INTRODUCTION

Technology is an essential part of our lives today and few can imagine living without. We
achieved a lot with the help of technology, for example we have the possibility to travel, keep
in touch with friends on the other side of the earth and cure many illnesses. The history of
technology is the history of invention of tools and techniques and is similar to the other sides
of history. The term came from the Greek word techne which means art and craft. It was first
used to describe applied arts but now it is used to describe the advancement and changes
around us. It starts with the beginning of life on earth, and goes until the founding of early
modern technologies, such as computer and nuclear power. The era of technology started
when wheel was invented which is one of the most important technology and after it, more
and more things were invented.

This topics covers about the various technologies in the today's world as now in this modern
era technology also got evolved. Everyday there is new invention take place in the field of
technology because technology can lead to the growth of the country. Almost every country
emphasise the importance of the technological advancement as India has also started Digital
India Campaign so that it will become a Developed nation one day. As per the latest news
India's space business to witness tremendous growth in the next five years, on the back of
technology advancement, global space business opportunity and a sharp rise in Indian Space
Research Organisation’s (ISRO) satellite launch capability.

There are various latest technologies in the world starting from 3D printing , Artificial
Embryos, Sensing city, Artificial Intelligence for everyone, Dueling Neural Networks ,
Babel-Fish Earbuds, Zero- Carbon Neutral Gas and many more. Recently US National
Highway Traffic Safety Administration has developed devices that can monitor alchohal
levels by sniffing a driver's breath or scanning the blood in their finger tips via the steering
wheel, imbolising the car if levels are too high. Not only that Driveless cars are also on the
way companies such as Mercedes and Peleton are exploring these possibilities.There is
technology available in all the fields whether it is a aviation or IT sector or even a Agriculture
sector.

Artificial Intelligence plays an important role in the development of latest technologies as

now a days we have the Robots which can perform all the activities on the behalf of the
human being.
 GENESIS
This are some of the places who contribute to the technology in ancient times when
there is no such resources available and led to the origin of the technology in the world

EGYPTIONS

The Egyptians invented and used many simple machines, such as the ramp to aid construction
processes. Egyptian society made significant advances during dynastic periods in areas such as
astronomy, mathematics, and medicine. They also made writing medium similar to paper
from papyrus. Egyptian stone masons used yet unknown methods to cut stone for building
monuments. The Egyptians also built ships. Astronomy was used by Egyptian leaders to govern
people.

INDUS VALLEY CIVILISATION

The Indus Valley Civilization, situated in a resource-rich area, is notable for its early
application of city planning and sanitation technologies.

MESOPATAMIANS

The peoples of Mesopotamians have been credited with the invention of the wheel, but this is
no longer certain. They developed a sophisticated architecture in mud-brick and
stone, including the use of the true arch. The walls of Babylon were so massive they were
quoted as a Wonder of the World. They developed extensive water systems; canals for
transport and irrigation in the alluvial south, and catchment systems stretching for tens of
kilometers in the hilly north. Their palaces had sophisticated drainage systems.

CHINESE

The Chinese made many first-known discoveries and developments. Major technological
contributions from China include early seismological detectors, matches, paper, sliding
calipers, the double-action piston pump, cast iron, water powered blast furnace bellows, the
iron plough, the multi-tube seed drill, the wheelbarrow, the suspension bridge, the parachute,
the compass, the raised-relief map, the propeller, the crossbow, the South Pointing
Chariot and gunpowder. China also developed deep well drilling, which they used to extract
brine for making salt. Some of these wells, which were as deep as 900 meters, produced
natural gas which was used for evaporating brine. The solid-fuel rocket was invented in
China about 1150, nearly 200 years after the invention of gunpowder.

GREEK

Greek engineers were also the first to devise automata such as vending machines, suspended
ink pots, automatic washstands, and doors, primarily as toys, which however featured many
new useful mechanisms such as the cam and gimbals. Further newly created techniques and
items were spiral staircases, the chain drive, sliding calipers and showers.

USA

The US National Academy of Engineering, by expert vote, established the following ranking
of the most important technological developments of the 20th century. They have developed
each and everything from automobiles to refrigerator.

SCENERIO IN THE 21st CENTURY REGARDING THE TECHNOLOGIES

In the early 21st century research is ongoing into quantum computers, gene therapy , 3D
printing , nanotechnology , bioengineering/biotechnology, nuclear technology, advanced
materials , the scramjet and drones (along with railguns and high-energy laser beams for
military uses), superconductivity, the memristor, and green technologies such as alternative
fuels (e.g., fuel cells, self-driving electric and plug-in hybrid cars), augmented reality devices
and wearable electronics, artificial intelligence, and more efficient and powerful LEDs, solar
cells, integrated circuits, wireless power devices, engines, and batteries. Perhaps the greatest
research tool built in the 21st century is the Large Hadron Collider, the largest single machine
ever built. The understanding of particle physics is expected to expand with better
instruments including larger particle accelerators such as the LHC[43] and better neutrino
detectors. Dark matter is sought via underground detectors and observatories like LIGO have
started to detect gravitational waves.

