Jr.

of Industrial Pollution Control 33(S2)(2017) pp 1274-1280

www.icontrolpollution.com
Research Article

PLANNING, ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF SELF SUSTAINABLE FOOT

OVER BRIDGE WITH WIND TURBINE AND COMPARATIVE STUDY OF
COMPOSITE AND STEEL MATERIAL
RAMASUBRAMANI R *, SRIDHAR B, ARUNKUMAR G AND RANJIT RAVI BOSCO

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM University,

Kattankulathur-603 203, Tamil Nadu, India

(Received 17 June, 2017; accepted 22 August, 2017)

Key words: Over bridge, Pedestrian, Constraints, Reinforcement

ABSTRACT

With the rapid development of national economy in Chennai, imbalance between supply
and demand of traffic infrastructures becomes more and more acute, traffic block becomes
even more serious, and one of causes is confliction of pedestrian and motor vehicle.
Nowadays, pedestrian bridge is an important measure of resolving traffic problems to
form people-oriented walk traffic system in Chennai. Building pedestrian bridge is to
separate pedestrian from motor vehicle in space, resolve traffic congestion of main road,
closely connect pedestrian bridge with subway, sidewalk, shopping promenade, urban
residential area and square to perfect walk traffic system and improve trip environment.
Certainly, multilevel, multifunctional and multi-implied public space is created besides
traffic function of pedestrian bridge, but its traffic function is the primary function now a
days. The city pedestrian bridge will only work if it is rationally construction. Among the
many factors contributing to the success of the pedestrian bridge construction, the more
important one is general layout. To overcome economic constraints, economical design
methods are adopted using economically efficient products. To overcome Sustainability
constraints, these constraints high performance concrete is used for the construction if
applicable. Manufacturability constraints: This can include redesigning of product to
reduce the number of parts, simplify fabrication, or utilize common parts and materials.

INTRODUCTION drive to promote energy efficiency in the country.

To analysis the structural elements of a foot over
bridge (beam column, staircase, truss, purlin, rafter,
reinforced cement concrete deck slab, and reinforced
cement concrete foundation and wind turbine). To
design the structural elements of a foot over bridge.
To do analogize study of analysis, the design of steel
and composite self-sustainable foot over bridge with
the wind turbine (Ayyadurai, et al., 2013; Mashyal
and Anil, 2014).
NECESSITY
The government of India enacted the
energy conservation act 2001. This law provides
an institutional arrangement and a regulatory
mechanism at the central and state level to begin a
The ministry of new and renewable energy (MNRE)
has initiated certain comprehensive programs for the
development and utilization of renewables. So this
becomes the necessity to have a structure which can
utilize the naturally available energy.
SCOPE
Structural elements (beam, column, staircase,
truss, purlin, rafter, Reinforced Cement Concrete
deck slab, and Reinforced Cement Concrete
foundation and wind turbine) are designed. The
Structure is designed for shear and dynamic load.
Comparisons of the shear are found by using STAAD.
Pro (Sharma, 2012; Hassan and Vittala, 2014; Malave
and Bhosale, 2013).

*Corresponding authors email: ramasubramani.r@ktr.srmuniv.ac.in; sridhar.b@ktr.srmuniv.ac.in; arunkmr.131@

gmail.com; ranjitravibosco@gmail.com
1275 NAIK ET AL.
MAJOR DESIGN EXPERIENCE in meter. Planning is done accordingly with all the
consideration of IRC provisions (Fig. 1).
• Design of steel beam
• Design of steel column
• Design of staircase
• Design of truss (purlin, rafter)
• Design of reinforced cement concrete deck
slab
• Model of the reinforced cement concrete
foundation Fig. 1 Top view of foot over bridge.
• Design for the shear 3. The side view of the self-sustainable foot over
• Design for dynamic load carrying capacity bridge with wind turbine has been shown in (Fig. 2).

