally. Thank you very much for being there whenever I need your support and input. Last but not
least my thanks goes to my mother kaltun ciid and my father Mohamed duale and also my brothers ahmed,
Israel and Yohannes who have been beside me whenever I need their help. Thank you for your emotional
and material support and God bless you all

Acknowledgements
I thank God the almighty whose blessings and grace have been with me as I undertook this course. I thank my immediate family
for their moral and financial support, encouragement and understanding.
I wish to convey sincere gratitude to my supervisors for their guidance, suggestions and constructive criticisms towards the successf
Special thanks go to all the friends who in a small or big way contributed towards the successful writing of this thesis.
 Abstract
This study focuses on the perceptions of drug addiction center and the role of community in supporting them
to access wellness of life support. This study provides a platform for exploring addiction issues and
investigates how extended treatment programs can assist an individual in recovering from addiction. This is
achieved by examining the experience of those who have attended secondary treatment programs. The
report focuses specifically on the secondary treatment programs of Fellowship House and Renewal.
These programs are developed and delivered by Tabor Lodge Treatment and Addiction Services
Limited. The study uses two major research strategies to evaluate the scheme; (1) primary
qualitative research collected through the medium of semi structuredinterviews with subject experts
and (2) published research into addiction treatment and its effectiveness. The aim of this thesis is to
investigate how art and architecture can inform healing or provide space and events where healing can take
place. Mental health has been a debated topic to centuries and still today, the common being has not grasped
its complexities that bound us all unique. The stigma created by human perception has hindered our
knowledge which has resulted in segregation.The arts and art therapy have, over the years, been used to heal
different aliments such as cancer, mental illness, aids, abused woman and children, the elderly and have been
successful in doing so as it heals across all ages and race. The question I pose is can architecture do the
same? Furthermore, can architecture be used to create spaces that encourage or induce healing?The
architectural intervention aims to re-integrate these segregated communities, specifically people with mental
illness, back into society. The intervention aims to offer a place for rehabilitation, a place for healing, a half
way house, a place for economic independence for those with mental illness and challenge traditional mental
hospital model in order to de-stigmatise mental disability.
This study is concerned with the planning and design considerations of treatment centers dedicated to the
rehabilitation of alcoholics. An existing concern is the clear disconnect between availability of treatment
centers and the culture of seeking medical or social interventions to address alcoholism. Treatment was
traditionally provided in community (home) settings with little knowledge of the specialized care necessary
for successful treatment. With advancements in medicine after World War I, developed hospitals and clinics
were later tasked with treatment of illnesses caused by alcohol abuse. Resulting from specialization in
medicine, which broke down the structure of care provided to patients, and client courage to openly seek
treatment, hospital intervention is now supplemented with therapy provided in dedicated facilities. These
facilities focus on instilling accountability to self and others as a means of achieving rehabilitation and
maintaining abstinence, while hospitals focus on treating the resultant physical side effects of long-term
abuse. Rehabilitation facilities have gradually changed from hospital – like institution designs to a more
friendly and residential approach in a bid to reduce the stigma associated with alcoholism and the need for
therapeutic interventions. This approach has however suffered too literal an interpretation, with common
practice being the retrofitting of residences to accommodate clients. This limits the flexibility of treatment
processes, as they should ideally be tailored to individual client needs, based on the severity of alcohol
abuse. Planning and design guidelines are therefore not clearly defined, since the initial designs of residential
buildings are as varied as the architects involved, the needs of the owners and building materials. This study
aims to investigate the design considerations set as guiding standards for the development of treatment
facilities from first principles, with a view to gauge the level of successful implementation within the
Kenyan context. This is done in comparison to other rehabilitation facilities identified as world leaders in
both design language and treatment practices. All this is in the hope of establishing recommendations that
will guide future design and planning that is geared towards the successful rehabilitation of alcoholics.

Drug addiction nowadays is common in almost one in three persons we met and its affecting large part of
age group of young teenagers giving birth to unwanted crimes, causing problems in your relationship and
social life. As a result person lost his/her ability to maintain his status in community and live a normal life.
As a human being, they have the rights to be rehabilitated as the best way in rebuilding their individual and
social life. The purpose of this study is to learn about Drug abuse, behaviour of the abuser and the spatial
behaviour of an individual with the habit of drug abuse/ addiction and how architecture can be used as a
tool for rehabilitation. Architecture could be a part of recovery process in the curing of drug abuse and
addiction. Healing architecture helps people to restore and relieve their mind and soul that affect the body
through access to the built form and spatial analysis. Lighting and colours has its own effect on individual
to individual, with reducing direct sunlight and promoting natural day lighting through means of
architecture interventions and also spatial behaviour has its own role, like a room with no plastering and a
room with proper finishing can change the mood of an individual dramatically. Aesthetics plays a major
role in swinging the mood of a person. Drug abuser has its own psychological problems and depends on
the Drug abuse. Those problems effect the way of designing the building and landscape. The principles of
healing architecture can solve those problems and create the design concepts. The healing architecture
design concepts are outlined in the landscape design, masses placement, and interior design. Larger
courtyards senses as an open air multipurpose gathering space. The various atmosphere of the spaces with
the harmony of nature could be the solution for psychological problem. Organic pattern from
healing
architecture creating the environment to be an architecture design that heals. Incorporation of natural system
with respect to design in the day to day activities of an individual can play a key role in changing the
mindset of a person. Sense of privacy should be provided to the person by means of built environment.
Keywords: Rehabilitation, Therapeutic Design, landscape, human performance, built environment,
Kinesthetics

The increase of alcoholism with associated adverse consequences among adolescents andyoung adults has
been an issue of great concern in many parts of world and Kenya inparticular. In response, there has been an
increase in the establishment of treatment andrehabilitation services and demand for the same to assist
alcohol abusers in recovery andprevention of relapse. However, despite the availability and demand of these
services,there has been also a simultaneous increase in alcohol abuse and relapse cases. Thisscenario cast
doubts on the effectiveness of the existing treatment and rehabilitation services in meeting the ever-
increasing number of admitted cases. The purpose of studynwas to establish factors contributing to relapse in
selected rehabilitation centers in Nairobi, Kenya. This study adopted cross sectional research design and
focused on eightbrehabilitations centers with admission of 226 clients. Purposive, Probability Proportionate
to Size (PPS) and simple random sampling methods were used to select participating centers and
respondents. The sample sizes were 144 alcoholics and 8 professional helpers. However, 82 alcoholics and 5
professional helpers were included in data analysis as some were lost due to inconsistent responses and non-
responses. Data was collected the through administration of two sets of self-administered questionnaires to
the selected respondents. Data was analyzed and presented using frequencies, percentages, cross tabulations,
Chisquare, pie-charts and tables. Data analysis was performed by the use of Statistical Package for
Social Sciences (SPSS). The study found out that more than half (62%) of the alcoholics in rehabilitation
centers were relapsees and they had slipped to drinking more than once. The study established that relapse
did not just occur but there were factors within the individual and environment that were associated with it.
The study recommends that alcoholics need to be assisted to assume an active role in changing drinking
behaviors by enhancing their abilities to overcome or cope with risk situations. This thesis, recover(ing)life
within architecture, will focus on the question, “How can the design of a rehabilitation center assist in the
care that each patient experiences and requires individually in the recovery process?” The typology for this
thesis will be a restoration project in addition to taking a community in account and providing help through a
rehabilitation center with a site located on the North Shore of Lake Superior in Minnesota. The guiding idea
behind this investigation is, “what can a restorative attitude towards a community and a person do in a
positive and effective way.” The justification behind this project is, “People who acquire the disease of
addiction need a positive and nurturing environment in order for them to thrive in the lifelong process of
recovery.” The theoretical premise, unifying idea, and problem statement will be researched through the
course of this these project.
Keywords: Recovery, restoration, rehabilitation, addiction, hope
According to the World Drug Report, approximately 200 million people, about 5% of the World’s
population aged between 15 and 64 years have either been forced or voluntarily sought the help of
rehabilitation centers for behavioral modifications.

