Physiology

CIRCULATION PROCESS

Deoxygenated blood from the UE Deoxygenated blood from LE

↓ ↓
Superior Vena Cava → ← Inferior Vena Cava
↓
Enters the RA
↓
Passes the Tricuspid valve
↓
Enters the RV
↓
Pumped to the pulmonary artery
↓
Reached the pulmonary trunk via the pulmonic valve
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Enters the lungs deoxygenated blood undergoes oxygenation process (diffusion)
↓
Back to the heart via pulmonary vein
↓
Reaches the LA
↓
Pumped towards LV via Mitral valve
↓
Passes towards the Aorta via the aortic valve
↓
Back to the systemic circulation to nourish the organs

Circulation(CONDUCTION)

Accumulation of the blood in the atrium

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Stimulate the SA node to start the firing of impulse
↓
Impulse radiates towards the adjacent atria
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Impulse travels towards the AV node
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Atrium contracts
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Impulse remains to the AV node for a few seconds
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Impulse travels towards the Bundle of His
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Impulse goes to the Purkinje fibers
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Stimulates the myocardial muscles of the ventricles
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Ventricles contracts

RESPIRATION

Atmospheric pressure is greater than the intrapulmonary pressure

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Air enters the nose
↓
Filtrated by the cilia, and humidified by the mucous membrane
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Air goes to the pharynx
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Larynx
↓
Trachea
↓
Filtrated again by a ciliated membrane
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Main stem bronchi
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Respiratory bronchioles
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Terminal bronchioles
↓
Alveolar ducts
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Alveolar sac
↓
Alveoli
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Accumulation of oxygen in the alveoli
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Oxygen goes to the capillary beds
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Carbon dioxide goes to the alveoli
↓

CO2 accumulates and clusters within the alveoli

↓
Increased intrapulmonary pressure
↓
Air goes out to the atmosphere
 ↓
Decreased intrapulmonary pressure

DIGESTION

Food enters the mouth

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Masticated by the teeth, salivary glands stimulated
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Released of salivary amylase
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CHO conversion to simple glucose units
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Bolus is formed
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Other digested and undigested food goes to the oropharynx by swallowing
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Esophagus
↓ ← cardio esophageal sphincter closes
Down to the stomach via peristalsis movement
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Accumulation of food in the stomach will stimulate the parietal cells to released hydrogen ion and pepsin
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HCl and pepsin act upon the food
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Protein is converted into amino acids
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Digested and other undigested food goes to the duodenum
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Accumulation of food stimulates the release of Cholecystokinin
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Gallbladder contracts
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Bile is released
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Act upon to the food
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Fats become fatty acids and glycerol
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To finish the digestion the pancreas will release PROTEASE, LIPASE & AMYLASE
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Digestion is completed
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Digested and other undigested food will go to the JEJUNUM and ILEUM for nutrients absorption
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Other undigested food will go to the large intestine particularly to the colon for water absorption
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Other undigested food will go to the rectum
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When the rectum is full there will be an urge to defecate
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Anal sphincter relaxes
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Defecation takes place

FETAL CIRCULATION

Oxygenated blood from the mother

↓

Diffused in the placenta

↓
Oxygenated blood enters the umbilical vein
↓

Passes the Ductus Venosus Enters the Inferior Vena Cava

O2 blood enters the liver Right Atrium

Liver is nourished

Right Ventricle Foramen Ovale

Pulmonary artery Left atrium

 Ductus Arteriosus Left Ventricle

Some blood enters the lungs for nourishing AORTA

Ascending

Descending
Upper extremities are nourished

Hypogastric Arteries

Umbilical Arteries

Deoxygenated blood enters the Placenta

Back to the mother

BONE FORMATION

Stimulation of the MESENCHYMAL cells

Released of progenitor cells (osteogenic cells)