• Appropriate location of the wind turbine

(trial and error method).
REALISTIC DESIGN CONSTRAINTS
Economic constraints
The initial costs involved in design and
construction of the structural components of the
bridge such as planning, design etc. can be included Fig. 2 Side view of self–sustainable foot over bridge with
in the initial cost, but the cost may arise as a result wind turbine.
of exceedance of various critical failure limit states MODELING OF STRUCTURE
that may occur in the lifespan of a steel bridge. To
It is done with the help of STAAD. Pro V8i.
overcome economic constraints, economical design
methods are adopted using economically efficient The (Fig. 3) shows the basic model of the bridge
products. to be made.
Sustainability constraints
The process of developing engineering devices,
products, and systems that use the resources available
to it to meet the own needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations
to also meet their own needs. To overcome these Fig. 3 Basic model of the foot over bridge.
constraints high performance concrete is used for the
Analysis of the structure
construction if applicable.
The analysis is done in STAAD Pro according to
Manufacturability constraints
Indian standards. Here we will look at the each load
This can include redesigning of product to acting on the structure.
reduce the number of parts, simplify fabrication, or
Dead load
utilize common parts and materials (Maurya, et al.,
2015; Banerjee and Prozzi, 2012). Dead load means the weight of the material
used in the construction of the bridge. Dead load
PLANNING
considerations are taken from IS 875 - (Part-1) (Li and
Once the survey is done planning of a structure Qing-ning, 2012; Sandovica and Juozapaitis, 2012;
is done in a detailing way some of the drawings are Amgalan, 2013; Koh and Zhou, 2011).
shown below:
Live load
1. Here the top view and side view of the
The live load acting on the deck of the bridge.
structure is given under approximate dimensions
Live load means the weight of the pedestrians
similar to dimensions of done case studies.
walking over them. Blue lines indicate the live load
2. All the dimensions have been considered acting on it.
 STABILIZATION OF TALL BUILDING AGAINST THE WIND LOAD 1276

The live load considerations are taken from the

provisions with all the considerations from IS 875 –
(Part-2)
Wind load
Since this is an open structure with a wind
turbine. The wind load is taken into consideration.
Wind load is considered according to Indian
standards of code IS 875(Part-3).
Fig. 5 Detailed reinforcement of slab.
For the critical section the beam stress is equal.
The critical section beam number 1124 should be
considered always while we are manually designing.
The Maximum Axial Forces is as follow in the
(Fig. 4) and Table 1.

Fig. 6 Detailed reinforcement of beam.

Fig. 4 Axial force.

The graph (Red marks) indicates the Axial
stress. For the critical section, the Axial stress is equal.
The critical section beam number 1124 should be
considered always while we are manually designing Fig. 7 Detailed diagram for steel columns.

Design elements for composite and steel structure

The major design elements are designed
manually here and the detailed diagrams are as
follow (Fig. 5-7).
• Design of slab
Fig. 8 Variations in compressive strength of concrete.
• Design of Beam
• Design of steel column The detailed forces of the beams have been
noted for the designing part. Generally, the critical
The Maximum Axial Forces is as follow which path value should be taken for designing. Here the
was shown in (Fig. 8). beam 1124 has the maximum Axial force in kN.