Introduction

Today, addiction is a well-known and prevalent social issue that is present everywhere on Earth. Has
addiction always been present along with the human race? What has changed with our culture and society
where addiction is more of a problem today? These are some questions I hope to answer through research
and throughout my thesis investigation.“Addiction is a chronic but treatable brain disease.” (Rasmussen)
Addressing addiction as a condition or disease rather than a choice or a personal issue is vital to the success
in recovery and abstinence. When reviewing data about addiction, it is important to consider the broad
definitions related to the term. “Define addiction concepts in ways that can be observed and measuredThere
are several different types of addiction that involve different characteristics of behavior as well as
measurable data such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and brain activity. A person can be addicted to
alcohol/drugs, exercise, gambling, pornography, as well as an endless list of other behavioral and chemical
addictions. These types of addictions all have different attributes but some happen to work in the same way
and affect the same part of the brain. In addition to looking into the psychological components of addiction,
there are also “physiological components that involve not only the brain but the body as a whole and can
make a particular addiction even more difficult to overcome.” (ASAM
Drug addiction is a chronic, relapsing disease, characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use, and by
neurochemical and molecular changes in the brain.
Drug addiction is becoming a major health problem in India with some estimates indicating that as many as
15 million people in India could become addicts by the end of 2004.
Substance abuse is a common and silent problem in our society. We live in times when legal drugs like
alcohol and cigarettes are considered suitable offerings at social events; their ready availability and ease of
access make them a staple at many social gatherings. It should be of great and urgent concern that such
addictive drugs are marketed and advertised through all platforms of mass media, exposing children and
non-users to the drug use culture. Successive generations are inducted into the consumption of alcohol as a
means of relieving stress and socializing, while the effects of alcoholism are downplayed and made to seem
rare and exaggerated. The use of alcoholic drinks, for example, is subliminally encouraged, yet seeking
treatment against the same is frowned upon. In our current society, one is considered weak for not “handling
their liquor”. Alcoholics face constant stigma of shaming ridicule and are deemed immoral and
irresponsible, while being treated as societal outcasts. They are shunned for being unable to play their
culture – assigned roles as constant caregivers, providers and protectors.
De-addiction center is palace where and addict is restored to his normal mental or physical state. Its also
called as rehabilitation center for drug and alcohol. When a person enters a rehabilitation he is expected to be
in worst condition mainly mentally ,as addiction deals with hos mental disorder .the person in a de-addiction
center should feel comfortable ,healthy-physically and mentally & should be helped in his social life .the
person should be freed from negative thoughts ,and hope and enlightment should come in the addicts mind
.minimum of 3-6 months treatment is given to the addict .enough ventilation and recreational areas should be
given as proper planning can give good benefits to patients. Group activities should be encouraged as it
increases interaction and frees them from loneliness.
Addiction is a complex condition, a chronic brain disease that causes compulsive substance use despite
harmful consequences.
Also means is a state characterized by compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli, despite adverse
consequences.it can be thought of as a disease or biological process leading to such behaviors.
The overall aim of this research is to help integrate recovered mental patients from the psychiatric hospitals
back into society through the use of a psychiatric rehabilitation centre. The goal of the psychiatric
rehabilitation centre is to help patients develop their emotional, social, vocational and intellectual skills
needed to live, learn and work in the community with the least amount of professional support. Mental
health care features at two levels, the institutional care and community mental health care popularly known
as community psychiatry. The institutional care takes place in psychiatric hospitals whereas the community
psychiatry occurs in the community in which patients reside. Psychiatrists and nurses offer treatment at the
institutional care level and community psychiatry nurses administer care at the community psychiatry level.
The psychiatric rehabilitation centre will serve as a transitional zone between the hospital and the
community where patients are taught the requisite skills needed to be reintegrated into the community. The
rehabilitation centre will seek to accomplish two main purposes. They are 1) to help train recovered patients
in skills acquisition for gainful employment and 2) to help provide the opportunity for patients to gradually
acquire socialization skills through their supervised contact with some members of the community. The idea
of trying to include the public into this proposed design is to help patients learn how to live with people upon
getting back into the community and also to help break down the wall of prejudice the public has concerning
mental illness. Despite popular notions of stigma, records has it that most people who come in close contact
with recovered mental patients who have gone through rehabilitation successfully are always full of praise
on how magnificent these patients have been transformed (Greenblatt and Simon, 1999). According to
World Health Organization (2006), 80% of treated mental patients who are rehabilitated get better and fit so
well into society with no traits of the person ever having experience such trauma. Discharging mental
patients because they are symptom free but non functional, without rehabilitation is no longer acceptable as
good management in psychiatry (Deva and Manilla, 2006). Recovered mental patients desire to participate in
family life, community life and in a meaningful occupation. 2 It is estimated that of the 21.6 million people
living in Ghana, 650,000 are suffering from a severe mental disorder and a further 2,166,000 are suffering
from a moderate to mild mental disorder including disorders such as depression, phobias, bipolar disorder
and schizophrenia (Ghana Health Service [GHS], 2007). Currently there are 2,250 patients on admission in
the three psychiatric hospitals in Ghana; 1,200 at Accra, 500 at Pantang and 550 Ankaful (Selby, 2006).
Analyzing records given at these three psychiatric hospitals, 30% of these patients have recovered but are
still being kept in the hospital because the country lacks rehabilitation centres to help nurture such patients
on how to live in the society without being dependant. Patients are therefore afraid to leave the hospital
environment (Osei, 2007).Governments’ policy in the long term is to establish such rehabilitation facilities
in all ten regions, but the reality is that there is lack of funding and inadequate number of staff
(EwusiMensah, 2001). Towards the achievement of this goal, about 160 community nurses have been
trained and allocated to all ten regional capitals with their presence in 56 out of a 110 districts in the country
(Ewusi-Mensah, 2001). Some staffs at the Accra Psychiatric Hospital have been given orientation in
community work, counseling and rehabilitation so as to fit into the community development program. This
work takes advantage of all the preparations the government is making in order to propose an architectural
design of psychiatric rehabilitation centre that will facilitate patient’s full recovery.
Drug addiction is a chronic, often relapsing brain disease that causes compulsive drug seeking and use,
Despite harmful consequences to the drug addict and those around them. Drug addiction is a brain disease