Fig no-1 Shows Artificial Intelligence

 ANALYSIS
LATEST TECHNOLOGIES IN THE WORLD

 3D METAL PRINTING-Now printers can make metal objects quickly and cheaply.
The ability to make large and complex metal objects on demand could transform
manufacturing In the short term, manufacturers wouldn’t need to maintain large
inventories—they could simply print an object, such as a replacement part for an
aging car, whenever someone needs. In the longer term, large factories that mass-
produce a limited range of parts might be replaced by smaller ones that make a wider
variety, adapting to customers’ changing needs. The technology can create lighter,
stronger parts, and complex shapes that aren’t possible with conventional metal
fabrication methods. It can also provide more precise control of the microstructure of
metals. In 2017, researchers from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
announced they had developed a 3-D-printing method for creating stainless-steel parts
twice as strong as traditionally made ones.

Fig no-2 - 3D Metal Printing

 ARTIFICIAL EMBRYOS- Without using eggs or sperm cells, researchers have

made embryo-like structures from stem cells alone, providing a whole new route to
creating life. The researchers placed the cells carefully in a three-dimensional scaffold
and watched, fascinated, as they started communicating and lining up into the
distinctive bullet shape of a mouse embryo several days old. Artificial embryos will
make it easier for researchers to study the mysterious beginnings of a human life.
 Fig No- 3- Artificial Embryo

 BABEL FISH EARBUDS- slide a yellow Babel fish into your ear to get translations
in an instant. In the real world, Google has come up with an interim solution: a $159
pair of earbuds, called Pixel Buds. These work with its Pixel smartphones and Google
Translate app to produce practically real-time translation. One person wears the
earbuds, while the other holds a phone. The earbud wearer speaks in his or her
language—English is the default—and the app translates the talking and plays it aloud
on the phone. The person holding the phone responds; this response is translated and
played through the earbuds. Google Translate already has a conversation feature, and
its iOS and Android apps let two users speak as it automatically figures out what
languages they’re using and then translates them. But background noise can make it
hard for the app to understand what people are saying, and also to figure out when one
person has stopped speaking and it’s time to start translating. Pixel Buds get around
these problems because the wearer taps and holds a finger on the right earbud while
talking. Splitting the interaction between the phone and the earbuds gives each person
control of a microphone and helps the speakers maintain eye contact, since they’re not
trying to pass a phone back and forth.

Fig No- 4 - Babel fish buds

 AUGMENTED REALITY-Augmented reality is the technology that expands our

physical world, adding layers of digital information onto it. Unlike Virtual Reality
(VR), AR does not create the whole artificial environments to replace real with a
 virtual one. AR appears in direct view of an existing environment and adds sounds,
videos, graphics to it. A view of the physical real-world environment with
superimposed computer-generated images, thus changing the perception of reality, is
the AR. AR apps typically connect digital animation to a special ‘marker’, or with the
help of GPS in phones pinpoint the location. Augmentation is happening in real time
and within the context of the environment, for example, overlaying scores to a live
feed sport events.
How it works?
AR can be displayed on various devices: screens, glasses, handheld devices, mobile
phones, head-mounted displays. It involves technologies like S.L.A.M. (simultaneous
localization and mapping), depth tracking (briefly, a sensor data calculating the
distance to the objects), and the following components:

 Cameras and sensors. Collecting data about user’s interactions and sending it for
processing. Cameras on devices are scanning the surroundings and with this info, a
device locates physical objects and generates 3D models. It may be special duty
cameras, like in Microsoft Hololens, or common smartphone cameras to take
pictures/videos.

 Processing. AR devices eventually should act like little computers, something

modern smartphones already do. In the same manner, they require a CPU, a GPU,
flash memory, RAM, Bluetooth/WiFi, a GPS, etc. to be able to measure speed, angle,
direction, orientation in space, and so on.

 Projection. This refers to a miniature projector on AR headsets, which takes data

from sensors and projects digital content (result of processing) onto a surface to view.
In fact, the use of projections in AR has not been fully invented yet to use it in
commercial products or services.

 Reflection. Some AR devices have mirrors to assist human eyes to view virtual
images. Some have an “array of small curved mirrors” and some have a double-sided
mirror to reflect light to a camera and to a user’s eye. The goal of such reflection
paths is to perform a proper image alignment.

TYPES OF AUGMENTED REALITY-

  Marker based AR-Some also call it to image recognition, as it requires a special
visual object and a camera to scan it. It may be anything, from a printed QR code to
special signs. The AR device also calculates the position and orientation of a marker
to position the content, in some cases. Thus, a marker initiates digital animations for
users to view, and so images in a magazine may turn into 3D models.
 Markerless AR- location-based or position-based augmented reality, that utilizes a
GPS, a compass, a gyroscope, and an accelerometer to provide data based on user’s
location. This data then determines what AR content you find or get in a certain area.
With the availability of smartphones this type of AR typically produces maps and
directions, nearby businesses info. Applications include events and
information, business ads pop-ups, navigation support.
 Projection-based AR. Projecting synthetic light to physical surfaces, and in some
cases allows to interact with it. These are the holograms we have all seen in sci-fi
movies like Star Wars. It detects user interaction with a projection by its alterations.