Table 1. The Axial force of different nodal points is as follows which was represented
Axial Force Moment-Y (k- Moment-Z
Beam L/C Section Shear-Y (k) Shear-Z (kN) Torsion (k-Nm)
(k) Nm) (k-Nm)
1124 1 0.16 483.80 0.82 -0.03 0 0.25 6.01
1124 1 0.08 483.80 0.82 -0.03 0 0.28 6.61
1124 1 0.25 483.80 0.82 -0.03 0 0.23 5.41
1124 1 0.33 483.80 0.82 -0.03 0 0.20 4.81
1124 1 0.41 483.80 0.82 -0.03 0 0.17 4.21
1124 1 0.5 483.80 0.82 -0.03 0 0.15 3.60
1124 1 0.58 483.80 0.82 -0.03 0 0.12 3.00
1124 1 0.66 483.80 0.82 -0.03 0 0.10 2.40
1124 1 0.75 483.80 0.82 -0.03 0 0.07 1.80
1124 1 0.83 483.80 0.82 -0.03 0 0.05 1.20
1124 1 0.91 483.80 0.82 -0.03 0 0.02 0.60
1124 1 1 483.80 0.82 -0.03 0 0 0
1277 NAIK ET AL.
Table 2. Axial force tabular column is here
Axial Shear-Y Moment-Y (k- Moment-Z (k-
Beam L/C Section Shear-Z (k-N) Torsion (k-Nm)
Force (k) (k) Nm) Nm)
1124 1 1 181.1 0.03 -0.01 0 0 0
1125 1 1 181.0 -0.03 -0.01 0 0 0
1124 1 0.91 180.2 0.03 -0.01 0 0 0.02
1125 1 0.91 180.1 -0.03 -0.01 0 0 -0.02
1124 1 0.83 179.2 0.03 -0.01 0 0.01 0.04
1125 1 0.83 179.2 -0.03 -0.01 0 0.01 -0.04
1124 1 0.75 178.3 0.03 -0.01 0 0.02 0.06
1125 1 0.75 178.2 -0.03 -0.01 0 0.02 -0.06
1124 1 0.66 177.4 0.03 -0.01 0 0.02 0.08
1125 1 0.66 177.3 -0.03 -0.01 0 0.03 -0.08
1124 1 0.58 176.4 0.03 -0.01 0 0.03 0.11
1125 1 0.58 176.4 -0.03 -0.01 0 0.04 -0.11
1124 1 0.5 175.5 0.03 -0.01 0 0.04 0.13
1125 1 0.5 175.5 -0.03 -0.01 0 0.04 -0.13

The values of axial force of different section and
it as follows Table 2 and (Fig. 9-12).
Fig. 9 Detailed diagram for steel beam.
Fig. 10 Detailed diagram of stair case.
Fig. 11 Detailed diagram of gusset plate.
Fig. 12 Gusset plate thickness.
• Design of steel beam
• Design of stair case
• Design of gusset plate
COMPARISION OF BOTH STRUCTURES
Since wind turbine plays a key role in the
structure first we will see the installions and
advantages of turbine.
Installations
The wind turbine installation will be taken
place according to type of axis i.e., either horizontal
axis or vertical axis.
Turbine
There are two types of turbines in general, one
among that is a vertical axis wind turbine, and this
is taken into consideration because of economic and
low maintenance.
VAWT is the most popular of the turbines that
people are adding to make their home a source of
renewable energy. Vertical Axis Wind Turbines
are designed to be economical and practical, as
well as quiet and efficient. They are great for use in
residential areas.
Advantages
• Since VAWT are mounted closer to the
ground they make maintenance easier, reduce the
construction costs, are more bird friendly and does
not destroy the wildlife.
• You do not need any mechanisms in order to
operate the wind turbine
• Lower wind start-up speed
• The main advantage of VAWT is it does not
 STABILIZATION OF TALL BUILDING AGAINST THE WIND LOAD 1278