Because the abuse of drugs leads to changes in the structure and function of the brain. Although it is true
That for most people the initial decision to take drugs is voluntary, over time the changes in the brain caused
By repeated drug abuse can affect a person's self-control and ability to make sound decisions, and at the
Same time create an intense impulse to take drugs. It is because of these changes in the brain that it is so
challenging for a person who is addicted to stop abusing drugs. Research shows that combining addiction
treatment medications, if available, with Behavioral therapy and community support is the best way to
ensure success for most patients. Treatment Approaches that are tailored to each patient's drug abuse patterns
and any concurrent medical, psychiatric, and social problems can lead to sustained recovery and a life
without drugs.
Drug addiction is a global phenomenon affecting every sphere of the society . Because of high
prevalence in Punjab, it is having grave repercussion on the family and the individual. This book on
Drug Addiction contains articles contributed by those having clinical expertise in dealing with cases of
addiction admitted in urban and rural De-addiction centres. The material selected in these publications will
be of interest and use to the public, social workers, counselors, psychologists, medical students, family
physicians and NGOs.T obacco the 'gateway' drug and is highly addictive substance catches its
victims at a very young age and soon after these young adolescents end up in poly addiction. No
other affliction in the world is as fatal as is the tobacco. The adolescence population needs to be
aware of its deleterious effects. Misconceptions about liquor tend to perpetuate the use of alcohol.
Ethanol is a toxic and addictive substance which is associated with various adverse physical and
neuropsychiatric disorders. These persons are aversive to treatment and need tactful handling.
Recovered addicts can play significant role in inspiring drug addicts and alcoholics to seek
treatment.Opioids are one of the commonest of the addictivesubstances. India is country sandwiched
between the two major opioid producing zones i.e. golden crescent on the west and golden triangle
on the east. Earlier our country was involved in the trafficking of opium and synthetic derivates as Heroin
and smack. Now it has become consumers of the illicit drugs not withstanding the deterrent narcotic
drug and psychoactive substances act.
Iii Multiple factors may be involved which attract the young adolescent to drugs, such as desire for
new experiment to seek joy and pleasure. Decadence of moral and religious values, the craze to be
ultramodern coupled with boom in economy and unemployment are entraping the youth to drugs.
Addiction and sociopathic personality frequently go hand in hand with each other .Management of
drug addiction and alcoholism should preferably be holistic and involve of traditional treatment along
with the concept emanating from spiritual intelligence. Most of the publications in this book reflect
the experience gained by the authors while working in the Red-Cross De-Addiction Centre, Mohali and
another rural Akal De-Addiction Centre, Cheema, Distt. Sangrur . Many of these articles have appeared in
reputed journals, weeklies and dailies.I convey my sincere thanks to the contributors of these articles
which would prove valuable in imparting basic information to all those who are involved in the
care & treatment of addicts. This work would not have been possible without the blessings of the
visionary saint Baba Iqbal Singh Ji, President of the Kalgidhar Trust/Society , Baru Sahib - HP . I
owe him my deep sense of gratitude. I am indebted to Dr. Neelam Kaur, Advisor Health &
Education and staff of the Kalgidhar Trust for extending help and support during compilation of this
book.
A lot of innocent lives are lost and destroyed every single day due to Drug and Substance Abuse. Unlike a
normal person, a drug addicted or abused one is not fit for social environment because they can harm other
people as well as themselves in their clouded state of mind. These people lose all their objectives and desires
in life and get stuck in a never-ending vicious cycle which can only lead them to a path of destruction. The
main function of a Rehabilitation Centre is to help them overcome their addiction and think rationally by
treating them so that they can recover and return back to their old normal lives and be HAPPY,CONTENT
and at PEACE with themselves. In a way, it also signifies the metamorphosis of a person into a better human
being, giving them a new life.
There are many young and reckless people who come to Goa to have fun but instead end up getting mixed
up in substance abuse and ruin their lives. The addiction problem whether drugs or alcoholism, appears
grave but so far Goa does not have any dedicated drug and alcohol rehabilitation center. Parents have to take
their children outside of Goa to treat them. The main aim is to make Goa a better place for visitors and
tourists so that there is no sadness,grief and negativity which is generally associated with addiction,but Goa
should be only known for its nature,beauty,cheerfulness,happiness and positivity.It should be recognised as a
social and safe place for visitors.It is becoming a major health problem in india and since Goa is one of the
most visited destinations in india,it should also take a stand in the eradication of drugs and alcohol in some
way and take a moral responsibility towards it.Also,there are many crimes that happen because of the
possession of drugs.
Drug addiction is a chronic, relapsing disease, characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use, and by
neurochemical and molecular changes in the brain.
Drug addiction is becoming a major health problem in India with some estimates indicating that as many as
15 million people in India could become addicts by the end of 2004. Mental illness and Life sufferer’s
Mental illnesses are the most devastating and disabling of the diseases, affecting the mankind, giving its
victims and their families a life of suffering, trauma and travail. Nearly one percent of Humanity is suffering
from this malady, of which nearly 20% would become chronic. In the context of our country it means nearly
one core of our people are victims of different forms of Mental illness and of whom 20 Lakhs are likely to
become chronic. Often the victims' entire personality becomes shattered due to dysfunctioning of their
mental faculty. They drift from social mainstream, remain castigated from immediate neighborhood, as well
as the society at large. What they need is not just medical intervention but a multiple therapeutic approach to
bring them back even to a semblance of normal functionality. Depression Depression is a serious medical
illness. Symptoms can include: Sadness or low mood Loss of interest or pleasure in activities you used to
enjoy Change in weight Difficulty sleeping or oversleeping Energy loss Feelings of worthlessness Thoughts
of death or suicide. Depression can run in families, and usually starts between the ages of 15 and 30. It is
much more common in women. Women can also get postpartum depression after the birth of a baby. Some
people get seasonal affective disorder in the winter. Depression is one part of bipolar disorder. There are
effective treatments for depression, including antidepressants and talk therapy. A combination of both works
best. Personality Disorders Schizophrenia Anxiety Relation between Drug addicts and mental ill persons
A psychiatric problem an addiction problem it is difficult to say which came first. What is important to note
is that the person is currently having both problems and both have to be addressed together. A relapse in one
of the two areas can trigger a relapse in the other. A psychological relation between the drug addicts and
mentally ill (psychiatric) or life suffering people. In 90% of the cases it is found that the basic level for
addiction starts from person does not know to handle critical situation of problems in life, he then gets into
depression and the root of the drug addiction starts eventually. Trauma, depression, lonely feeling,
carelessness are some of the important factors deciding drug addiction.

