Metabolic process in the Human Digestive System

Digestive System (Divided in to 2 parts)

1. Alimentary Canal (Gastrointestinal Tract)

Consists of: - mouth - small/large intestine
- Stomach - rectum
- Esophagus - anus

Function: helps in churning food

Serve as a passageway for ingested food

2. Accessory Organs
Consist of: - tongue - liver
- Teeth - gall bladder
- Salivary gland - pancreas

Function: secretes specific enzymes for a more efficient digestion of food.

Digestion Process

Starts with mouth teeth (cuts down food into smaller pieces)

(Mouth) salivary amglase (moistens and lubricates the food for better swallow)

Breaks down the carbihydrates

*bolus – are foods mixed with saliva

Tongue – pushes the (food) bolus pharynx esophagus

Esophagus *Peristalis – rhythimic, spontaneous wave of muscle contraction in the lining of the

esophagus.

- moves the bolus and liquid from the mouth to the stomach.

Stomach – where the foods are stored

- secrete hydrochloric acid (ACL)
destroys/kills bacteria
helps in digestion
*chyme – food and liquid mixes with ACL.
- partly digested food
Digestion – pancreatic juice (pancreas) and bile (liver) combine with chyme.

Small intestine – most digestion take place

-absorbs digested nutrients through villi.
*villi – finger-like projections on the walls of the small intestine.
*blood – delivers the nutrients to the different parts of the body.
Large intestine – where remaining material or waste product enters and then eliminated through
anus.
Rectum – feces (waste products are stored)

Anus
Respiration: Exchange of Gases
Respiratory System (Function)
1. Transport air in and out of the lungs
2. Diffuse oxygen into bloodstream
3. Pick up CO2 as waste product from the blood and exhale it

Parts
1. Nose (nostrils) – passageway for air
-filters and moistens air
- sense organ for smelling
2. Pharynx – common entry for air into the respiratory tract and food into the digestive tract.
3. Larynx – soft bone structure located below the pharynx.
-consist of the thyroid cartilage(Adam’s apple) and vocal cord which produce sound.
-passageway for air.
*epiglottis – flap-like structure (prevents food from going down the wrong tube)
4. Trachea – cartilage tube extending from larynx to bronchi.
-about 10-11 cm
5. Lungs – cone shaped organ
- serve in the exchange of gasses between blood and air.
Two Phases of Respiration October 16, 2018

1. External Respiration – exchange of gases between blood and air.

2. Internal Respiration – exchange of gases between blood and the body tissue

The 2 Phases
1.) Inhalation – breathing in.
 Rib muscles contract, diaphragm flattens, and chest cavity enlarged.
2.) Exhalation – breathing out.
 Rib cage and diaphragm return to their original position, chest cavity decreases

Respiratory & Circulatory System – work together to provide the cells of the body with O2 and to
remove CO2.

Organisms – need O2 for cellular respiration

CO2 – waste product of cellular respiration.
Inhale – O2 moves from alveoli capillaries alveoli

Types of Breathing
1. Hyperpnea – increase in rate and depth breathing
2. Apnea – temporary cessation of breathing.
3. Tachypnea – rapid and shallow breathing.
4. Orthopnea – loses ability to breath easily in horizontal position.
5. Eupnea – normal or unlabored breathing (quiet breathing)

Amount of Air Exchange in Breathing

1. Fidal Air – average amount of exhaled air
2. Vital Capacity – approximate capacity of the lungs by the amount of air forcibly exhaled after
inhalation.
3. Residual air – amount of air cannot be forcibly exhaled.

Harmful Chemicals
1. Nicotine 4. Hydrocarbon
2. Tar 5. Nitrogen Oxide
3. Carbon Dioxide 6. Sulfur Oxide

Ailments
1. Influenza (flu) 5. Cystic Fibrosis
2. Emphy sema 6. Lung cancer
3. Acute Bronchitis 7. asthma
4. Tuberculosis 8. pneumonia

Other Forms:
1. Internal gills
2. External gills