HISTORY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

PHYSICAL EDUCATION
 Instruction in the development and care of the body ranging from simple calisthenics exercises to a
course of study providing training in hygiene, gymnastics and the performance and management of
athletic games.

How it began
 The brief history of physical education would start in just about 1820 when schools focused on
gymnastics, hygiene training and care and development of the human body. By the year 1950, over
400 institutes had introduced majors in physical education.
 The Young Men's Christian Association launched its very first chapter in 1851 and focused on physical
activities. Colleges were encouraged to focus on intramural sports particularly track, field and football.
But physical education became a formal requirement following the civil war when many states opted to
pass laws that required schools to incorporate a substantial physical education component into their
curriculums. But it was not till 1970 that an amendment was made to the Federal Education Act that
allowed women from high school and college to compete in athletic competitions. Sex-based
discrimination was completely outlawed from government funded programs at this point.

Early Physical Education

 Physical education, or the teaching of physical activities and fitness, goes back as far as 386 B.C.E.
to Plato's school, known as Akademia, or 'The Academy' in English. The father of our more modern
physical education classes is Friedrich Jahn, who was a teacher in the early 1800s who began
teaching a program of outdoor physical education activities for students in the secondary schools where
he taught. Some of his methods, such as the balance beam, parallel bars, and rings, serve as the
fundamental equipment for gymnastics. In fact, he created the first gymnastics club for youth and adults.
Charles Beck would bring gymnastics to the United States in 1825, when he began teaching in
Northampton, Massachusetts, at a reform school modeled after the German system. Another German,
Charles Follen, founded the first college gymnasium at Harvard University in 1826.

HEALTH OPTIMIZING PHYSICAL EDUCATION

 A curriculum model is the overall plan that guides a school or districtphysical education program. It
contains the program’s major learn-ing outcomes, content units, necessary resources, program policies
and management, instructional methods, and assessment strategies..The HOPE curricu-lum also
meets those criteria and could be added to that list of modelsto guide school and district programs.The
overarching goal of the HOPE curriculum model is to helpP–12 studentsacquire knowledge and skills
for lifelong participationin physical activity for optimal health benefitsAll components ofHOPE described
in parts 1 and 2 of this article are in strong align-ment to achieve that primary goal. It should be
acknowledged thatsome other main-theme curriculum models in physical educationmention similar
outcomes, but HOPE is unique in its prioritizationof this overarching goal and makesdirect attempts to
achieve it, bynot promoting other kinds of learning that are thought to indirectly lead to increased
participation in physical activity and other healthybehaviors. Moreover, the central focus on promoting
lifelong physi-cal activity behaviors is unique to physical education, compared toother school subjects.
To date, there is no evidence to suggest thatlifelong participation in physical activity for optimal health
benefitsis achieved as an ancillary (or secondary) outcome in physical educa-tion—it must be pursued
as the primary programmatic goal in orderto have any reasonable chance of success among children
and youths

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PHYSICAL EDUCATION TERMS B

Balance
A The ability of the body to maintain or regain
stability.
Abdominal Muscles
A large group of muscles in the front of the Bench Press
abdomen. Lay on bench, flat on back. Press from chest to
full extension.
Acceleration
The rate of change of velocity over time (where Bicep Muscle
velocity is the rate of change of position with The large muscle in the front part of the upper
respect to direction). arm.

Accountability Block
The state of being accountable, liable, or answ interference (or running interference) involves
erable. legal movements in which one player gets in
another player's way with their body.
Achieve
to bring to a successful end; carry through; acc Body Composition
omplish The relative proportions of fat and lean (non-fat)
body mass.
ACE
A serve that results directly in a point, usually Body Mass Index (BMI)
when the ball hits the floor untouched on the A formula that determines a healthy body
receiving team's side of the court. weight based on height.

Aerobic Activity
Steady activity in which the heart can supply all
the oxygen the muscles need. "With Oxygen"
Aerobic Endurance
The body's ability to take in and use oxygen so
the muscles can keep working. The most
important element of fitness.
Agility
The ability to change the position of your body
and/or its parts quickly and accurately.
Anaerobic Activity
"Without oxygen." Activities for which the body
can't supply enough oxygen to keep going for
long
periods of time.
Assessment of physical activities
A process of judging/grading a person level in
relation to a set of criteria or activities.
C
Cardiovascular Endurance
The heart, lungs, and blood vessels work
together as a team to allow one to stay active
and exercise for a long period of time.
Cardiovascular Fitness
Ability of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels to
function efficiently when a person exercises the
body.
Circuit Training
Training that uses a circuit of exercises around
a number of different work stations.
Commitment
commiting, pledging, enganging, or involving
onself in an activity

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Communicate interrupts a dribble by holding the ball briefly in
Speaking clearly, nonverbal cues, written one or both hands
words, and listening skills directed at another
person or team. E

Contribute Endurance
To be an important factor in, to help a cause Stamina the ability to keep going for long
periods. Includes cardiovascular-respiratory
Cool-down (heart-breathing) endurance, and muscular
A cool-down brings the mind and the body endurance.
back to a relaxed state. Helps to reduce the
risk of injury. End Zone (Football)
the rectangular area at each end of the field
Cooperation into which the ball must be carried or passed
To work together and caught to score a touchdown.

