PHOEBE GAY P.

CANETE BSED 1 ENGLISH

LOGIC-study of principles of reasoning, especially of the structure of propositions a

sdistinguished from their content, and of method and validity in deductive reasoning.

PROPOSITION-is a mathematical statement such as "3 is greater than 4," "an infinite set exists,"
or "7 is prime. "With sufficient information, mathematical logic can often categorize a
proposition as true or false, although there are various exceptions (e.g., "This statement is false").

NEGATION-is the method of changing the values in a statement. For e.g. if a statement is 'true'
then its negation value is termed as 'false'. It is also denoted as 'Logical Compliment'.

TRUTH TABLE–A truth table is a breakdown of a logic function by listing all possible values
the function can attain. Such a table typically contains several rows and columns, with the top
row representing the logical variables and combinations, in increasing complexity leading up to
the final function.

TRUTH VALUE -the attribute assigned to a proposition in respect of its truth or falsehood,
which in classical logic has only two possible values (true or false).

CONJUNCTION-The truth table above lists the truth values of p q. A truth table is an excellent
tool for listing the truth values of a conjunction (or any compound statement).

DISJUNCTION-A disjunction is a compound statement formed by joining two statements with

the connector OR. The disjunction "p or q" is symbolized by p q. A disjunction is false if and
only if both statements are false; otherwise it is true.

Implication –is a type of relationship between two statements or sentences. The relation
translates verbally into "logically implies" or "if/then" and is symbolized by a double-lined arrow
pointing toward the right ( ).

Converse-Switching the hypothesis and conclusion of a conditional statement. For example, the
converse of "If it is raining then the grass is wet" is "If the grass is wet then it is raining." Note:
As in the example, a proposition may be true but have a false converse.

Contrapositive.-a proposition or theorem formed by contradicting both the subject and predicate or both
the hypothesis and conclusion of a given proposition or theorem and interchanging them "if not-B then
not-A "is the contrapositive of "if A then B ".

Inverse- operations are opposite operations. Addition is the opposite of subtraction; division is
the opposite of multiplication, and so on. Inverse operations are used to solve simple algebraic
equations to more difficult equations that involve exponents, logarithms, and trigonometry.

Bi-conditional-statement is defined to be true whenever both parts have the same truth value. The
bi-conditional operator is denoted by a double-headed arrow. b-conditional p q represents "p if
and only if q," where p is a hypothesis and q is a conclusion. Exclusive or disjoint if they cannot
both occur at the same time (be true). A clear example is the set of outcomes of a single coin toss,
which can result in either heads or tails, but not both

Expression tree - is a representation of expressions arranged in a tree-like data structure. In other

words, it is a tree with leaves as operands of the expression and nodes contain the operators. ...
Expression trees are mainly used for analyzing, evaluating and modifying expressions, especially
complex expressions.

Contradiction- consists of a logical incompatibility between two or more propositions. It occurs

when the propositions, taken together, yield two conclusions which form the logical, usually
opposite inversions of each other.

Contingency\- is the status of propositions that are neither true under every possible valuation
(i.e. tautologies) nor false under every possible valuation (i.e. contradictions). A contingent
proposition is neither necessarily true nor necessarily false.

Logical equivalence -is a type of relationship between two statements or sentences in

propositional logic or Boolean algebra. The relation translates verbally into "if and only if" and is
symbolized by a double-lined, double arrow pointing to the left and right ( ).