L BCEWN Geakee Steinar Wale ° InterViews An Introduction to Qualitative Research Interviewing SAGE Publications ad trata! sonal Publisher 'Mhousard Oaks Landon” Now OohCopyright © 1996 by Sage Publications, Ine All ightsreerved. No part ofthis book may be reproduced or utilized in fny lum or by any means, electronic or mechani, nelaing photocopy: ing, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval sjecm, Without ‘etmsson in writing fom she publisher. For information adves: SAGE Publications, Ine. 2485 Tolle Raed ‘Thousand Osks, California 91320, Email: order@isagepab.com SAGE Publications Led 6 Boohil Steet London ECZA 4PU United Kingdom SAGE Publications India Pvt. Led M32 Marker Greater Kalah L [New Delhi 110 048 India Printed in the United Stats of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ‘Keale, Steinar, 1933- TpveeViews: An introduction to qualitative research interviewing / author, Steinar Kvale -Grigially published by Stadoolineratut. © Steinar Kale ad Stadentiteraur, Lund, Sweden, 1994"——Verso tp. Taeludes bibliogeaphicalrelerences and index. ISBN 0:8039°3819-6 (loth seid Free pape): — ISBN 0-8039-5820-X (pbc: acd-neepapr). 1 Interviewing in woeiology. 2. Interviewing. 3. Sociology Reteareh-Mothodology. I. Tse Hsin "1996 S0r0i—det 9s.s0205 “This book i printed on acifree pape. 96 97 89 TAT ESAS 2I Sage Production Editor: Astid Vieding Sage Typeseuer: Janelle LeMaster Contents List of Boxes, Figures, and Tables Acknowledgments Preface PARTI: Introduction 4. Interviewing as Research ‘The Inteeviewer asa Miner ot asa Traveler Conversation as Research Interview Research in the Socal Siences ‘Theoretical Isues Methosioogical Issues Overview of the Book PART I: Conceptualizing the Research Interview | 2. The Interview as a Conversation Knowledge as Conversation 10 2 7 19 19Socrates’ Philosophical Dialogue on Love A Therapeutic Interview on Hate ‘A Research Interview on Learning ‘The Mode of Understanding inthe Qualitative ‘Research Interview Interviews in Three Conversations 3. Postmodern Thought, Hermeneutics, Phenomenology, and Dialetics Postmodern Construction Hermeneutical Interpretation Phenomenological Description Dialectical Siuating Philosophy and Interviews 4. Qualitative Research in Science and in Practice ‘The Scientific Starus of the Interview Positivism Objectivity in Qualitative Research Qualitative and Quantitative Research Qualitative Market Research Feminism and Qualiatve Researeh Paychoanalytical Knowledge Production Prychoanalyss as « Research Method ‘Therapeutic Research Berween Scylla and Chaeybais PART Ill: The Seven Stages of an Interview Investigation 5. Thematizing and Designing an Interview Study Openness and Emotions in Interview Studies ‘The Seven Stages of Interview Research Interviews About Grades ‘Thematizing Content Purp a 4 27 29 36 38 41 46 52 ss s7 39 38 61 64 66 70 n ™ * p 81 83 3 37 89 34 95 7 Designing ‘The Temporal Dimension Interview Forms How Many lnteview Subjects Do Need? Resources Available When Not to Ineeview From Method ro Craftsmanship Ethical Issues Tocerview Inq [Ethical Issues at Seven Research Stages Ethical Guidelines Ethical Codes Informed Consent Confidentalicg Consequences ‘The Role ofthe Researcher Ethical Isues t the Start ofa Study Ethical Theories . The Interview Situation ‘The Interview Conversation Framing the Interview The Interview Guide Interview Questions ‘An Interview About Grades The Quality ofthe Interview Interview Quality ‘The Interview Subject Interviewer Qualifications Hamlet's Interview “The Bthies of Incerviewing Leading Questions 9. Prom Speech to Text Recording Incerviews 98 99 101 101 103 104 105 109 110 410 a0 a2 4 16 7 18 120 14 124 127 19 131 136 4 14 146 147 ast 153 157 160 160