Training Centre Plan

Although a substantial numbers of persons are affected by drug and alcohol abuse and dependence, there are
several gaps in service provision. These include inadequate number of services, inadequate treatment
seeking by substance users and also lack of trained manpower in the country.
Revenue Generation It has been found that only 42 of the de-addiction centers are being aided only a few
centers (about 42, mainly those in the north-eastern states of the country) Functioning of Government De-
Addiction Centers. Most centers depend on State Government for recurring expenditure .Evaluation
exercises have revealed Variability in service provision Poor record maintenance Shortage of staff Lack of
capacity of existing staff (i.e. lack of training on substance use disorders)

It has been difficult to trace most of these centers. UNESCO (2009) has recently highlighted the difficulty
encountered in accessing information about many of the centers Receive recurrent grants from the union
health ministry. Most others have been dependent on the state governments for the recurring expenditure (on
staff salaries, supplies etc.). It is understandable that the state Governments may have varying degrees of
health priorities; consequently the funds provided by the state governments have also been variable in
nature.
In all countries, illegal drug economy plays a prominent role in national decisions made. Fortunately, cost-
effective measures targeting drug abuse treatment are available. This fact increases motivation to conduct
studies in order to improve interventions compatible with cultural issues.[1] Various countries have taken
measures at society level to change knowledge and attitude of the society toward illegal drugs. These
interventions aimed to prevent illegal drug abuse. Usually, focus of these interventions was teenagers and the
youth, as these age groups are at more risk of drug abuse due to less information regarding this problem.[2]
On the whole, drug abuse is the result of the interaction between person, abused drug, and the environment.
Knowledge and attitude toward this problem and its effects, easy access to such drugs, and the nature of the
abused drug are among other effective factors.[3]
Drug abuse, as a psychological-social-biologic issue, in adolescents is one of the most critical issues for
countries nowadays. This problem involves new chemical drugs (e.g. crack and ecstasy) besides traditional
ones (e.g. opium and marijuana). In Iran, even though there is no official report about drug abuse, clinical
observations in drug addiction consultation centers and medical centers for drug addiction rehabilitation
show that addiction to new psychoactive drugs in adolescents has a high prevalence. Nowadays, instead of
traditional single-factor approach to the etiology of drug abuse, multifactorial and interactive causal
approaches are considered as the etiology of drug abuse. The latter factors assess related factors to drug
abuse. The result of these evaluations is identifying a complex of risk factors as well as protective factors
which, respectively, increase and decrease the likelihood of drug abuse.[4] Studies in Iran have demonstrated
that mean age of cigarette smoking for the first time is in adolescence. Likewise, such a situation has been
reported from the US and China.[5]
Knowledge about the age of drug abuse commence is of paramount importance. Unfortunately, the onset of
drug abuse most often stems in adolescence. In a study, 6.9% of high school students in Tehran experienced
drug abuse and 16.9% experienced cigarette smoking. The most prevalent used drugs were alcohol, opium,
and marijuana.[6] In another study from Shiraz, 30.2% of high school students had experienced cigarette,
alcohol, and stimulants and narcotics at least once in their lifetime.
Studies note that age range of addicts and drug abusers has decreased globally. This decreased age range has
endangered many adolescents and young people and has raised extensive concern in societies. Therefore,
avoiding the problem of drug abuse has detrimental consequences for every society such as demolition of
social and economic resources, threat to social security, and various forms of maladaptive behaviors.
The present questionnaire was designed by studying some previously published questionnaires, though it has
a different structure. This questionnaire can be used in similar studies. In general, it can be stated that this
questionnaire provides useful information about knowledge, attitude, and practice of high school students
toward drug abuse. The information yielded by this questionnaire can be used for more in-depth studies and
organized, continuous, and appropriate decision makings in terms of future actions and interventions.