Coordination
The ability to control, and put together
(integrate) movements made by different parts
of the body.
Core Lifts
The 5 ground base lifts most commonly used:
bench press, parallel squat, power clean,
incline
bench, and front squat.
Cramp
A sudden, uncontrollable, painful contraction of
a muscle or a group of muscles, that may last
for only seconds, or for hours at a lower
intensity. Treated by stretching and massage.
D To straighten a joint.
Equipment
The necessary items for a particular purpose,
activity, or sport
Evaluate
to assess one during testing
Exercise
Involves exertion of the body. It is important in
maintaining general health, and includes
cardiovascular-respiratory (heart-breathing)
endurance, muscular endurance, strength,
mobility and flexibility, and body composition.
(See also Physical fitness).
Extend

Defense F
The team trying to prevent the other team from
scoring. Fatigue
Extreme tiredness, typically resulting from
Deltoid Muscle mental or physical exertion.
Muscle of the shoulder by which the arm is
raised. Fine Motor Skills
Involve movements using small groups of
Demonstrate muscles in delicate actions, eg. wrist action in
To show how, or exhibit table tennis.

Double Dribble FITT Principal

BASKETBALL Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type
an illegal dribble that occurs when a player
dribbles with both hands simultaneously or
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Flex
To bend a joint. Goal (Testing)
the object of a person's ambition or effort; an
Flexibility aim or desired result.
The ability of joints to move throughout their full
range of motion. Gross Motor Skills
These are skills which involve large groups of
Focus muscles, eg. discus throwers.
to direct one attentions or efforts
H
Force
Force can be described as a 'pull' or a 'push'. Hamstring Muscle
A muscle group located on the back of the
Forearm Pass thigh.
Sometimes referred to as the "bump" or "dig".
Join your arms from the elbows to the wrists Hydration
and strike the ball with the fleshy part of your To supply water to a person in order to restore
forearms in an underhand motion. or maintain a balance of fluids.

Form Hygiene
Placement of body parts during exercise. Promoting health or cleanliness; sanitary

Foul I
A major infraction of the rule; may include a
penalty against the player and/or team. Isometric Muscle Action
Occurs when a muscle starts to contract and
Free Throw shorten, but is then stopped by an immovable
an unblocked attempt at a basket (worth one resistance
point) awarded to a player following a foul or
other infringement. Isotonic Muscle Action
Normal muscle action, when the muscle
Free Weight shortens as it produces movement, eg. a
A weight used in weightlifting that is not biceps curl.
attached to an apparatus
Incline Bench
Frequency Lay on a bench raised at 45 degrees, press bar
How often you do a particular activity. from chest to full extension.

Fumble (Football) Intensity

drop or lose control of (the ball), sometimes How physically hard the activity.
causing a turnover.
Interval Training
Training with alternating work intervals and rest
G intervals

Gluteal Muscles Involuntary Muscle

The muscles of the buttocks. Muscle that you cannot control by your
conscious decisions.
Goal (Game)
Scoring in an activity.
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L Offense
The attacking team who is trying to score.
Latissimus Dorsi
Large muscle attached to the back and the arm. Out of Bounds
Outside of playing area.
Lifetime Sports
A sport that can be played by people of all P
ages.
Parallel Squat
Line of scrimmage With a bar on back/shoulders, the top of your
The imaginary line separating the teams at the thighs should be about parallel to the floor or
beginning of a play. slightly
lower, in a well-executed squat.
Low Impact Aerobic Exercise
Exercise with one foot contacting the floor at all Participation
times. The taking part in physical activities.

M Pectoral Muscle
The large muscle of the chest.
Man to Man Defense
a type of tactic in which each player is Penalty
assigned to defend and follow the movements disadvantage given one of the competitors or o
of a single player on offense. n one side for breaking the rules of a game
or sport.
Motivate
Encourage (someone's) interest in or Physical
enthusiasm for doing something. Of or relating to the body

Motor (movement) Skill Physical Fitness

the learned ability to perform in a physical
activity efficiently, successfully, and
consistently.
Muscular Endurance
The power of a muscle to keep on working.
The max. number of reps one can push, pull, or
carry.
Muscular Strength
The ability of muscles to work. The max
amount of weight one can lift, push, pull, or
carry at one time.
Muscle
Body tissue that lengthens and shortens to
casue movemnet of the bones that results in
body movement.
A physical state of well-being.
Power
The ability to use strength quickly.
Power Clean
The movement in which the bar starts on the
floor and through a jumping and rowing motion,
the bar
finishes on your chest.
Pulse
The rhythmic beat of the blood being pumped
by the heart through the arteries, which are
swollen in diameter when the heart contracts,
and recoil back to normal when the heart
relaxes. Can be felt at the wrist and at the side
of the neck.

