28/10/2018

Memory Hierarchy
 Memory
CONTENTS WHAT IS MEMORY ?
Submitted by:  Types ofmemory
SUBMITTED TO:
Hitesh Ahuja
ER. ROHIT YADAV  Memory Hierarchy
Memory is an internal storage area in
Roll no. 34
(Bachelors of Computer  Registers
Applications)
 Cache Memory
computer, which is used to store data and
programs either temporarily or permanently.
 Primary Memory

 Secondary Memory

UNIVERSITY OF LUCKNOW

MEMORY HIERARCHY
TYPES OF MEMORY REGISTERS
 Primary Memory  Registers are high-speed storage areas within
It holds instructions and data when a program the CPU, but have the least storage capacity.
is executing.  Registers are not referenced by their address, but

 Secondary Memory are directly accessed and manipulated by the

CPU during instruction execution.
It holds data and programs that are not
currently in use and provides long-term storage.  Registers store data, instructions, addresses and
intermediate results of processing.
 Registers are often referred to as the CPU’s
working memory.

TYPES OF CACHE MEMORY

PRIMARY MEMORY
Level 1 (L1) Cache Primary memory is internal memory of the computer.
It is also called primary or internal cache. It is built directly into It is also known as main memory and Temporary memory .
the processor chip. It has small capacity from 8 Km to 128 Kb.
Primary Memory holds the data and instruction on
Level 2 (L2) Cache which computer is currently working.
It is slower than L1 cache. Its storage capacity is more, i.e. Primary Memory is nature volatile. It means when power
From 64 Kb to 16 MB. The current processors contain advanced
transfer cache on processor chip that is a type of L2 cache. The
is switched off it lost all data.
common size of this cache is from 512 kb to 8 Mb.
Primary memory is categorized into two main types-
Level 3 (L3) Cache  Random Access Memory (RAM), and
This cache is separate from processor chip on the  Read Only Memory (ROM)
motherboard. It exists on the computer that uses L2 advanced
transfer cache. It is slower than L1 and L2 cache. The personal
computer often has up to 8 MB of L3 cache.

1

TYPES OF PRIMARY MEMORY
READ ONLY MEMORY
 Stores crucial information essential to operate
the system, like the program essential to boot
the computer.
 It is not volatile.
 Always retains its data.
 Used in embedded systems or where the
programming needs no change.
 Used in calculators and peripheral devices.
 ROM is further classified into 4 types-
ROM, PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM.
Magnetic Tapes
Magnetic Disks
TYPES OF SECONDARY DEVICES
28/10/2018
RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY
 It is also called as read write memory or the main
TYPES OF RAM
memory or the primary memory.
 The programs and data that the CPU requires
during execution of a program are stored in this
memory.
 It is a volatile memory as the data loses when the
power is turned off.
 RAM is further classified into two types- SRAM
(Static Random Access Memory) and DRAM
(Dynamic Random Access Memory).
TYPES OF ROM SECONDARY MEMORY
 The secondary memory is also called the storage
PROM (Programmable read-only memory) – It can be device of computer.
programmed by user. Once programmed, the data
 The secondary memory stores much larger amounts
and instructions in it cannot be changed.
of data and information (for example, an entire
EPROM (Erasable Programmable read only memory) It software program) for extended periods of time.
can be reprogrammed. To erase data from it, expose it
 The data and instructions stored in secondary
to ultra violet light. To reprogram it, erase all the
memory must be fetched into RAM before processing
previous data.
is done by CPU.
EEPROM (Electrically erasable programmable read
only memory) – The data can be erased by applying
Magnetic tape drives, magnetic disk drives, optical
electric field, no need of ultra violet light.
disk drives and magneto-optical disk drives are
the different types of storage devices.
FEATURES OF MAGNETIC TAPE
MAGNETIC TAPE
 Magnetic tape is a plastic tape with magnetic coating .  Inexpensive storage device
 It is a storage medium on a large open reel or in a
 Can store a large amount of data
smaller cartridge or cassette (like a music cassette).
 Magnetic tapes are cheaper storage media. They are  Easy to carry or transport
durable, can be written, erased, and re-written.  Not suitable for random access data
 Magnetic tapes are sequential access devices, which
 Slow access device
mean that the tape needs to rewind or move forward to
the location where the requested data is positioned in  Needs dust prevention, as dust can harm the
the magnetic tape. tape
 Due to their sequential nature, magnetic tapes are not
suitable for data files that need to be revised or updated  Suitable for back-up storage or archiving
often.
 They are generally used to store back-up data that is not
frequently used or to transfer data from one system to
other.
2

MAGNETIC DISK
Magnetic disk is a direct access secondary
storage device. It is a thin plastic or metallic
circular plate coated with magnetic oxide
and encased in a protective cover. Data is
stored on magnetic disks as magnetized
spots.
THANK YOU
28/10/2018
FEATURES OF MAGNETIC DISK
 Cheap storage device Thus memory hierarchy is
 Can store a large amount of data tradeoff between cost, access
 Easy to carry or transport time, size and all this needs to
 Suitable for frequently read/write data
be taken into account when
 Fast access device
 More reliable storage device
designing the memory hierarchy
 To be prevented from dust, as the read/write head flies
for computer system.
over the disk.
 Any dust particle in between can corrupt the disk.