Chvorinov's rule

Chvorinov's Rule is a mathematical

relationship first expressed by Czech
engineer Nicolas Chvorinov in 1940,[1][2]
that relates the solidification time for a
simple casting to the volume and surface
area of the casting. In simple terms the
rule establishes that under otherwise
identical conditions, the casting with large
surface area and small volume will cool
more rapidly than a casting with small
surface area and a large volume. The
relationship can be written as:[3]

where t is the solidification time, V is the

volume of the casting, A is the surface
area of the casting that contacts the mold,
n is a constant, and B is the mold
constant. The mold constant B depends
on the properties of the metal, such as
density, heat capacity, heat of fusion and
superheat, and the mold, such as initial
temperature, density, thermal conductivity,
heat capacity and wall thickness. The S.I.
units of the mold constant B are s/m2.[4]
According to Askeland, the constant n is
usually 2, however Degarmo claims it is
between 1.5 and 2.[3][5] The mold constant
of Chvorinov's rule, B, can be calculated
using the following formula:

where

Tm = melting or freezing temperature of

the liquid (in kelvins),
To = initial temperature of the mold (in
kelvins),
ΔTs = Tpour − Tm = superheat (in
kelvins),
 L = latent heat of fusion (in [J·kg−1]),
k = thermal conductivity of the mold (in
[W·m−1·K−1)]),
ρ = density of the mold (in [kg·m−3]),
c = specific heat of the mold (in
[J·kg−1·K−1]),
ρm = density of the metal (in [kg·m−3]),
cm = specific heat of the metal (in
[J·kg−1·K−1]).

It is most useful in determining if a riser

will solidify before the casting, because if
the riser solidifies first then defects like
shrinkage or porosity can form.[5][6]

References
1. Chvorinov, Nicolas (1940). "Theorie der
Erstarrung von Gussstücken" [Theory
of the Solidification of Castings].
Giesserei (in German). 27 (10–12):
177–186, 201–208, 222–225.
2. Tiryakioglu, M.; Tiryakioglu, E.;
Askeland, D. R. "Statistical
Investigation of the Effects of Shape,
Size and Superheat on Solidification
Times of Castings" (PDF). AFS
Transactions: 907–913.
3. Askeland, Donald R.; Phule, Pradeep P.
(2004), Essentials of Materials
Science and Engineering, Ontario,
Canada: Thomson
4. Groover, Mikell P. (2010).
Fundamentals of Modern
Manufacturing: Materials, Processes,
and Systems. Hoboken, NJ: John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 223.
5. Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J. T.; Kohser,
Ronald A. (2003), Materials and
Processes in Manufacturing (9th ed.),
Wiley, p. 282, ISBN 0-471-65653-4
6. "Casting Analysis - 2. Solidification and
cooling. Surface tension. Gas solubility
and porosity" (PDF). Georgia Institute
of Technology. Archived from the
original (PDF) on 14 January 2015.
Retrieved 14 January 2015.
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