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Q
Set (Weight Training)
Quadricep Muscle A group of repetitions for an exercise.
The muscle on the front of the thigh.
Set (Volleyball)
R To place a ball in the air with two hands to
prepare for a hit.
Range of Motion
The amount of movement one can make in a Skills
joint. A capacity to perform a specific task that
involves the use of muscles and nerves
Reaction Time together with
How quickly you respond to something. the brain.

Rebound Speed
(in sporting contexts) a ball or shot that The ability to perform a movement or cover a
bounces back after striking a hard surface. distance in a short period of time.

Relaxation Spike
A process of reducing tension, rigidity, anxiety, Also hit or attack. A ball contacted with force by
and intensity. Specific techniques can be a player on the offensive team who intends to
developed terminate the ball on the opponent's floor or off
eg. Progressive Muscular Relaxation, the Quiet the opponent's blocker.
Place, Centring.
Sport
Repetitions (Weight training) This term is used in many different ways. It
The number of consecutive times one does an could be described as 'a type of physical
exercise. activity which you choose to compete in fairly,
and try to win.' There have been many
Resistance attempts to divide sport into different groups.
Opposition to a force or a movement.
Sportsmanship
Responsibility Playing within the rules with a good attitude
The ability to act or decide on one's own, witho and with respect to others.
ut supervision.
Stability (of the body)
Response Time This involves the equilibrium or balance of the
The time it takes to respond to some stimulus, body on a base, it is increased if: the area of
eg. the actions of people. the base is wider or larger; the centre of gravity
is lowered; the centre of gravity is brought
Resting Heart Rate nearer to the centre of the base.
The number of heart beats during a period of
inactivity. Steal (Basketball)
a steal occurs when a defensive player legally
Routine causes a turnover by his positive, aggressive
Performing movements in the same way time action(s). This can be done by deflecting and
after time. A technique used to enhance skill controlling, or by catching the opponent's pass
performance. or dribble of an offensive player.

S
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Strength
The amount of force that is produced by
muscles contracting. Includes static or
isometric strength, where effort is made against
an immovable resistance; and dynamic or
isotonic strength where effort moves a
resistance.
Training (physical)
A process which is designed to improve
physical capacity, fitness, skill, etc.
Tricep Muscles
Muscles located on the back of the upper arm.

Stretching Type
Exercise to improve flexibility. This can be What kind of exercise.
passive, eg. limb being pushed to the limit of
movement by a partner; active, eg. moving and V
holding your own stretch position; and ballistic,
eg. swinging arms and/or legs. Variation (of training)
Training should be varied to prevent boredom
Sustain occurring and injuries developing. Variation
To support something or keep it going. should
always be safe
Syllabus
An outline of a course of study. Volley
To return a ball before it hits the ground.
T .
Voluntary Muscle
Target (Noun) Muscle that can be controlled by your
A place selected as the aim of a throw, shot, or conscious decisions
strike of an object.
W
Teamwork
The process of working together with a group Warm-up
of people or team in order to achieve a goal. A warm-up should involve a gradual increase in
the heart rate and breathing rate, a slight rise in
Technique(s) body temperature, and prepare the mind and
The basic patterns of movement which have to the body for activity. Helps to reduce the risk of
be developed in every activity to create injury.
technical skill.
Work Out
Time The part of the physical activity program during
How long you do the activity. which a person does activities to improve
fitness.
Touchdown
a six-point score made by carrying or passing
the ball into the end zone of the opposing side Weight Training
The lifting of weights to build strength. Also
called resistance training.

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Foundations of Physical Education
1. Historical Foundations
2. Motor Behavior
3. Biomechanical Foundations
4. Exercise Physiology and Fitness
5. Sociological Foundations
6. Sport and Exercise Psychology
7. Physical Education Pedagogy

EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES NEEDED IN P.E.

 Balls  Mats

 Timer  Bean bags

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 Basketball Court  Tennis court

 Volleyball Court  Swimming Pool

 Soccer field
 Track and field

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Proper Etiquette and Safety in the Use of Facilities
and Equipments
1. Take care in using facilities and equipment.
 In consideration of the school's effort and of other students who will benefit from using the
facilities and equipments, it is in good form to handle them with care and use them solely on
their purpose.
 This is to prevent having them misplaced, stolen or become unnecessary clutters in the
training area than can cause accidents.

2. Only use equipments that you already know how to use

 Do not leave or pass on equipments that is in complete disarray or dirty.

3. Be Alert and Aware in the training area.

4. In performing exercises and movement in general, practice good form first.
5. Bring back all equipment in place after use.
6. Do not Hug the equipment.
 Presence of mind could help avoid accidents.

7. Return the equipment properly or leave the venue clean.

 Doing exercises in improper form deficit it's benefits.
 Do not monopolize the equipments. Allow everyone a fair use of the facilities.

8. Check Yourself - practice proper hygiene and care.

 Take a bath or a deodorant if needed. Do not force yourself to engage in physical activity if you
are feeling sick.

9. Move on the double; do not loiter around the venue or hang on the
equipment doing nothing.
 Do not handle it until such time the teacher gives instructions on how to operate the said
equipment. You could break the equipment or cause harm to yourself or others.

10. Be nice, as a general rule!

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