Ideal Gas

Ideal gas is defined as the gases that obey the ideal gas law perfectly. Ideal gas law states
that, the volume of a given amount of gas is directly proportional to the number of moles
of the gas, temperature and inversely proportional to the pressure. pV = nRT. In SI units,
P is measured in pascals, V is measured in cubic metres, n is measured in moles, and T in
kelvins (the Kelvin scale is a shifted Celsius scale, where 0.00 K = −273.15 °C, the
lowest possible temperature). R has the value 8.314 J/(K. mol) ≈ 2 cal/(K. mol), or
0.08206 L. It describes the relationship between the pressure, volume, temperature. It is
derived from a combination of the gas laws of Boyle, Charles, and Avogadro. It also
called as universal gas law.

Boyle’s Law

Boyle’s states that at constant temperature, the pressure is directly proportional to the
volume of the gas.

P1V2 = P1V2
where,
V1 = initial volume
P2= final pressure
V2 = final volume

Charles’s law

Charles’s law states that the volume occupied by a fixed amount of gas is directly
proportional to its absolute temperature, if the pressure remains constant.

V1/T1 = V2/T2

where
V1 = initial volume
T2 = initial absolute temperature
V1= final volume
T2 = final absolute temperature

Avogadro's Law

Avogadro's Law explained the relation which states that at the same temperature and
pressure, equal volumes of all gases contain the same number of molecules.

P1V1/T1n1 = P2V2/T2n2

where
V1 = initial volume
T1 = initial absolute temperature
P1 = initial pressure
n1= initial number of moles
V2= final volume
T2 = final absolute temperature
P2= final pressure
n2= final number of moles
Ideal gas describes the behavior of gases based on these assumptions :

1. The molecules in the gas can be considered small hard spheres.

2. All collisions between gas molecules are elastic and all motion is frictionless (no
energy is

lost in collisions or in motion).

3. Newton’s laws apply.

4. The distance between molecules on average is much larger than the size of the
molecules.

5. The gas molecules are constantly moving in random directions with a distribution of
speeds.

6. There are no attractive or repulsive forces between the molecules or the surroundings.

From the graph, it shown that all the real gases exist in this world are deviates from ideal
gas which has Z=1.

The example questions of ideal gas that presented in our project also obey the ideal gas
law. Some gases like oxygen, nitrogen, helium and other less denser gases has the less
deviation from ideal gas, the error is negligible. This is because at low densities the
intermolecular interactions between the gas molecules is negligible and consequently the
ideal gas assumption holds true. At the same time, dense gases such as refrigerant vapor,
water vapor should not be treated as ideal gas. Instead, the property tables should be used
for these gases.