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11.68 Just upstream of a normal shock in an ideal gas flow, Ma = 3.0, T = 600 R,
and p = 30 psia. Determine the values of Ma, T0, T, p0, p, and V downstream
of the shock if the gas is (a) air; (b) helium.
This solution will use equations for both air and helium. Note that for air we can use Figure D.4
for k = 1.4 to obtain these results for air, except for the stagnation temperature. For air, k = 1.4
and R = 1716 ft·lbf/slug·R; for helium, k = 1.66 and R = 1.242x104 ft·lbf/slug·R.
The downstream Mach number, May is found from equation 11.149.
2 2
Ma x2 32
Ma y k 1 1 .4 1
For air with k = 1.4:
2Ma x2
1
23
2
1
0.375
k 1 1 .4 1
2 2
Ma x2 32
Ma y k 1 1.66 1
For helium with k = 1.66:
2Ma x2
1
2 32 1
0.521
k 1 1.66 1
The value of T0 is constant across a shock. The upstream value of T0 can be calculated from
equation 11.56 using the data given for Tx and Max. This is the same as the downstream value.
This relationship for air can be found in Figure D.1, not D.4.)
1
k 1 1.4 1 2
For air with k = 1.4: T0 T 1 Ma 2 600 R 1 3 1680 R
2 2
1
k 1 1.66 1 2
For helium with k = 1.66:: T0 T 1 Ma 2 600 R 1 3 2382 R
2 2
The temperature ratio across a shock is found from equation 11.151; the results for air and helium
are shown below.
1
k 1 2kMa x
Ma x2
2 1.66 1 2 21.66 32
1 1 3
1
Ty 2
k 1 2
1.66 1
3.643
T
x
He k 1 Ma x 1
2 2
1.66 1 3 1
2 2
2 k 1 21.66 1
Multiplying these ratios by Tx = 600 R gives Ty = 1607 R for air; Ty = 2186 R for helium
For air: p y p x
py
px
2kMa x2 k 1
30 psia
21.4 32 1.4 1
310 psia
px k 1 1.4 1
For helium: p y p x
py
px
2kMa x2 k 1
30 psia
21.66 32 1.66 1
330 psia
px k 1 1.66 1
We can find the stagnation pressure after the shock by using equation 11.59 for the ratio of
pressure to stagnation pressure. Note that this equation requires the use of the local
(downstream) Mach number. The results for air and helium are.
p 0, y k /( k 1) 1.4 /(1.41)
k 1 1.4 1
p 0, y p y p y 1 Ma 2 310 psia 1 0.3752
py 2 2
For air, p0,y = 362 psia; for helium, p0,y = 409 psia
The speed is simply found as the product of the Mach number and the sound speed.
1716 ft lb f 1 slug ft
For air: V cMa Ma kRT 0.375 1.4 1607 R =934 ft/s
slug R lb f s 2
1.242 x10 4 ft lb f
For helium: V cMa Ma kRT 0.521 1.66 2186 R 1 slug ft =3500 ft/s
slug R lb f s 2
p3 p 2
py
p2
2kMa x2 k 1
39.07 kPa
21.4 1.2 2 1.4 1
59.13 kPa
px k 1 1.4 1
We can find the Mach number, Ma3, downstream from the shock by using equation 11.149.
2 2
Ma 22 1.2 2
Ma3 k 1 1.4 1 0.842
2 Ma22
1
2 1.2 2
1
k 1 1.4 1
The stagnation pressure at this point, the start of the isentropic flow to the compressor inlet, will
be the same as the stagnation pressure at the end of the isentropic flow, the compressor inlet.
Thus we can use equation 11.59 that relates pressure to stagnation pressure to find the common
stagnation pressure for the isentropic flow, which will be the desired stagnation pressure at the
diffuser exit, which is the compressor inlet.
k /( k 1) k /( k 1)
k 1 1 .4 1
p 0 p1 Ma 2 59.13 kPa 1 0.842 2 94.1 kPa
2 2
11.72 Determine, for the air flow through the frictionless and adiabatic
converging-diverging duct of Example 11.8, the ratio of duct exit pressure
Downstream from the shock, the new isentropic flow has a new value of A*, the area at which a
given isentropic flow would become sonic. This new value of A* is used to characterize the
isentropic flow following the shock. From Figure D.1, we see that A/A* is 1.1 for the value of Ma y
= 0.75. Since the area at this location is 0.11 m2, the new value of A* = A/(A/A*) = (0.11 m 2)/1.1 =
0.1 m2. The exit area at x = 0.5 m is found from the area formula for this particular duct to be A exit
= 0.1 m2 + (0.5 m)2 = 0.35 m2. So, at the exit A/A* = (.35 m2)/(0.1 m2) = 3.5. For this exit value of
A/A*, and subsonic flow, Figure D.1 gives a Mach number of 0.17 and a p/p 0 value of 0.98 at the
exit.