Background of the Study

The use of drugs has been around since time immemorial. People have used drugs for various purposes
depending on culture and activities at hand. At most drugs have been known to bring euphoric feelings that
change moods of people to pleasurable feelings especially in social celebrations and when people are
Operating under tension. Because of their ability to relief tension many people use drugs and with the
stressful life associated with challenges in contemporary Society the number has been on the increase. Hence
initiating the use of drugs is always associated with the benefits that it brings to the users.
However, people who use drugs experience a wide array of physical effects other than those expected.
Marijuana and alcohol for example, interfere with motor control and are factors contributing too many
automobile accidents. Users of marijuana and hallucinogenic drugs may experience flashbacks, unwanted
recurrences of the drug's effects weeks or months after use. Abrupt abstinence from certain drugs results in
withdrawal symptoms. For example, a heroin withdrawal symptom causes vomiting, muscle
cramps, convulsions, and delirium . The excitement of a cocaine effect, for instance, is followed by a
"crash”: a period of anxiety, fatigue, depression, and a strong desire to use more cocaine to alleviate the
feelings of the crash. This is due to its addictive nature that lures the users into over use. The after effects of
drugs and the assumption that relief can only be used in continuous use of drugs leading to increased drug
abuse and dependence with many negative psychosocial effects. With the continued use of a physically
addictive drug, tolerance develops; i.e., constantly increasing amounts of the drug needed to duplicate the
initial effect. Because the purity and dosage of illegal drugs such as heroin are uncontrolled, drug overdose is
a constant risk. Many drug users engage in criminal activity, such as burglary and prostitution, to raise the
money to buy drugs, and some drugs, especially alcohol, are associated with violent behavior.
Therefore one of the greatest concerns in many countries today is the rapidly rising number of drug users
worldwide. According to the World Drug Report and Sacks the total number of drug users in the world is
now estimated at some 200 million people, equivalent to about 5 percent of the global population. The
UNODC estimates that between 155 and 250 million people (3.5% - 5.7% of the population aged 15-64) use
illicit substances at least once. Consequently it is estimated that there are between 16 and 38 million
‘problem drug users’ every year.
The abuse of drugs in Africa is nevertheless escalating rapidly from cannabis abuse to the more dangerous
drugs and from limited groups of drug users to a wider range of people abusing drugs . The most common
and available drug of abuse is still cannabis, which is known to be a contributing factor to the occurrence of
a schizophrenic-like psychosis . Regionally according to Kilonzo et al. a rapid situation assessment carried
out in five Tanzanian towns found heroin to be a major concern. Just like other parts of the world, Kenya has
experienced upsurge in number of drug and substance abuse.
In Kenya more worrisome statistics came from a NACADA Authority survey that showed about 40% of
Kenyans aged between 15 and 65 years have drank one type of alcohol or another, and that at least 13% of
people from all provinces in Kenya except in the North Eastern region are current consumers of alcohol. The
vast majority of drug users are the youth. The 2007 study found that alcohol is abused by 77% of youths out
of school and 28% of youths in school. It also established alcohol, tobacco and bhang as being the most
easily known abused substances by over 50% of 15-65 year-olds. The trend is worrying to many policy
makers, parents and society at large.
Drug abuse has invaded homes, schools and work places affecting individuals of all ages and classes [Mouti
argues that this disturbing scenario has largely been caused by high rates of unemployment, media influence
on the youth, breakdown of African traditional system that had checks and balances on individuals’
behavior, poverty and ignorance of the effects of drugs. In a nutshell drugs have many negative effects to the
individual, family and society at large. In this regard communities all over the world have been preoccupied
with search for programs to help those affected by drugs. Different societies worldwide have sought
different ways of assisting those addicted to change their behavior. It is from this understanding that
rehabilitation program are crucial as intervention measures arises for behavior modification.
The treatment of alcoholism has experienced evolution over time. Resulting from the courage to openly seek
help, hospital care for alcoholics is now supplemented with therapy provided in dedicated facilities. These
centers of treatment recognize and seek to treat addiction as a disease, with focus on instilling accountability
to self and others. Rehabilitation facilities have gradually changed from hospital-like designs that focus on
treatment only, to a more personable and friendly approach in a bid to reduce the stigma associated with
alcoholism and seeking help for the same. Architectural design has taken a more residential approach, with a
focus on patient experience for a more wholesome experience that reduces chances of relapse. This,
however, is hindered greatly by the fact that treatment centers are not designed from first principles, but
existing residences are retrofitted into treatment facilities – this impairs the treatment processes
recommended before an individual is reintroduced to society, since spaces and environments are restricted in
function. This study is based on the recognition of alcoholism as a current societal problem and disease, and
the importance of spaces in which rehabilitative therapy is carried out, with a focus on the therapeutic
experience and wellbeing of alcoholic patients, their family/visitors and care giving staff.
Interview with the Chief Psychiatrist of the Accra Psychiatric Hospital, Dr. Akwasi Osei at the hospital
revealed that there are currently three psychiatric hospitals, with bed capacity ranging from 500 at Ankaful,
500 at Pantang to 800 beds at the Accra Psychiatric Hospital. All the three mental hospitals are unfortunately
located at the southern part of the country within three hours drive from one another. Mental health
personnel are currently in acute short supply. There are only fourteen consultant psychiatrists, with eleven of
them already retired but working under contract. All these 14 psychiatrists are mostly located down south.
The country requires at least seventy psychiatrists which will be spread all over the country (Osei, 2007)
Accra Psychiatric Hospital (APH) being the first psychiatric hospital to be built has undergone major
expansion in the past 100 years. The hospital currently houses about 1200 inmates of which one-third are
recovered patients in the long-stay wards as a result of being abandoned by their relatives. Patients therefore
find it difficult to integrate back into the community on their own (Ewusi-Mensah, 2001). Apart from the
effects it has on the individual, it also poses enormous burden on the government who has to cater for these
patients as long as they remain resident in these hospitals. These recovered patients as mentioned above
constitute 30% of the total population of the three main psychiatric hospitals in Ghana (Osei, 1994).
Government currently spends $0.50 to cater for each patient in a day (MHP, 2006). This research therefore
focuses on the design of an efficient psychiatric rehabilitation centre that will help integrate recovered
patients back into society.Tabor Lodge Addiction and Housing Services Limited work with those who are
experiencing addiction issues. The service helps people examine and work towards a life free from
substance abuse. The aims of Tabor Lodge Addiction and Housing Services Limited are:
1. To help addicted people recognise and accept their addiction.
2. To help people understand the implications of their addiction.
3. To help people identify what they need to change to overcome their addictions.
4. To help translate that identification into action.
A number of treatment programs are used to achieve these aims. These include primary treatment
programs which involve a 28 day residential program and extended treatmentprograms within the
community which encourage people through support and recovery. The aim of the extended treatment
programs are to build on and consolidate the work of recovery which has already begun in primary
treatment. At the core of the extended treatment programs provided by Tabor Lodge Addiction and
Housing Services Limited are Fellowship House and Renewal. These houses are Tabor Lodge’s
dedicated male and female centres where the journey out of addiction and into recovery can be
continued for each participant. The primary mission of Fellowship House is to provide a residential
supportive environment for addicted men in early recovery and to assist in the development of
sustainable life skills. The primary mission of Renewal is to enable the development of healthy living
by providing a safe residential setting for addicted women in early recovery.The extended treatment
programs include learning about denial, communication, anger, relapse warning signs, high risk
situations, learning to manage cravings and many more obstacles to recovery. Extended treatment
involves an individual living in a residential setting, with others who are also in the process of recovery.
It focuses on stabilisation and the development of a long term support network that the individual can
utilise. This phase of recovery allows the individual the opportunity for the development of life skills
necessary forlong term successful changes. It is important we develop a method of evaluating if this program
is meeting its objectives of helping people maintain recovery from addiction. This research dissertation is a
case study analysis of Fellowship House and Renewal from the perspective of eight individuals who
have availed of these extended treatment programs. Two individuals who did not attend extended
treatment but continue to remain in recovery will also be interviewed. While there are many different
models of extended treatment programs, this research dissertation will deal specifically with the
extended treatment programs provided through Tabor Lodge’s dedicated centres at Fellowship House and
Renewal. Throughout this dissertation, those interviewed will be referred to as “subject experts”. This
term is used because it is felt only those who have used the service can provide a complete picture of its
merits and discuss the potential for improvement. These people are experts in what elements were beneficial
and more importantly, what can be improved. Addiction is a hugely complex and contested area. While this
research is representative of the ten subject experts interviewed, it is but a small sample of those who
avail of treatment services for addiction. The data collected provides an indication of the success of
this program. It is difficult to generalise the findings of such a small sample and apply it to wider society.
More thorough and extensive research is required in this area. Nevertheless; it is hoped that the
outcomes of these ten interviews will provide an indication of the impact ofthese programs along with
suggestions of how these programs can be improved.

Aim and objectives

The present project aims to establish a communication bridge between the needs that people with disabilities
have and the possibilities available to the architect, in a process of developing a project for this special
category of people often disadvantaged.

To design a drug de-addiction cum rehabilitation center for people with drug addiction and for those persons
with mental illness (psychiatric).This will totally base on the design of the building in order to recover or
rehabilitate the persons by understanding the terms of psychological treatment through the building
envelope. Set up a "Home Away from Home" offering solace to the suffering individual and family alike,
where the atmosphere would be of a large extended family in which the residents would get the comfort,
security, love and kindness of the family, with psychosocial Rehabilitation Programmes and medical care
administered by experts in respective areas. I believe that addiction as a disease affects every aspect of the
afflicted person's life; at the physical and mental level, in relationships, and even causes the person to lose all
sense of morality. The disease has a way of recurring and only a total change in attitude can bring any
meaningful recovery. For Training Centre: In the proposed approach, the staff from the district hospitals
would be provided the training pertaining to treatment of substance use disorders. Referral of patients that
need more intensive intervention and specialist skills (such as those with associated physical or psychiatric
co morbidity and multiple drug use) can be made to the medical colleges. Capacity building through training
of staff is an important step in improving treatment seeking as well as quality of treatment that is provided to
substance users. For Revenue generation: Designing a building that would generate revenue for the proposed
Centre, as according to the study stated above.
1. To investigate how architecture may influence the treatment of alcoholics
2. To establish user needs and the planning and design requirements for a rehabilitation center
3. To explore case studies or best practices of rehabilitation centers
4. To develop planning principles and design guidelines for therapeutic environments that
Promote recovery and wellness of alcoholics
To understand and study addiction and addicts psychology and design the ways to overpower addictions by
creating a patient friendly habitat

