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ABSTRACT
As the Hadith is second major source of Islamic Sharia, therefore Sahabah & Muslim scholars
devoted their lives for compilation of Hadith. Usool e Hadith is an important knowledge and
source which provide the principles to check the level, text and narration of Hadith. The
Muhadditheen invented the principles for Usool e Hadith according to the spirit of Islam.
Pakistani scholars made their best contributions in this field by serving it in multi dimensions.
Usool-e-Hadith is a part of syllabus in Pakistani educational institutions. Along with text books of
hadith, books of Usool-e-Hadith are also included in this syllabus. In universities and Dars-e-
Nizami of Islamic maadarasah, Usool-e-Hadith is a compulsory subject.
Key words: Hdith Sciences, Pakistani Scholars, evolution of Hadith Sciences, Literary work of
pakstani scholars.
INTRODUCTION
Obedience to the Holy Prophet (SAW) Holy Prophet (SAW) but also devised
has great importance in Islam. Holy practical rules and regulations in order to
Quran ordered to follow the teachings of judge the true and false traditions. This
Holy Prophet (SAW), and warned those shows their honesty on one hand while,
who might turn away from these on the other, enriched the intellectual
teachings. Few verses in this regard are heritage for the coming generation. The
as follows: Muslims collected ahadith (sayings of
ََِواَطِ ۡیعُواِہللاَِ َوال َّرس ُۡو َلِلَ َعلَّ ُک ْمِتُرْ َح ُم ۡون the holy Prophet SAW) and transferred
(Al Quran 3:132) them to future generations with
ِ coherence and authenticity. As a result
(And obey Allah and His Messenger, so of this struggle the, hadith collection is
that mercy be on you) free from all types of doubts and
َِ ٰٰۤیاَیُّہَاِالَّذ ۡینَ ِٰا َمنُ ٰۡۤواِاَط ۡیعُواِہللاَِ َواَط ۡیعُواِال َّرس ُۡو
ل objections. Today, the entire world
(Al Quran 4:59) accepts the quality and authenticity of
(O ye who believe, obey Allah and His hadith literature. At the outset, these
Messenger) were precautionary measures, which,
ٌِح َسنَ ِۃَ ٌِرس ُۡولِہللاِاُ ْس َوۃ َ لَقَ ْدِ َکانَ ِلَ ُک ْمِف ۡی later on, turned to strong foundations of
(Al Quran 33:21) literary edifice of hadith sciences. This
(Indeed, the best model for you is article is aimed at to evaluate the
Allah's Messenger) literature of Usool-e-Hadith in Pakistan.
The companions of Prophet not only
followed the teachings of the Holy FINDINGS
Prophet in letter & spirit but also The companions of the holy Prophet
provided practical examples for rest of (SAW) had great love for him. They
the people to follow. For the obedience were the first followers of his teachings
of Prophet (SAW) it is necessary that we and they took intensive care to accept
follow his sunnah and hadith (practices the hadith. For example, Imam Dhahabi
& sayings of the holy prophet). That is writes about Hazrat Abu Bakbar (R.A)
why Muslims took such a keen interest that:
in Hadith collection, which has no match
“”کان اول من احتاط فی قبول االخبار
in human history. They not only
(Dhahabi, 1955)
collected the words or phrases of the
79 Din & Abdullah,Hadith Science
He was the first person who was highly "ان ابا الموسی االشعری جاء یستاذن علی عمر
careful in accepting hadith. فستاذن ثالثاثم رجع۔ فارسل عمر بن، بن الخطاب
جاء ت الجدہ الی ابی:"عن قبیصۃبن ذویب انہ قال مالک لم تدخل؟فقال ابو: فقال،الخطاب فی اثرہ
فقال لھا ابو بکر ؛ ما، بکر الصدیق تسئلہ میراثھا ،االستئذان ثالث: سمعت رسول ہللا ﷺیقول:موسی
لک فی کتاب ہللا شیء وما علمت لک فی سنۃ ومن یعلم:فان اذن لکم فادخل واالفارجع۔ فقال عمر
فرجعی حتی اسا ل الناس ۔،رسول ہللاﷺ شیاء ھذا؟ لئن لم تاتنی بمن یعلم ذالک الفعلن بک کذا و
: فقال المغیرہ بن شعبہ،حضرت فسال الناس "کذا
(Malik, 1997)
ھل: رسول ہللا ﷺ اعطاھا السدس۔ فقال ابوبکر
معک غیرک ؟ فقام محمد بن مسلمہ االنصاری فقال Once Abu Musa Ashari(R.A),visited
"مثل ما قال المغیرہ hazarat Umar ibn al-Khattab(R.A) and
(Malik, 1997) sought permission to enter thrice and
then turned back. Umar ibn al-
Khattab(R.A) called him back and asked
Qabesa Bin Zubaib (R.A) narrated that a
him about his action. Abu Musa replied
grandmother came to Hazrat Abu
that I heard prophet saying that the
Bakar(R.A) and demanded her share
permission of entry is thrice, if allowed,
from inheritance of his grandson, But
enter and if not, leave. Umar(R.A) said
Abu Bakar said to her that according to
who else knows about this? If you do not
Holy Quran & Sunnah you have not any
provide me the proof I will punish you.
