ARCH

What is an Arch?

 An Arch is astructure constructed of

wedge-shaped unit.

 It spans an opening to support the

weight of the wall and other
superimpose load.
 Terminology

1. Intrados:- This is an innercurve

of an arch.
2. Extrados:- Outer Curve of an
arch
3. Soffit:- Inner Surface of anarch.
4. Voussoirs:- These are wedge
shaped units.
5. Crown:- Highest part of extrados

Reference- B.C.Punmia
W.C.MacKay
6. Spandril:- Curved triangular
space form between extrados and
horizontal line.
7. Key:- Wedge-shaped unit fixed
at the crown of thearch.
8. Skew back:- It is inclined or
splayed surface on theabutment.
9. Springing points:- These
are the points from which the
curve of the arch spring.
10. Springing line:- It is an
imaginary line joining the
springing point of eitherends.

Reference- B.C.Punmia
W.C.MacKay
11. Abutment:-End point of
an Arch.
12. Springer:- It is the first
voussoir at springing level.
13. Pier:-Intermediate support
of an archade.
14. Arcade:- It is a rowof
arches in continuation.
15. Haunch:-Lower half of the
arch between the crown and
skew back.

Reference- B.C.Punmia
W.C.MacKay
16. Ring:-It is the circularcourse
forming an arch.
17. Impost:- It is the projecting
course at upper part of pier or
abutment to stress thespringing
line.
18. Bed Joint:-Joints between the
Voussoirs which radiate from
centre.
19. Centre or Stricking
Point:- This is geometrical
centre point from where the arc
forming the extrados, arc rings,
intrados.
20. Span:-Clear horizontal distance
between the supports.
Reference- B.C.Punmia
W.C.MacKay
 Arches are classified according to:-

1. Shape

2. Number of Centers

3. Workmanship and Material Used

Reference- B.C.Punmia
Google.com
 Classification According to Shape
Flat Arch Segmental Arch

Semi-circularArch Horse Shoe Arch

Pointed Arch
Venetian Arch

Florentine Arch Relieving Arch

Semi-Elliptical Arch
Stilted Arch

Reference- B.C.Punmia
Google.com
Flat Arch
 Forms an equilateral triangle with intrados as base( at an angle of 60°)

 Used only for light loads

 Weakest Arch

Reference- B.C.Punmia
Google.com
Segmental Arch

 Center of Arch lies below springing line.

 Thrust transferred to the abutment is in inclineddirection.

 Most Common type of Arch.

Reference- B.C.Punmia
Google.com
Semi-circular Arch
 Center Lie on Springing line
 Shape of the arch is Semi-circular
 Thrust transferred to the abutment is perfectly invertical direction

Reference- B.C.Punmia
Google.com
Horse Shoe Arch

 The arch has the shape of a horse shoe.

 Incorporating more than a semicircle.
 Mainly use for Architecturalconsideration.

Reference- B.C.Punmia
Google.com
Pointed Arch
 Also known as GothicArch.
 It consist two arc of the circle meeting at apex.
 Triangle form may be equilateral or isosceles(also known asLancet
Arch).

Reference- B.C.Punmia
Google.com
Venetian Arch
 This is another form of Pointed Arch.
 Has deeper depth at crown than springings.
 It Has four centers located onspringing line.

Reference- B.C.Punmia
Google.com
Florentine Arch
 This is similar to VenetianArch.
 Its intrados is asemicircle.
 It has three centers located onspringing line.

Reference- B.C.Punmia
Google.com
Relieving Arch
 The ends of Arch carried sufficiently intoabutment.
 Its lintel can be replaced without effecting the Arch.
 The Arch is constructed on either flat arch or wooden lintel.

Reference- B.C.Punmia
Google.com
 Stilted Arch
 An arch whose curve begins above the impost line.
 It consists a semi circular arch with two vertical portions at springings.
 The centre of the arch lies on the horizontal line.

Reference- B.C.Punmia
Google.com
Semi-Elliptical Arch
 It has shape of semi-ellipse.
 It has either three centre or five centre.
 Also called a basket-handlearch.

Reference- B.C.Punmia
Google.com
Classification According to Number Of
Centers
One-Centered Arch

Two-Centered Arch

Three-Centered Arch

Four-Centered Arch

Five-Centered Arch

Reference- B.C.Punmia
Google.com
One-Centered Arch
 It has only onecenter.
 Segmental Arches, Semicircular Arches, Flat Arches, Horse Shoe
Arches and Stilted Arches come under thisCategory.
 Sometimes full circular arch (Bulleye Arch ) provided for circular
windows.

Reference- B.C.Punmia
Google.com
Two-Centered Arch
 It has twocenters.
 Pointed Arches comes under thiscategory.
 Semi-elliptical arch and Florentine arch also comes under this category.

Reference- B.C.Punmia
Google.com
Three-Centered Arch
 It has threecenters.
 Elliptical Arches comes under thiscategory.
 Equilateral Arches also comes under this category.

Reference- B.C.Punmia
Google.com
Four-Centered Arch
 It has fourcenters.
 Venetian arch comes under this category.
 Another example is Tudorarch.

Reference- B.C.Punmia
Google.com
Five-Centered Arch

 It has five centers

 Fives centers help in getting a good semi- elliptical shape

Reference- B.C.Punmia
Google.com
Classification Based On Material And
Workmanship

Stone Arch Brick Arch

Concrete Arch Reference- B.C.Punmia

Google.com
Stone Arch
1. Rubble Arches
 Weak and use for comparatively inferior
work.
 Made by stones which are dressed, roughly
shaped and sized as voussoirs
 Mortar is used for bindingstones

2. Ashlars Arches
 Made by stones which are fully dressed and
in proper shape of voussoir.
 Lime or cement mortar is use as binding
material.
 Use for making Flatarches
Reference- B.C.Punmia
Google.com
Brick Arches
1. Rough Arch
 Made with ordinarybricks
 Joints are wedge-shaped with
greater thickness at extradosand
smaller thickness at intrados.
 Not used for exposed brickwork.

2. Axed or Rough-cut Arch

 Made with wedge shaped bricks
 Joints are of uniform thickness.
 Not so attractive due to wedge
shaped bricks which are notfinely
dressed.

Reference- B.C.Punmia
Google.com
3. Gauged Arch
 Made with bricks which areprepared to
exact size and shape of voussoir.
 Joints are fine , thinand truly radial.
 Lime putty is use as a binding material.

4. Purpose made brick Arch

 Made with special bricks which are
manufactured in exact shape and sizeof
voussoirs.
 This is very fineworkmanship.
 Lime putty is used asa binding material.

Reference- B.C.Punmia
Google.com
Concrete Arches
1. Concrete block-unit Arch
 Made with pre castedconcrete
blocks.(moulds in shape of voussoirs)
 Good appearance and size of arch
achieved due toperfections.
 Cement mortar is used asa binding
material and joints are thin.

2. Monolithic Arch
 Made with cast-in- situ concrete,either
plain or reinforced.
 Suitable for largespan.
 The thickness is 15cm for archesupto
3m span.

Reference- B.C.Punmia
Google.com