Fig No-5- Augmented Reality

 SELF DRIVING CARS- Self-driving vehicles are cars or trucks in which human
drivers are never required to take control to safely operate the vehicle. Also known as
autonomous or “driverless” cars, they combine sensors and software to control,
navigate, and drive the vehicle.

HOW THEY WORK?

Various self-driving technologies have been developed by Google, Uber, Tesla, Nissan, and
other major automakers, researchers, and technology companies. While design details vary,
most self-driving systems create and maintain an internal map of their surroundings, based on
a wide array of sensors, like radar. Uber’s self-driving prototypes use sixty-four laser beams,
along with other sensors, to construct their internal map; Google’s prototypes have, at various
stages, used lasers, radar, high-powered cameras, and sonar. Software then processes those
inputs, plots a path, and sends instructions to the vehicle’s “actuators,” which control
acceleration, braking, and steering. Hard-coded rules, obstacle avoidance algorithms,
predictive modeling, and “smart” object discrimination (ie, knowing the difference between a
bicycle and a motorcycle) help the software follow traffic rules and navigate obstacles.

Fig No-6- Showing Working of Uber's First Self- Driving Car

 VOICE INTERFACE TECHNOLOGY- Voice user interfaces (VUIs) allow the

user to interact with a system through voice or speech commands. Virtual assistants,
such as Siri, Google Assistant, and Alexa, are examples of VUIs. The primary
advantage of a VUI is that it allows for a hands-free, eyes-free way in which users can
interact with a product while focusing their attention elsewhere. VUI allows for hands
free, efficient interactions that are more ‘human’ in nature than any other form of user
interface. In order to create VUI systems that work, developers need to fully
understand the intricacies of human communication. Consumers expect a certain level
of fluency as well as a more conversational tone from the b virtual assistants they’re
interacting with on a near-daily basis.
 Fig No 7- Google Home Virtual Assistant using Voice Interface Technology

 BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY-Everyone is now talking about blockchain, a

revolutionary decentralized technology that stores and exchanges data for
cryptocurrencies. It forms a distributed database with a digital register of the
transactions and contracts. Blockchain stores an ever-growing list of ordered records
called blocks, each containing a timestamp and a link to the previous block.
Blockchain has impressive prospects in the field of digital transactions which will
open new business opportunities in 2018.

This technology also uncovers many new possibilities with various applications in
various other fields. Due to the growing role of social responsibility and security on
the internet, the blockchain technologies are becoming increasingly relevant. In a
system using blockchain, it is nearly impossible to forge any digital transactions, so
the credibility of such systems will surely strengthen. This approach can become
fundamental for disruptive digital business in enterprises and startups. Companies,
previously operating offline, will be able to translate the processes into the digital
environment completely.in lame lamguage this technology means the storing of the
data which can be accessed by both the buyer and seller at the same time . For
example- Google docs it can be opened by anyone at the same time.
 Fig No8- Showing the Working of Blockchain Technology

 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE -Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer

science that aims to create intelligent machines. It has become an essential part of the
technology industry. The core problems of artificial intelligence include programming
computers for certain traits such as:

1. Knowledge
2. Reasoning
3. Problem Solving
4. Perception
5. Learning
6. Planning
7. Ability to Manipulate and Move Objects

Knowledge engineering is a core part of AI research. Machines can often act and react
like humans only if they have abundant information relating to the world. Artificial
intelligence must have access to objects, categories, properties and relations between
all of them to implement knowledge engineering. Initiating common sense, reasoning
and problem-solving power in machines is a difficult and tedious task. Machine
perception deals with the capability to use sensory inputs to deduce the different
aspects of the world, while computer vision is the power to analyze visual inputs with
a few sub-problems such as facial, object and gesture recognition. Machine learning is
 also a core part of AI. Robotics is also a major field related to AI. Robots require
intelligence to handle tasks such as object manipulation and navigation, along with
sub-problems of localization, motion planning and mapping.

Technologies made through Artificial Intelligence-

 Biometrics: Enable more natural interactions between humans and machines,

including but not limited to image and touch recognition, speech, and body language.
Currently used primarily in market research.
 Robotic Process Automation: Using scripts and other methods to automate human
action to support efficient business processes. Currently used where it’s too expensive
or inefficient for humans to execute a task or a process.
 Text Analytics and NLP: Natural language processing (NLP) uses and supports text
analytics by facilitating the understanding of sentence structure and meaning,
sentiment, and intent through statistical and machine learning methods.

Fig No 9- Showing Robot made with the help of Artificial Intelligence

Find AR/