share, go back, I will discuss. So he
In this hadith the research and
asked people about this matter. Hazrat
demanding of evidene from Hazrat Abu
Mughera Bin Shoba (R.A) told that the
Musa Ashari (R.A) verifies the Imam
Holy Prophet (SAW) granted sixth part
Dhahabi’s words. In this regard Hazrat
to grandmother. On this occasion Hazrat
Ali (R.A) used to take oath from the
Abu Bakar (R.A) asked him for a
narrator of Hadith. Imam Dhahabi
witness. Then Muhammad Bin Muslima
writes:
(R.A) stood up as a witness.
”” انہ یستحلف من یحدثہ بالحدیث
Due to this noble example of Hazrat Abu (Dhahbi, 1955)
Bakar (R.A) the theory of evidence in
hadith research, came into being.This He used to take oath from the narrator of
provided footing to the principles of any Hadith۔
hadith in future. According to Moulana Maulana Saeed Akbar Abadi derived a
Muhammad Mohtaram Fahim Usmani: result from these narrations and said:
“All the branches of knowledge which “Sahabah (R.A) was extremely careful
discuss about investigation, research and about narration and acceptance of hadith.
discovery in Hadith literature sprang out They established a special standard for
from this extreme care of Hazrat Abu the acceptance of hadith & any hadith
Bakar”. (Usmani, 1979) which met the criteria was accepted
Hazrat Umar(R.A) was too much careful frankly. In this backdrop, differentiating
in acceptance of Khabr-e-wahid. Imam line was drawn between correct and
Dhahabi writes: incorrect hadith.” (Akbar abadi, 1982)
"ھوالذی سن للمحدثین الثبت فی النقل و ربما In coming periods, the scholars
(Dhahbi, 1955) "یتوقف فی خبر الواحد اذا ارتاب established a formula to accept the
He introduced the method of presenting hadith. The formula is as under:
evidence in hadith for the muhaditheen. " فانظرو عمن تاخذون دینکم، " ان ھذا العلم دین
He was hesitant to accept hadith if he (Muslim, 1419, A.H)
felt any doubt.
This knowledge (Hadith) is the Religion, “Not any nation in the world exists, who
so check from where you are getting had invented such a great art as Asma-ul-
your religion. Rijal (a branch of hadith sciences which
This formula became a standard for the studies the lives of narrators) by the
scholars and they accepted only those Muslims, Due to which we can find the
Ahadith which fulfilled the criteria. data about half a million people.”
Later they analyised the text of the (Shibli, 1408)
hadith. Usool-e-Hadith means the rules and
About the authenticity and research, principles which are compiled by
Imam Muslim quotes the words of Imam Muhadditheen and due to which we can
Muhammad Bin Seirin: find data about narrators of hadith. We
" لم یکونوا یسالون عن االسناد فلما وقعت الفتنۃ can also evaluate their truthfulness,
قالوا سمو لنا رجالکم فینظر الی اہل السنۃ فیوخذ character, and the number of narrators in
different periods. Text of hadith is also
" حدیثھم وینظر الی اہل البدعۃ فال یؤخذ حدیثھم
evaluated. Usool-e-Hadith is based on
(Muslim, 1419, A.H) the following verses of Holy Quran.
ٌ ٌۢ ” ٰٰۤیاَیُّہَاِالَّذ ۡینَ ِٰا َمنُ ٰۡۤواِا ۡنِ َجآ َء ُک ْمِفَاس
In the beginning, Muhadditheen did not
“قِبنَبَاٍِفَتَبَیَّنُ ٰۡۤوا
ask about chain of narrators. It was only
when problem of fabrication of hadith (Al Quran 49:6)
occurred that the question about
O you who believe if you have any
narrators arose. Then Muhadditheen
immoral (irresponsible) person bring
started asking name of narrators of
some important news, you should
hadith so that the traditions of ahl-e-
analyze it
sunnat (orthodox Muslims) be accepted
The Holy Prophet said:
and those of ahl-e-bidat (innovators) be
“”کفیِبالمرءِکذباِانِیحدثِبکلِماِسمع
avoided.
This carefulness of Muhadditheen was (Bukhari, 1400A.H)
accepted as a basic principle of Usool-e-
For a false person it is enough that he
Hadith(hadith sciences). According to
narrates which he hears.
