CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

The chapter on Methodology includes the research design, the sample, data collection procedure, and
instruments and data analysis procedure. Research design is a description of the conditions for data collection and
analysis.

Research Design

Research designs are quantitative and / or qualitative. Examples for quantitative design are survey,
descriptive, experimental designs. Examples for qualitative design are ethnographic and naturalistic designs. The
basic design to be applied should be discussed briefly so that another researcher reading the report could set up
an identical study.

The Sample

This describes the sample profile, sample size and sampling procedure. The description includes such
information as the age range of the subjects, proportions of gender if both males and females are used, and other
important data needed to describe the sample.
A detailed description of the procedure for selecting cases should be given.

The Instruments

A description of the adoption, construction, and administration of instruments should be included.

Instruments include tests, questionnaires, interviews guidelines and / or schedules, etc. Apparatuses, devices,
and laboratory equipment used should be described. In the case of complex or custom-made equipment, a
drawing or photograph is recommended.

Data Collection Procedure

 The procedure followed in conducting the study should be explained in complete detail. Techniques,
devices, and procedures followed should be described.
 In case of experiments, this section should include instructions given to the participants, the formation of
groups, the experimental manipulations, and control features in the design.
 Remember that the method section tells the reader what you did and how you did it.
 Any errors or weaknesses in the procedures that have been discovered during the conduct of the research
should be pointed out, and any consequent limitations upon the research results should be fully noted.

Data Analysis Procedure

Data analysis may be quantitative and/ or qualitative.

 Quantitative analysis

This includes statistics to be computed and a description of the statistical methods used for testing the
null hypotheses. This is done in quantitative research designs.

 Qualitative analysis

Qualitative research uses qualitative methods of analysis such uses qualitative methods of analysis such
as generation of patterns and conceptual frameworks.
In quantitative studies, qualitative analysis may supplement any quantitative analysis used. Common
statistical formulas should not be listed.

The Research Process 1