need to be pointed towards the wind to be effective. 808- 1989; IS: 80-2007; IS 456- 2000; IRC 006; IRC SP
In other words, they can be used on the sites with 075; IRC 084).
high variable wind direction.
• You can use the wind turbine where tall
structures are not allowed.
• VAWT’s are quiet, efficient, economical and
perfect for residential energy production, especially
in urban environments.
Fig. 13 Deflection result for composite critical beam.
• Valuable protection and extra durability.
Table 3. The various deflections for different spans of the
Piezoelectric materials and solar panels critical beam is as follows
• In this project, we are generating electrical Distance (m) Displacement(mm)
power as a non-conventional method by simply 0 0
walking or running on the foot step. 0.72666669 0.055
1.45333338 0.108
• Converting mechanical energy to electrical
2.18000007 0.157
energy.
2.90666676 0.202
• It uses the piezoelectric sensor. 3.63333344 0.24
4.36000013 0.269
• Solar panel refers to a panel designed to
5.08666682 0.288
absorb the sun's rays as a source of energy for
5.81333351 0.296
generating electricity or heating.
6.5400002 0.289
Piezoelectric Sensor 7.26666689 0.268
7.99333358 0.229
A piezoelectric sensor is a device that uses the
8.72000027 0.172
piezoelectric effect to measure pressure, acceleration,
strain or force by converting them to an electrical
signal.
Applications
• Footstep generated power can be used for
various purpose like street lights etc.
Fig. 14 Deflection result for steel critical beam.
• It can be used in emergency power failure
situations. Table 4. The deflection values of beam 5 at different spans
are shown
Advantages
Distance (m) Displacement (mm)
• Reliable, Economical, Eco-Friendly 0 0
0.72666669 0.022
• Less consumption of non-renewable
1.45333338 0.042
energies, free of noise and no vibration.
2.18000007 0.062
• Self-generating – no external power required. 2.90666676 0.08
3.63333344 0.096
Comparison of both structures
4.36000013 0.109
Here, the deflection and bending shear for the 5.08666682 0.118
critical beam. 5.81333351 0.123
6.5400002 0.124
From the STAAD Pro analysis, beam number 5 7.26666689 0.119
has maximum deflection (Fig. 13) and Table 3. 7.99333358 0.108
The maximum deflection for steel shown below 8.72000027 0.091
in (Fig. 14) and Table 4. The maximum bending and shear for steel have
Here, the deflection for steel is less when shown below. Considering shear since wind turbine
compared with composite structure. So, by terms of is placed below the deck slab the vibrations will be
deflection we can clearly say steel is preferred (IS: high but we can restrict by using Vertical axis turbine.
 STABILIZATION OF TALL BUILDING AGAINST THE WIND LOAD 1279

The following (Fig. 15) shows the shear bending compared with composite structure. So, by terms of
for composite structure Table 5. deflection clearly steel is preferred.
CONCLUSION
• After completing the analysis, design of both
the structures a comparison between bending and
shear has been noted.
• Analysis and designing of real - time
Fig. 15 Shear bending result for composite.
structure and design constraints.
Table 5. The values for shear bending at different spans • Outcome in proper design and analysis, so
Distance (m) Mz (k-Nm) that the strength of the structure has been determined
0 0 (composite/steel).
0.72666669 -0.258 • Considering all the constraints Steel Bridge
1.45333338 -0.516 is more suitable in terms of Economic, Sustainability
2.18000007 -0.774
and Manufacturability.
2.90666676 -1.032
3.63333344 -1.29 • This can be future of generating the electricity
4.36000013 -1.548 by using natural sources.
5.08666682 -1.806
• Additional beneficiary aspects like escalators
5.81333351 -2.064
can be added for the future scope.
6.5400002 -2.322
7.26666689 -2.58 • Steel bridge is more preferable in terms of
7.99333358 -2.838 cost wise and strength wise.
8.72000027 -3.096
• Most economical design methods are
Now for the steel structure, considering dead adopted using economically efficient products.
load the shear bending for the critical section is as • High performance concrete is used for the
follow in the (Fig. 16) and Table 6. construction purpose if applicable to overcome
sustainability constraints.
• Knowledge regarding natural energy and its
effective use.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors wish to thank the SRM University
Fig. 16 Shear bending result for steel. Management, for their support to complete this study
and those who were directly or indirectly involved
Table 6. Values for different spans of shear bending is as in this study. Also thanks Dr. K. S. Satyanarayanan,
follows Professor, Civil, SRM University for his help in
Distance (m) Fy (kN) Mz (kNm) reviews of this research works during its progress.
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