The design of the building should be in an order to recover or rehabilitate the patients by understanding the
terms of psychological treatment through the building envelope. Set up a "Home Away from Home" offering
solace to the suffering individual and family alike, where the atmosphere would be of a large extended
family in which the residents would get the comfort, security, love and kindness of the family, with
psychosocial Rehabilitation Programmes and medical care administered by experts in respective areas.
The addiction rehabilitation center aims to set the society free from the bondage of drugs and addiction. It is
to create a community free of social crimes, psychological and physical disorders, waste of money and all
insecurities caused by drug abuse. It targets our youths, gives them a helping hand and lets them rekindle
their self-appreciation and self-motivation. It aims to make them re-explore themselves and invest their
powers more efficiently.
To design a drug de-addiction cum rehabilitation center for people with drug addiction and for those persons
with mental illness (psychiatric).This will totally base on the design of the building in order to recover or
rehabilitate the persons by understanding the terms of psychological treatment through the building
envelope.
Set up a "Home Away from Home" offering solace to the suffering individual and family alike, where the
atmosphere would be of a large extended family in which the residents would get the comfort, security, love
and kindness of the family, with psychosocial Rehabilitation Programmes and medical care administered by
experts in respective areas.
I believe that addiction as a disease affects every aspect of the afflicted person's life; at the physical and
mental level, in relationships, and even causes the person to lose all sense of morality. The disease has a way
of recurring and only a total change in attitude can bring any meaningful recovery.
For Training Centre:
In the proposed approach, the staff from the district hospitals would be provided the training pertaining to
treatment of substance use disorders. Referral of patients that need more intensive intervention and specialist
skills (such as those with associated physical or psychiatric co morbidity and multiple drug use) can be made
to the medical colleges. Capacity building through training of staff is an important step in improving
treatment seeking as well as quality of treatment that is provided to substance users.
For Revenue generation:
Designing a building that would generate revenue for the proposed Centre, as according to the study stated
above.
 r.motivation

r.objective
 Research on psychological basis of persons with mental illness, depression, anxiety etc...
 Study on how to recover drug-addicts and help rehabilitating mentally ill and life suffering people.
 Emphasis on designing-landscaped area, interiors, exteriors and the whole building envelope in order
to suite the proposed function psychologically.
 Research and deep study on Government’s policy to Train officials for such people and fund these
type of centers in India
The project explores the role of architectural technology in therapy and ultimately introduces a highly
adaptive system that provides therapeutic environment needed by the users and allows for interaction
control between patients and public.
 Understanding and Research of the mindset and health of a drug addicted person.
 Study on how to recover drug-addicts and help rehabilitating mentally ill and life suffering people.
 Emphasis on designing-landscaped area, interiors, exteriors and the whole building envelope in order
to suite the proposed function psychologically.
 Treating them with respect and like a human.
 Enhance the positive realization and understanding towards their life.
 Promoting silence and peace.
 Making a kind of space where no one could harm themselves in any way.
 Despite it being a part of our environment,it should feel like a place cut-off from our outside world.
 Understanding the culture and history of Goa to implement that in the design.
 Proper Treatment space and facilities should be available for patients.
 It shouldn’t generate a sense of fear,danger and hostility in the minds of patients,instead feeling like a
place of friendliness and positivity.
Objective of the study
 To study calculate lighting, colors that help in stimulating the senses.
 To study and understand the behavioral sciences that would enhance the design
 To study and access the visual communication that would enhance the design process.
 Factors such as natural elements and material and their patterns should be studied and analyzed
 To study and analyze the possible rejuvenating elements that are the essence of this design.

Objective of the design

 To design according to addicts psychology
 Additional patient areas should be designed to enhance the healing process of the addict .
 The design shall include the best posside outcome of facilities required by staff and patients.
The main objective of the research is to propose a model psychiatric rehabilitation center design
To help restore patients to their roles within the family and community. The design will also
Engage the people around them to support this process. This will be achieved through two main
Functions:
  Creating a built environment for treated mental patients to engage in community Interaction, receive
continuous counseling and expose patients to a well-designed Environment where they come in tune
with nature.
 Occupational therapy to help patients in skills acquisition which is valuable in their recovery process.
(Underhill, 2006)
 The overall objective of this research project is to evaluate the extended treatment programs
 Provided by Tabor Lodge Addiction and Housing Services Limited, focusing specifically on
 The model of Fellowship House and Renewal. This was achieved by exploring the experience
 Of those who have availed of this program. Analyzing the experience of subject experts, and
 Presenting the subject experts with an opportunity to provide feedback fulfils the objective of
 This research project. A rich and varied bank of data has been collected which can be used to
 Improve the service provided.
Objectives of the study
 This study assessed the Drug Rehabilitation Centers in Cavite .Specifically, it aimed to:
 1. Identify the existing rehabilitation centers in Cavite;
 2. Assess the operation and management of rehabilitation centers; and
 3. Determine the compliance of rehabilitation centers with the standards.
Objectives
Research on psychological basis of persons with mental illness, depression, anxiety etc... Study on how to
recover drug-addicts and help rehabilitating mentally ill and life suffering people. Emphasis on designing-
landscaped area, interiors, exteriors and the whole building envelope in order to suite the proposed function
psychologically. Research and deep study on Government’s policy to Train officials for such people and
fund these type of centers in India

g.objective
The study established the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs in relation to behavior modification of
drug addicts in rehabilitation centers in Kisii County and its environs.

s.objective
The following specific objectives guided the study:
The study identified types of programs offered in drug and substance rehabilitation centers in Kisii County and its e
It assessed the effectiveness of the programs in addressing the needs of drug addicts
It assessed the capacity of service providers (staff) to offer rehabilitation services in rehabilitation centers.
The study described challenges influencing the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs
The study proposed strategies to improve the effectiveness of the programs in existing rehabilitation centers.

p.statement
Alcohol use and abuse has become widespread in Nyanza province. At a national scale, legal drugs are
vigorously marketed and cheaper, locally brewed versions are easily accessible to teenagers and young
adults. It is a common trend that most people condone substance abuse, yet do not know how to properly
deal with addiction. In recent years, the media has highlighted the widespread problem of alcohol addiction,
especially in Nairobi, Central and Nyanza provinces, where incidents of domestic violence, unproductivity
and poverty have been directly attributed to alcoholism. Addiction is mainly highlighted as a male problem,
forcing women to take on the added responsibility of being the sole breadwinners and caregivers of their
families. This has led to a reversal of family roles, where women are tasked with leading their households
and occasionally react violently to symptoms of alcohol abuse in their homes. Nairobi has a monopoly of
addiction treatment facilities, but these are still inaccessible to most of the population. Considering that
addiction is a disease that is not unique to Nairobi, the government is mandated to ensure addiction treatment
is available in every county, through the Ministry of Health. It is unfortunate that concerned parties only
offer help in worst-case scenarios after addicts succumb to the effects of consuming sub-standard drinks that
are locally and illegally brewed, as witnessed in 2015 when treatment for withdrawal symptoms was offered
in makeshift tents set up in playing fields within Central province. Ideal treatment processes should be
identified and suitable environments made available in order to ensure proper rehabilitative care for
alcoholics.
How can the design of a rehabilitation center assist in the care that each patient experiences and
requires individually?
The problem underlying this study was that, although there have been different programs in different
rehabilitation centers meant for behavior modification among drug addicts in Kenya, little is known
about their effectiveness. Drug rehabilitation centers worldwide are mainly meant to offer programs
that modify behaviors of the rehabilitees specifically to enable the rehabilitee to stop using drugs.
The programs are designed to address the needs of the drug addicts to help bring about the desired
permanent change in behaviors among the rehabilitees and prevent going back to the vice. But
studies for example Otieno noted that most drug addicts revert to the vice after treatment. He cites
insufficient psychological care during and after treatment as the reasons that contribute to relapse.
However, he does not state whether the inefficiency is a result of programs offered or other factors
Recently, over 30 drug addicts volunteered to seek rehabilitation services in Mombasa. They were
received and enrolled into the program. However, after a week, the rehabilitees complained of lack
of basic amenities and treatment for their condition. Three quarters of them dropped from the
rehab centre and went back to drugs. However, it is unclear to what specific issues about the
program led them to pull out. Studies have been done on factors contributing to one
to seek rehabilitation services, programs offered in rehab centers but little has been done to
establish the effectiveness of the programs on behavior modification.