Allama Shibi Nomani:
The most important hadith about this
“Along with this, all the information
topic is:
about narrators must be collected as to
who they were, how was their character,
what were their bobbies and behavior, "سیکون فی ٰاخر امتی اناس یحدثونکم ما لم تسمعوا
how was their memory, how was their "انتم وال اباء کم فایاکم وایاھم
I.Q level were they trustworthy or not, (Muslin, 1419A.H, preface)
dull or keen observer and scholars or
ignorant? To collect this information The time is coming soon when some
was not only difficult but also people will narrate such ahadith which
impossible. Hundreds and thousands of neither you nor your elders would have
muhaddseen devoted their lives for this heard before this, so avoid them.
task. They went city to city and visited On another occasion the prophet said:
the narrators and collected information “”من تعمد علی کذبا فلیتبوا مقعدہ من النار
about them. The persons who had passed
(Bukhari, 1400A.H)
away, Muhadditheen collected the data
from their contemporaries.” (Shibli, If anyone tells a lie on me, should find
1408) his place in hell.
Molana Shibli Nomani says that this In the light of these rules, regulations,
fact has been admitted even by enemies symbols, and warnings muhaditheen
of Islam. He quotes Dr Springer: established principles for the narration of
ahadith. Different scholars defined these Mattan( text of hadith) too”. (Saleh,
rules as under: 1989)
Allama Jalal-ud-Din Suyuti, quoted Moulana Ubaid-ul-Allah Alasadi
Imam Iz-ud-Din bin Jamaa : discussed the following points of Usool-
“”علم بقوانین یعرف بھا احوال السند والمتن e-Hadith:
(i) Situation of Hadith wordings i.e. this
(Suyuti, 2003)
narration belong to whom.
Usool e hadith consist of those laws, (ii) Types of Hadith with respect to
from which we can find the true picture different conditions of Sanad and
of Sanad and Mattan.(Chain of Mattan
transmitters & text of hadith ) (iii) Rulings of different types of
According to Ibn Hijar Asqalani: ahadith.
معرفۃ القواعد التی یتوصل بھا الی معرفۃ حال (iv) Condition of narrators of Hadiththat
they are credible or not.
(Asqalani, 1996) "راوی والمرو ی
(v) Recommended conditions for the
narrators.
The knowledge of those rules which
(vi) Hadith terminology.
help us to know about the narrator & the
(vii) Books of hadith. (Asadi, 2008)
narrated.
Baqir Khakwani writes “In Usool-e-
It means to verify the truthfulness of the
Hadith the background and foreground
narrators as well as of the Ahadith which
of Hadith is discussed. Derivation of
are narrated by these people.
Hadith, narration of Hadith,
The words of Tadrib ul Ravi are as
Muhaddtheen and their efforts, their
follow:
discipline, history of hadith, books of
یعرف بہ حال راوی:" علم الحدیث درایۃ hadith, other hadith related things,
والمروی من حیث القبول والرد وما علم یعرف منہ answer to objection arisen by Muslim or
و احکامھا و، انواعھا،حقیقۃ الروایہ و شروطھا non-muslims, the new fields which are
شروطھم و اصناف المرویات وما یتعلق،حال الرواۃ discovered during the study of hadith
" بذالک e.g. Fiqh Al Hadith, Tib-e-Nabvi,
Shamail-e-Nabvi, Prophet Muhammad’s
(Suyuti, 2003) Prophecies review, Study of Hadith in
Usool e hadith is an art in which light of modern science, or such topics
acceptance and rejection of narrator and which show truthfulness of hadith are
narrated is evaluated. By using this art also discussed”. (Khakwani, 2011)
we can define the fact of narration, its The branches of knowledge which are
conditions, its varieties, its rulings, introduced and promoted due to Usool-
conditions of narrators and other e-Hadith are as follows:
adjuncts of Hadith. Jarha wa Tadel, Asma-ul-Rajal, Ilm-e-
Dr Subhi Saleh, while talking about Mukhtalif Al-hadith, wa mushkilhu,
another branch of hadith sciences Nasikh wa Mansookh, Ghareeb Al-
`darayah` says: Hadith, Asbab warud al hadith, Ilm
“The Derayat e hadith is also known as Mukhtalif Al Motalif , Atraf Al-Hadith
Usool-e-Hadith” (Saleh, 1989) etc.
Although this knowledge is considered The number of these fields is 52
to be limited only for Isnad, but it is also according to Imam Hakim. (Hakim,
related with text. So according to Dr. 2003)
Subhi Saleh: While according to Tadreeb-ul-Ravi the
“According to Usool-e-Hadith it is clear total number these uloom is 100. (Suyuti,
that it deals not only with Isnad (chain of 2003)
transmitters) but it also consists of
that he got the idea of this book from a specialization in Uloom-ul hadith. This
booklet Husan-ul-Nazar whose writer is composition is about Usool-e-Hadith.
