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POLAR COORDINATES
Fixed point O - the pole
A ray (directed line) through O - polar axis or initial line xP
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2. Transform the following points into polar coordinates with r > 0 and - < :
(a) 4 3 , -4 (b) -3 , -3 3
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Pure Maths/Polar Coordinates/p. 2
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Exercise A
1. Transform the following equations into polar coordinates form :
(a) 9x2 + 25y2 + 72x - 81 = 0 (b) (x2 + y2)2 = 2a2 (x2 - y2)
9 -9
(Answer : (a) or (b) r 2 = 2a 2 cos 2 )
5 + 4 cos 5 - 4 cos
2. Transform the following equations into rectangular coordinates form :
2 1 1
(a) r = (b) 2 where a > 0
2 - cos r = a 2 cos
2
(Answer : (a) 3x2 + 4y2 - 4x - 4 = 0 (b) (2x2 + 2y2 - ax)2 = a2 (x2 + y2)
________________________________________ O
polar axis
(c) A line which is perpendicular to the polar axis :
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O
h polar axis
1. _________________________________ 2. ______________________________
2a
3. __________________________________
2a
range of : _______________________________________________
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(iii) Symmetry :
1. If the equation is unaltered by replacing with (- ), then the curve is symmetrical about
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2. If the equation is unaltered by replacing with ( - ), then the curve is symmetrical about
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3. If the equation is unaltered by replacing r with (- r), then the curve is symmetrical about
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: _________________________________________________________________
r : _________________________________________________________________
Classwork
Sketch the three-leaved rose with polar equation r = a sin 3 where a > 0.
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polar axis
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Pure Maths/Polar Coordinates/p. 6
Example 1
(a) A curve is given by the polar equation r = 1 + 2 cos , 0 < 2 .
Sketch the polar curve .
(b) Find the area bounded by the inner loop of the curve .
Solution :
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Example 2 \
(a) Sketch the curves r = 2 sin and r2 = cos 2 .
(b) Find the area enclosed by the curves r = 2 sin and r2 = cos 2 .
(a) For the curve r = 2 sin ,
polar axis
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Pure Maths/Polar Coordinates/p. 7
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Example 3
Find the area which the curves r = 3 cos and r = 1 + cos have in common.
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dy
d
=
dx
Pole
d polar axis
dr
sin + r cos
d
=
dr
cos - r sin
d
dr
tan + r
d
=
dr
- r tan
d
tan - tan
tan = tan - =
1 + tan tan
Pure Maths/Polar Coordinates/p. 8
dr dr
tan + r - tan + r tan 2
d d
=
dr dr
- r tan + tan 2 + r tan
d d
r 1 + tan2
=
d
1 + tan 2
dr
r
tan =
∴ dr
d
Example
Cardiod : r = a (1 - cos ) where a > 0 .
tan = _____________________________________
= _____________________________________
tan = ____________________________________
= _____________________________________
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Example
1. For the cardiod r = 2 - 2 cos with 0 < 2 , find
(a) the slope of the tangent at = ,
6
(b) the points at which the tangent is horizontal,
(c) the points at which the tangent is vertical,
(d) the values of at which the angle between the radius vector and the tangent is .
3
(a) slope of tangent = ____________________________________
= _____________________________________
= _____________________________________
the slope of the tangent at = = ________________________________________
6
(b) ________________________________________________________________________
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Pure Maths/Polar Coordinates/p. 9
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Arc Length of a Polar Curve
If the polar curve from the point A to the point B is continuous and continuously differentiable (i.e.
the derivative is continuous) , then x = r cos , y = r sin , A = (r1 , 1) and B = (r2 , 2) where 1< 2
.
arc length of the polar curve between A and B
b 2
d y
= 1 + dx
a d x
2
dr
sin + r cos
2 d d x
= 1 + d
1 cos d r - r sin d
d
=
Pure Maths/Polar Coordinates/p. 10
2
dr
cos - r sin + si
2 d
2
1 d x
d
2
2 dr
r2 + d
= d
1
Example (1986)
C1 : r = 2 (1 - cos ) where 0 < 2 and C2 : r=2
r
tan =
(a) Show that d r .
d
(b) (i) Find the points of intersection of C1 and C2 and the angle between the curves at each point
of intersection.
(ii) Draw C1 and C2 on the same diagram and find the length of the part of C1 inside C2 .
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Pure Maths/Polar Coordinates/p. 11
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END