Process radiates to other bone cells via canaliculi

Osteogenic cells differentiates

Released of INTERCELLULAR matrix

Released of INORGANIC matrix released of ORGANIC matrix

Osteoblasts surrounded by the inorganic proteins and collagens are released

Calcium matrix

Matrix hardens

Osteocytes generates

Formation of bone

Periosteum is formed,bblood vessels arised

Osteoclasts acts to the formed bone

Formation of adult bone

URINE FORMATION

Blood passed in to the glomerulus via AFFERENT arteriole, and passed out via the EFFERENT arteriole

Ultrafiltrate is formed within the glomerulus

Increased pressure brought by the continuous blood flow and increasing ultrafiltrate

Ultrafiltrate goes to the Bowman’s capsule

 To the PROXIMAL TUBULE

FILTRATION of the NaCl, H2O, HCO3, Amino Acids and glucose happens

Ultrafiltrate goes to the loop of Henle

Where REABSORPTION of sodium followed by water takes place

Ultrafiltrate goes to the DISTAL TUBULE

Where SECRETION of hydrogen and potassium takes place

Products go to the collective tubules

URINE IS FORMED

NEUROMUSCULAR CONTRACTION

Stimuli perceive by the brain

Brain sends stimuli to the system

Stimuli travel to the synaptic cleft

Causes membrane depolarization

Na+ ions goes out, K+ ions goes inside the membrane

Stimuli reach the synaptic knob

Synaptic knob released ACETYLCHOLINE to the neuromuscular junction

Acetylcholine binds to specific receptors

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum release calcium ions

Calcium binds with troponin

Actin and Myelin filament slides with the action of ATP

Muscle contracts

Calcium ion go back to the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Muscle repolarized

MUSCLE RELAXES

CLOTTING MECHANISM

Tissue injury

Released of chemical mediators takes place

Initial vasoconstriction

Mild vasodilatation

Platelets become sticky and goes to the site of injury

 Platelets accumulates to the site

Platelets release SEROTONIN, attraction of more platelets

Vessel Spasms takes place PLATELET PLUG is formed

Injured tissue release THROMBOPLASTIN

Binds with PF3 and calcium

Release of PROTHROMBIN

Ca ions and factor Xa acted to the Prothrombin

THROMBIN is formed

Thrombin catalyzes FIBRINOGEN

FIBRIN is formed

Traps RBC within the injured site

BLOOD CLOT is formed

STRESS RESPONSE

Introduction to a stressor
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Released of CATHECOLAMINES (Nor-epinephrine and Epinephrine)
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Stimulates the Hypothalamus to release ACRH
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Stimulates the Anterior Pituitary gland to release ACTH
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Stimulates the Adrenal Cortex to release GLUCOCORTICOIDS
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Cortisol is released in the system
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Increased Energy available for the system

RBC FORMATION

Decreased RBC in the system, decreased oxygen saturation of the blood

Stimulates the kidney to produce ERYTHROPOEITIN

Stimulates the Multipotent stem cell in the bone marrow to increased its differentiation

Releasing a Erythroid progenitor cell

Differentiates into a Proerythroblast

Differentiates into basophilic erythroblast

Maturation into an ERYTHROBLAST

Becomes NORMOBLAST

Into an RETICULOCYTE
 Becomes ERYTHROCYTE

Joins the system

Increased in number of RBC that will remain for at least 120days

WBC FORMATION

Start from the HEMATOPOEITIC STEM CELL

Differentiates into a MULTIPOTENT STEM CELL

LYMPHOID progenitor cell MYELOID progenitor cell

Maturation takes place

MONOBLAST MYELOBLAST

LYMPHOBLAST is produced

Progranulocytes

Differentiates into a LYMPHOCYTES

T-LYMPHOCYTES B-LYMPHOCYTES

MONOCYTES, MACROPHAGES

NEUTROPHIL EOSINOPHIL BASOPHIL

PLATELET FORMATION

Decreased platelets in the body

The liver will be stimulated to release THROMBOPOEITIN

Thrombopoeitin stimulates the bone marrow

Increased stimulation of the MULTIPOTENT STEM CELL

Differentiates into a MEGAKARYOBLAST

Differentiates into a MEGAKARYOCYTES

Megakaryocytes broke into fragments

THROMBOCYTES are formed

Joins the system

Increased number in platelets in the system