r.question
1. What is the influence of architecture on the treatment of alcoholics within built environments?
2. What constitutes user needs and the planning and design requirements for rehabilitation centers?
3. What cases can establish the best practices for rehabilitation centers?
4. Which planning principles and design guidelines for therapeutic environments promote recovery and
wellness of alcoholics?
Research questions
The study was guided by the following research questions:
What are the types of programs offered in drug rehabilitation centers in Kisii County and its environs?
In what ways do the rehabilitation programs in rehabilitation centers effectively address the needs of the addicts?
How adequate are the staff capacities to offer rehabilitation services in rehabilitation centers?
Which factors hinder effectiveness of rehabilitation programs in Kisii County and its environs?
How can the effectiveness of the programs in rehabilitation centers be improved?
At present, the state of Sikkim has witnessed a large scale change in its socio-economic and
Political conditions over the years and this has had led a debilitating impact on the life of the individuals.
The macro-level changes in the state have had an adverse effect on the micro-level of the individuals and the
family, its values and world view. The following research questions are designed to arrive at clear Picture
of the presence of Drug abuse and its threat in the study area.
Is drug abuse in Sikkim due to the ever increasing modernity and modernizations?
Have the social changes affected the behaviors of individuals and thereby drug abuse?
Is there any relationship between the breakage of societal bonds and solidarity and drug abuse?
What is the relationship between drug abuse and the changing family structure in Sikkim?

Scope of the study

The design will be the first of its kind in developing a center that will cater drug DE addiction and
rehabilitation center along with the training center and making the whole center a sustaining one in terms of
revenue required to operate it in a successful manner. Building form, interiors and landscaped areas will be
highlights of the design the campus will also include residential facilities for staff member (nurses, ward
boys and hospitality staff)

The study would focus on the relationships between the changes in socio-economic status of families
as a significant factor of drug abuse among the youths in Sikkim. The role of traditional family is in
socializing the young highly depends on the moral values which limits the external influences on the
children. Families can have mighty hands on shaping the attitudes of children, with social norms
and values, but today why are peer groups more influential among the children than the families? Why there
is a gap in relationships between the parents and children in the contemporary society? These are
some gradually emerging problems in families and turning into disorganized institutions directly affecting
the psychological condition of children. The family issues are a major contributing factor for adolescents to
drug abuse. Parents are not only significant family members but also siblings, uncles, aunts, cousins;
grandparents also have a very significant role to play in shaping the attitude of an adolescent. The
increase in the number of drug abuse depicts the breakdown of traditional family values and social
cohesion.

With sensitivity to the limited time allotted to this research, the study will be limited to the design and
therapeutic considerations of alcohol addiction recovery facilities. It will seek to investigate how overall
design of therapeutic environments influences treatment processes in such facilities, through analysis of
local cases in Nairobi and Home-bay counties. Other limitations will be access to sensitive information
(individual facility practices) and inadequate information regarding the various levels of addiction and how
they are treated. Previous studies have also cast a cover of generalization as far as investigating substance
abuse, without giving focus to the most commonly abused substances among the general population, or the
specific needs of users within spaces in which treatment is offered.
 The concepts and techniques utilized in this design can be used to enhance the design possibilities of
other emotional and behavioral based designs.

 This thesis proposes a psychiatric rehabilitation center where recovered patients are taught the
 Requisite skills needed to facilitate their integration into society. The research intends to improve
 The psychiatric situation concerning recovered mental patients in Somalia. It focuses on how best
 To integrate these recovered mental patients back into society through the use of a rehabilitation
 Center to enable them have control over their lives and contribute meaningfully to economic
 Development. The research will focus on recovered mental patients in the three main psychiatric
 Hospitals in Somalia.
 The design will be the first of its kind in developing a center that will cater drug de-addiction and
rehabilitation center along with the training center and making the whole center a sustaining one in
terms of revenue required to operate it in a successful manner.
 To use different and appropriate landscaping elements for the centre so as to improve the health and
reduce it in humans.
 Study of technical functions of the spaces and their interrelationship in a Drug Rehabilitation Centre.

 Building form, interiors and landscaped areas will be highlights of the design.

 The campus will also include residential facilities for staff member(nurses, ward boys and hospitality
staff)
 Study of circulation and services.
 Study the socio-economic impact of the project and incorporate the desired changes in the design.
 Study the effects of the factors such as site surrounding, climate, etc. those effect the design and suggest
appropriate solution to counter the effects of such factors.

 Even when there are enclosed spaces, there should be enough ventilation and light in the premises.

………………….
 The design will be the first of its kind in developing a center that will cater drug de-addiction and
rehabilitation center along with the training center and making the whole center a sustaining one in
terms of revenue required to operate it in a successful manner.
 Building form, interiors and landscaped areas will be highlights of the design
 The campus will also include residential facilities for staff member(nurses, ward boys and hospitality
staff)

Limitation of the study

 The assessment of lighting, colors will be limited to this particular context only.
  The economics of the project and construction details will not be dealt with.
This study confined itself to effectiveness of rehabilitation programs among drug addicts in rehabilitation
centers in Kisii County and its environs only. Information was sourced from rehabilitees admitted in rehab
centers within Kisii County on effectiveness of the rehabilitation programs on behavior modification.
The findings of this study are only applicable to Kisii County or other areas with similar characteristics.
The researcher anticipated that there would be some inconsistency in provision of information and lack
of co-operation by rehabilitees who have still been having psychological challenges in rehabilitation centers
. However, the researcher incorporates Psychologists, Counselors and other service providers in the centers
in offering any necessary assistance to the rehabilitees. This way, the level of inconsistency is minimized.

