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Pure Maths/Polar Coordinates/p.

POLAR COORDINATES
Fixed point O - the pole
A ray (directed line) through O - polar axis or initial line xP

Polar coordinates of P = (r,  ) :


r
r - radius vector (signed length of OP)

 - vectorial angle (angle between OP and the polar axis
O
measured from the polar axis) and -  <    . Polar axis
Rule : 
P(3, )
1. Construct the terminal line of the vectorial angle  . 3

2. If the radius vector, r, is positive, lay off a length OP = r on the
3
O
terminal line of  .
3. If r is negative, produce the terminal line through the pole O
and lay off OP equal to -r , then P is the required point.
 
e. g. plot the point Q  -3, .
 3

Relation between Rectangular and Polar Coordinates


y
For point P, it can be expressed as (x, y) in rectangular coordinates
system (or Cartesian coordinates system) or as (r,  ) in polar P
r
coordinates system.

_________________________________________________ O x
e. g. 1.Transform the following points into rectangular coordinates :
 2   
(a)  4,  (b)  -2, - 
 3   6

(a) ________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

(b) ________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

2. Transform the following points into polar coordinates with r > 0 and -  <    :
(a) 4 3 , -4  (b)  -3 , -3 3 
(a) ________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

(b) ________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
Pure Maths/Polar Coordinates/p. 2
________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

3. (a) Transform the following equation into polar coordinates form :


x2 + y2 - 2ax = 0
(b) Transform the following equation into rectangular coordinates form :
 
r2 = 4 2 r cos  -  - 4
 4

(a) ________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

(b) ________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Exercise A
1. Transform the following equations into polar coordinates form :
(a) 9x2 + 25y2 + 72x - 81 = 0 (b) (x2 + y2)2 = 2a2 (x2 - y2)
9 -9
(Answer : (a)  or (b) r 2 = 2a 2 cos 2 )
5 + 4 cos 5 - 4 cos
2. Transform the following equations into rectangular coordinates form :
2 1 1
(a) r = (b) 2  where a > 0
2 - cos r = a 2 cos
2

(Answer : (a) 3x2 + 4y2 - 4x - 4 = 0 (b) (2x2 + 2y2 - ax)2 = a2 (x2 + y2)

In rectangular coordinates system, the equation of a curve is usually expressed as


y = f (x) .
In polar coordinates system, the equation of a curve is usually expressed as
r = f ( ) .
Polar Equations of Straight Lines x=a
1. (a) A line through the pole O and inclined at angle 
y=a
to the polar axis :
Pure Maths/Polar Coordinates/p. 3
________________________________________

(b) A line which is parallel to the polar axis :

________________________________________ O
polar axis
(c) A line which is perpendicular to the polar axis :

_______________________________________

2. A line with perpendicular distance h (h > 0) from the pole


and making an angle  with positive polar axis :

___________________________________________ 
O
h polar axis

Polar Equations of Circles

1. _________________________________ 2. ______________________________

2a

3. __________________________________

2a

General equation of a circle :


x2 + y2 + 2fx + 2gy + c = 0  r2 + 2fr cos  + 2gr sin  + c = 0

Polar Equations of Conic Section directrix


Choose the focus to be the pole and the polar axis to be

perpendicular to the directrix. Let l is the length of the P D


semi-latus rectum. l
r
r
=e where r > 0 
PD
 polar
O
e
axis
Pure Maths/Polar Coordinates/p. 4
r
 =e

- r cos
e
 r =  - er cos

 r =
1 + e cos

Curve Sketching in Polar Coordinate System


For example, r 2 = a 2 cos 2 where a > 0,
(i) Intercepts :
=0  r=a

=  r is undefined
2
=  r=a
3
=  r is undefined
2
(ii) Extent :
range of r : _______________________________________________

range of  : _______________________________________________

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

(iii) Symmetry :
1. If the equation is unaltered by replacing  with (-  ), then the curve is symmetrical about

___________________________ .

2. If the equation is unaltered by replacing  with (  -  ), then the curve is symmetrical about

______________________________________________________________________ .

3. If the equation is unaltered by replacing r with (- r), then the curve is symmetrical about

___________________________ .

For the curve of r 2 = a 2 cos 2 , it is symmetrical about ______________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________ .

(iv) How does r change as  increases :

 : _________________________________________________________________

r : _________________________________________________________________

Hence, sketch the curve r 2 = a 2 sin 2 :

polar axis polar axis


Pure Maths/Polar Coordinates/p. 5

Classwork
Sketch the three-leaved rose with polar equation r = a sin 3  where a > 0.
___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________
polar axis
___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Remark: n-leaved roses


When n is a positive integer greater than 1 and a is a non-zero real constant,
r = a sin n  or r = a cos n 
represents a curve that consists of a number of loops through the origin.
1. If n is even, there are 2n loops.
2. If n is odd, there are n loops.
Find the area bounded by the curve r 2 = a 2 cos 2 :
The area bounded by the curve and two radii vectors is obtained
by the limit of circular sectors.
 