To find the ratio of duct exit pressure, pexit, to inlet stagnation pressure, p0,in, we note that the
stagnation pressure in an isentropic flow is constant. Thus the inlet stagnation pressure is the
stagnation pressure just upstream of the shock and the exit stagnation pressure is the stagnation
pressure just downstream from the shock; we previously found the ratio of these two stagnation
pressures across the shock to be 0.96. So the ratio of exit pressure to inlet stagnation pressure
is found as follows:
pexit p p0,exit p p 0, y
exit exit 0.96 0.98 0.94
p0,in p0,exit p0,in p0,exit p0, x
To compute the loss of stagnation pressure across the shock we have to use the data from
Example 11.8 that the stagnation pressure upstream of the shock was 101 kPa. We can then find
the stagnation pressure loss as follows.
p 0, y p 0, y
p0 p0, x p0, y p0, x p0, x p 0, x 1 101 kPa 1 0.96 4 kPa
p 0, x p 0, x
We repeat the same calculations for x = +0.2 m, where the Example 11.8 table gives the Mach
number as 1.76. Entering Figure D.4 with Max = 1.76 gives May = 0.62 and p0,y/p0,x = 0.83.
For the isentropic flow downstream from the shock with Ma = 0.62 we find A/A* = 1.16 from
Figure D.1. The area at x = +0.2 m is 0.14 m2, so the A* value for the isentropic flow to the exit is
(0.14 m2) / 1.16 = 0.1207 m2. At the exit area of 0.35 m2, A/A* = (0.35 m2) / (0.1207 m2) = 2.9. At
this exit value of value of A/A*, we find (p/p 0)exit = 0.97. We then find the ratio of exit pressure to
inlet stagnation pressure and the stagnation pressure loss as before.
pexit p p0,exit p p 0, y
exit exit 0.97 0.83 0.8
p0,in p0,exit p0,in p0,exit p0, x
pexit p p0,exit p p 0, y
exit exit 0.92 0.51 0.47
p0,in p0,exit p0,in p0,exit p0, x
p 0, y p 0, y
p0 p0, x p0, y p0, x p0, x p0, x 1 101 kPa 1 0.51 50 kPa
p 0, x p 0, x
We see that lower exit pressures create the standing shock wave closer to the exit of the duct;
this results in a stronger shock wave with a larger loss of stagnation pressure.
2 2
Ma 2y 22
Ma y k 1 1.4 1 0.577
2
2 Ma y
1
22 2
1
k 1 1.4 1
The stagnation pressure ratio across the shock is found from Figure D.1 as p 0,y/p0,x = 0.72. Since
we are given data on area, we have to determine the new A* for the isentropic flow following the
shock. At the value of May = 0.577 we can find the value of A/A* = 1.22 from Figure D.1. Since
the area at the shock location is 0.10 ft2, the new value of A* = (0.1 ft2)/1.22 = 0.0822 ft2. At the
exit area of 0.15 ft2, the value of A/A* = (0.15 ft2) / (0.0822 ft2) = 1.825, we can find the Mach
number from Figure D.1 to be Maexit = 0.34.
We know the stagnation temperature T0, which is constant for both isentropic flow and across a
shock; thus the exit stagnation temperature is the value of 1200 R upstream from the shock. We
can find the exit temperature from Figure D.1 or the equation below.
1 1
k 1 2 1.4 1
Texit T0 1 Maexit 1200 R 1 0.34 2 1173 R
2 2
The stagnation pressure ratio across the shock can be found from Figure D.4 to be 0.72; thus the
stagnation pressure downstream from the shock is (200 psia)(0.72) = 144 psia. This stagnation
pressure is constant for the isentropic flow from the shock to the exit. We can use Figure D.1 to
132 lb f 144 in 2
P in 2 ft 2 0.00952 slug
RT 1716 ft lb f ft 3
1173 R
slug R
VA
m
0.00952 slug 570 ft
ft 3 s
0.15 ft 2 0.81 slug/s
Using equations instead of Figure D.1 and D.4 to solve the problem, including an iterative solution
of the equation to find the Mach number for a given value of A/A*, results in a final mass flow rate
of 0.814 slug/s.