Significance of the study

This study will showcase the fundamental spaces required in facilities that cater to treatment of alcoholics.
The design and therapeutic considerations of such facilities have great impact on how they are perceived,
especially in environments where stigma from the community is ingrained as a constant deterrent against
seeking treatment. This paper seeks to develop recommendations for adaptation into future developments, in
order to ensure treatment is carried out to global standards and alcoholics are made accountable and
productive upon reintegration into their communities.
The study enabled the rehabilitation centers understand the effectiveness of the rehabilitation programs they
are offering to rehabilitees. The government, non-governmental organizations, religious organization and
other stakeholders based on the findings of this study may review the existing programs to make them
beneficial to rehabilitees. These stakeholders found it necessary to put in place legislations and policies that
guided establishment and management of rehab centers. It was anticipated that more studies will conducted
in the area of rehabilitation programs that was enhance behavior modification among drug addicts. This
study was limited to Kisii County.

r.methodolgy
The scientific method plays a very important role for the collection of data. The scientific method
yields information which is relevant to the problem and suitable for the purpose. It consists of a
IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences 135Systematic observation, classification,
coding and interpretation of data. The basic method is to design the research such that logic can be
ascertained for the acceptance or rejection of the hypotheses on the basis Of the resulting data

Research Design Descriptive method was used in this study. According to Calderon and Gonzales
(1993), this method is concerned on the process of recording, analyzing, classifying, and interpreting data
gathered with or without statistical methods .The study gathered, recorded and analyzed the selected public
and private rehabilitation centers concerning their services, thus, descriptive method was applied.

This is a case study analysis of the extended treatment programs of Fellowship House and
Renewal. The researcher employed a qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews to
collect the data, allowing for a freer interchange of information between researcher and
Subject expert. The theoretical perspective of grounded theory and the sociological perspective of symbolic
Interactionism were chosen for this study. These perspectives were chosen because each one
Accurately helps to describe the phenomenon of addiction. These perspectives also allowed
The researcher disseminate the data, resulting in clear analysis and presentation of the findings
Of the project.

The participants included in the study were substance abusers seeking treatment from validated rehabilitation
centers. The participants were selected through purposive sampling technique from rehabilitation centers
which were offering family therapy sessions, and where the clients were residing in the facilities for a
minimum of three months in order to facilitate detoxification. All the participants were males between the
ages of 18 and 28 years old and were being treated in various drug rehabilitation centers in Rawalpindi and
Islamabad, Pakistan.
The present research was conducted on 20 individuals who had an understanding of their dependency. A
preliminary study was conducted which helped in building rapport with the participants. It also helped the
researcher in identifying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Participants were excluded from the study if
they were in an active phase of mental disorders such as bipolar disorder, depression, or stable
schizophrenia.
The facilities from which the data were collected were offering family therapy sessions conducted by trained
psychologists. These sessions were attended by immediate family members of the individuals admitted for
substance abuse. The family members included in the therapy sessions were mostly the parents and wives of
the clients. These sessions were attended by the researcher with permission from the facility as well as the
family members.
I will utilize a variety of methodologies to learn more about historical and current issues pertaining to my
thesis topic and issues relating to addiction and recovery. Material studies, vernacular design, spatial
arrangements, and sustainability will all be subtopics to investigate regarding my topic. I will use the
concurrent transformative strategy and will analyze different types of media as an initial research point for
further design work. My research throughout my thesis project will include quantitative and qualitative data
collection and guided by the theoretical premise and unifying idea. Data gathered during the research
process will be integrated into the project at different stages, concurrently being analyzed, interpreted, and
reported on throughout the research process. Data for my thesis project will be obtained by direct
observation, site and case studies, local and regional surveys, and interviews with professionals in addition
to a variety of rehabilitation/recovery facilities

DEFINITION OF TERMINOLOGIES
ABUSE: The misuse or overuse of a substance in a way different from the way it is general y Used,
medically or socially. Also the continued use of a substance even though it is causing Problems in
one’s life.
ADDICTION: Loss of control and compulsive use of a mood or mind-altering chemical or
chemicals along with inability to stop the use in spite of the fact that such use is causing problems
in one’s life. It means having a physical and/or psychological dependence on a substance.
AFTERCARE: Also known as continuing care: Follow-up care that offers continuing ongoing Support to
maintain sobriety/abstinence, personal growth and integration into family/community.
ALCOHOL: A colorless volatile flammable liquid, C2H2OH, synthesized or obtained from fermentation
of sugars and starches and widely used, either pure or denatured, as a solvent in drugs, cleaning
solution, explosives, and intoxicating beverages. Alcohol is mind and mood altering substance with a
depressant effect to the brain
ALCOHOLIC ANONYMOUS (AA): The original Twelve-Step recovery program, begun in 1935 by two
alcoholics to provide mutual help and support for people who have a desire to stop drinking.
ASSESSMENT/EVALUATION: The systematic identification of a patient’s/client’s condition And needs
within a framework based on professionally accepted best practice guidelines.
CENTRE: Substance dependency treatment facility
CLIENTS: People dependent on or addicted to a substance who have been admitted to a Treatment
center.
DRUGS: Any chemical agent that when introduced into the body alters the biochemical and
Physiological processes of body tissues or organism
DRUG DEPENDENCY: A physical and/or psychological need for a mood altering substance.
PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES: Any drug that when ingested, affects the central nervous System and
alters consciousness and/or perceptions e.g. cognition
DRUGS AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE: A mal adaptive pattern of drug use
REHABILITATION: Relearning or re-establishing healthy functioning, skills, and values as Well as
regaining physical and emotional health
TREATMENT: Application of planned procedures to identity and change patterns of behavior that are
maladaptive, destructive or injuring; or to restore appropriate levels of physical, psychological or
social functioning.

Organizing of the study

Chapter 1 – This gives a brief introduction of alcohol addiction in current society and introduces readers to
the attitudes associated with rehabilitation, spaces of rehabilitation and the areas of focus as far as the
facilities for treatment are concerned.
Chapter 2 – This focuses on review of literature (published and unpublished) in order to better understand
the practices that are already in use for guidance in construction of treatment facilities for alcoholics. This
will also help in the analysis of current trends used in the development of treatment spaces in Kenya, and
how this affects the execution of treatment processes. Fieldwork investigation, highlighted in chapter 4, will
be guided by parameters derived from this chapter.
Chapter 3 – This gives an overview of the research methods and tools that will be employed during
fieldwork research in the collection, documentation, analysis and presentation of data, in order to better
understand the character, design and functionality of treatment centers for alcoholics.
Chapter 4 – This presents a detailed analysis of the selected case studies, with a focus on the parameters
derived from a review of Chapter 2. The analysis will therefore not fully exhaust all aspects of the case
studies, being restricted within the selected parameters.
Chapter 5 – This details the findings and lessons learnt from case study analysis, with a view to determine
how to improve on or reinforce suitable existing conditions and practices in the future design of
rehabilitation facilities for alcoholics.

Goal
The goal of the recovering program for the persons with disabilities is improving the quality of life and redeem the human dignity by
tracking and meeting the physical, psychological, social and cultural needs with a view to reintegrate the individual into society.

1.6 RESEARCH METHOD

Data will be gathered through both the primary and secondary sources. An innovative approach to research
called Participatory Data Analysis will be used. People in the psychiatry field and randomly selected
members of the community will be interviewed and questionnaires also issued out. The secondary source
will comprise of literature review of publications including books, journals, conference papers and
magazines from both the library and the internet.
1.7 RESEARCH CONTRIBUTION
An architectural design model of psychiatric rehabilitation center with the focus on reintegrating Mental
patients into society is proposed. Patients will consequently acquire skills and 6 furthermore contribute to
economic development. It will also help reduce stigmatization Associated with mental illness as a result of
the education people will receive while playing a role in the recovery process.