 
1 2
Shaded area = 2
r d

area bounded by the curve r 2 = a 2 cos 2 polar axis

= ____________________________________________________________________

= ____________________________________________________________________

= ____________________________________________________________________

= ____________________________________________________________________

= ____________________________________________________________________
Pure Maths/Polar Coordinates/p. 6
Example 1
(a) A curve  is given by the polar equation r = 1 + 2 cos  , 0   < 2 .
Sketch the polar curve  .
(b) Find the area bounded by the inner loop of the curve  .
Solution :
(a) _______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

(b) area of inner loop

= ______________________________________________

= ______________________________________________

= ______________________________________________

= ______________________________________________

= ______________________________________________

Example 2 \
(a) Sketch the curves r = 2 sin and r2 = cos 2  .
(b) Find the area enclosed by the curves r = 2 sin and r2 = cos 2  .
(a) For the curve r = 2 sin ,

For the curve r2 = cos 2  ,

polar axis

(b) __________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________
Pure Maths/Polar Coordinates/p. 7
__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

Example 3
Find the area which the curves r = 3 cos  and r = 1 + cos  have in common.

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

W.44 Ex.A Q.7


H.W. : W.44 Ex.A Q. 1 - 6
Theorem
Let  be the angle between the tangent and radius vector tangent
radius
where the positive direction of the tangent is in the direction vector

of increasing  .
dy
tan  =
dx

dy 
d 
=
dx
Pole
d polar axis
dr
sin  + r cos
d
=
dr
cos - r sin
d
dr
tan  + r
d
=
dr
- r tan
d
tan  - tan 
tan  = tan   -   =
1 + tan  tan
Pure Maths/Polar Coordinates/p. 8
dr dr
tan  + r - tan  + r tan 2
d d
=
dr dr
- r tan + tan 2 + r tan
d d

r 1 + tan2 
=
d 
1 + tan 2 
dr

r
tan  =
∴ dr
 
d 

Example
Cardiod : r = a (1 - cos  ) where a > 0 .

tan  = _____________________________________
= _____________________________________

tan  = ____________________________________

= _____________________________________

= _____________________________________

= _____________________________________

Example
1. For the cardiod r = 2 - 2 cos  with 0   < 2 , find

(a) the slope of the tangent at  = ,
6
(b) the points at which the tangent is horizontal,
(c) the points at which the tangent is vertical,

(d) the values of  at which the angle between the radius vector and the tangent is .
3
(a) slope of tangent = ____________________________________

= _____________________________________

= _____________________________________

the slope of the tangent at  = = ________________________________________
6

(b) ________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

(c) ________________________________________________________________________
Pure Maths/Polar Coordinates/p. 9
________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

(d) ________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Note : radius vector


C1
Angle between the curve C1 and C2 at P
C2
= angle between the two tangents at P
P
= _______________________________

_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________ O
Arc Length of a Polar Curve
If the polar curve from the point A to the point B is continuous and continuously differentiable (i.e.
the derivative is continuous) , then x = r cos  , y = r sin  , A = (r1 ,  1) and B = (r2 ,  2) where  1<  2

.
arc length of the polar curve between A and B
b 2


 d y
= 1 +   dx
a  d x

2
 dr 
  sin + r cos 


2 d  d x
= 1 +     d
1  cos d r - r sin  d 
 
 d 

=
Pure Maths/Polar Coordinates/p. 10

2
 dr  
  cos - r sin  +  si


2  d  
2
1  d x
 
d 
 2


2  dr
r2 +   d
= d 
1

Example (1986)
C1 : r = 2 (1 - cos  ) where 0   < 2 and C2 : r=2
r
tan  =
(a) Show that  d r .
 
 d 

(b) (i) Find the points of intersection of C1 and C2 and the angle between the curves at each point
of intersection.
(ii) Draw C1 and C2 on the same diagram and find the length of the part of C1 inside C2 .

(b)(i)_____________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

(b) (ii) length of the part of C1 inside C2

= __________________________________________________________________

= __________________________________________________________________

= __________________________________________________________________
Pure Maths/Polar Coordinates/p. 11

= __________________________________________________________________

= __________________________________________________________________

= __________________________________________________________________

= __________________________________________________________________

= __________________________________________________________________

W.44 Ex.B Q.3, 5, 6


H.W. W.44 Ex.B Q.1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,13

END

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