Moulana Abdur Rahman. (Palan puri, Dr. Siraj-ul-Islam is co-writer of this
1415A.H) The translator has written the book. The following chapters of Usool-
book with Airab. So it is easy to learn it e-Hadith are discussed in this book.
by heart. After this text there is urdu Usool-e-Hadith and its evolution, Terms
translation, which is very simple and of hadith, division of hadith with respect
clear. Text of original book is also to narrators, types of hadith with respect
included, and terms are defined. to acceptance and rejection, division of
The booklet is explanation and hadith with respect to Masnad aali,
commentary of most important books of common things between maqbool and
Usool-e-Hadith, which is not only useful mardood, condition for acceptance of
for students to understand hadith but also narrator, types of hadith, unavailability
will help to understand the explanation of sources, types of hadith narrations, the
of Nukhba. The book is published by method for the derivation of hadith, and
Madni Kutab Khana, Buffer zone, Jara-wa-Tadeel. (Zafar, 2007)
Karachi. The number of pages is 88. The unique characteristic of this book is
TOHFA AHL-UL-NAZAR FI MUSTLH that summary of each chapter is given at
AHL-UL KHABR (Moulana Abdul Jalil the end of chapter. It is a useful
Athari) 1998. technique for those who cannot read the
In this book all the necessary discussions whole book due to shortage of time. The
of Usool-e-Hadith are added. History of book is published by Maktaba Qudusia,
Usool-e-Hadith is described in preface Lahore, and consists of 400 pages.
and then presented a gradual sketch, of
the work done in this field. (Athari, Alloom-Ul-Hadith Fanny, Fikri Aor
1998, preface) Tareekhi Mutalia.
The book is divided into five chapters (Dr. Abdur Raouf Zafar) 2009.
and each chapter has four sections: According to Dr. Abdul Jabbar Shakir,
In chapter one types of hadith, Khabr-e- this book is the most popular book on
Maqbool and its types, Khabr-e- Uloom-ul-Hadith, and will be included
mardood and its types and common among five top quality books due to its
things between maqbool & mardood are comprehensiveness, importance and
discussed. In chapter two the originality. (Zafar, 2009)
characteristics of Ravi (narrator) are In this book so many topics are
described. Third chapter is about Jarah- discussed that it looks like an ocean of
wa-Tadeel, fourth is about rules of knowledge. The major subjects which
narration, Isnad and related explanations are discussed are:
are included in chapter five. References Hadith Terminology , Status of hadith,
exist at the end of each chapter. Orientalists and hadith, Asma-ur-Rajal,
Similarly Urdu words are used for Jarah wa Tadeel, Art of takhreej, types
Arabic terminology. A brief list of of hadith, history of hadith &
sources is added at the end of book. The Muhaddatheen, Translations of hadith,
book is published by Nadwa-tul- Fiqh-ul-hadith, Explanatioins of hadith,
Muhadditheen Gujranwala. The book and dictionaries of hadith. All these
consists of 320 pages. main topics are divided into sub-topics
and every entry has authentic references.
Al-Tahdith Fi Ulloom Hadith Munkreen-e-hadith(rejecter of hadith) of
(Dr. Abdur Rouf Zafar) 2008. sub-content are focused, and objections
Dr. Abdur Rouf Zafar is well known raised by them are discussed.
scholar of Pakistan. He has
Mohammad, A. Naishapuri(2003).
REFERENCES:
“Marfat Uloom ul Hadith”,Dar Ibn e
Abdul Jalil, A. (1998). “Tohfa ahl e
Hazm, Beirut , p: 734
Nazr fi Mustaleh Ahlil Khabar”, Nadwa
tul muhadeseen, Gujranwala, preface
Mohtarm Faheem, U. (1979). “Hiffazat
wa Hujiat e hadith”, Dar ul kutab,
Abdul Rauf, Z. (2007). “Altahdees fi
Lahore, p: 238
Uloom ul Hadith”,Maktaba Qudusia,
Lahore, p:16
Muslim ,H. Alqushyri,(1419A.H). “
Sahih Muslim”, Muqadma, bab isnad
Abdul Rauf, Z.(2009). “Uloom ul
min al din, Darussalam, Riyadh, preface
Hadith,fanny fikri aur tarikhi tajzia”,
Nashriat, Lahore, p:17
Obaidullah, A.(2008). “Uloom ul
Hadith”, Idara almaaref , Karachi , p:
Al-Dhahabi, A.A., (1955). “ Tazkira tul
39
huffaz”, Daira al maarif usmaniah,
Deccan, Vol:1, p: 2