ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to avail this opportunity to thank all of the people who have stood by
me in, encouraged me, inspired me and have contributed greatly in providing me in with
the joy of achievement and thrill of creative effort experienced by me all the way through
the accomplishment of the seminar work.
It’s my greatest privilege to express gratitude to my project guide Mr.
Nandeesh.M., Asst. Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department for his excellent
guidance, constant encouragement and help. Under his constant presence and valuable
advice has led to the completion of this seminar.
I would like to take this opportunity to express our gratitude for the support and
guidance of Project Coordinator Mr. Shivakant M., Asst. Professor, Mechanical
Engineering Department.
I wish to express my sincere thanks to Mr. Nandeesh M., Professor and HOD,
Mechanical Engineering Department for her valuable suggestions, help and support.
I sincerely thank Dr. Sunil Kumar D, Principal of AGMRCET, Varur for the
support he had provided in permitting me to undertake this Seminar Work.

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 ABSTRACT

Now a day’s Chula are very useful for utilizing the waste solid fuels like wood,
cow dung, dry leaves, waste polythene, rice husk, coconut husk etc. These Chula can be
used in rural areas. They have characteristics like low smoke, economical, maximum heat
in less possible time.
Gas calorimeters are widely used to find the calorific value of the gaseous fuel of
wide range.A calorimeter is an object used for the process of measuring the heat of
chemical reactions or physical changes as well as heat capacity. A simple calorimeter just
consists of a thermometer attached to a metal container full of water suspended above a
combustion chamber.
On the basis of these two apparatus we are trying to determine the calorific value
of gaseous and solid fuels. Therefore we are fabricating and designing the apparatus in
such a way that, first the gas calorimeter for determining the heating value of gaseous fuel
that is LPG and the other one is the chulah for solid fuels. The chulah is designed to burn
the solid fuel efficiently. Both the experiments will be conducted on the same setup, it
means by keeping the heat exchanger remains same and changing the arrangement of heat
sources.
If present trend continues, the world in the year 2020 A.D. will be more crowded
than that of today. The world population may reach 10 billion by 2020 A.D. the
conventional energy sources are depleting and may be exhausted by the beginning of
next century. Nuclear energy requires skilled technician and poses the safety as regards
to radioactive waste disposal. Solar energy and other non-conventional energy sources
are to be utilized in future.
Coal has the potential to contribute substantially to the future energy supplies.
Coal reserves are abundant but taking advantages of them requires an active program of
development by both producers and consumers.Natural gas reserves are large enough to
meet projected demand provided the incentives are sufficient to encourage development
of extensive and costly intercontinental gas transportation system.

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 CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
ABSTRACT iv
CONTENTS v
LIST OF FIGURES vi

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 History of small hydro power plant 1
1.1.1 Types of small hydro power plants 1
1.1.2 System components required for small hydro power plant 1
1.2 Small hydro power plant 2
2
2 LITERATURE SURVEY 3
3
3
3 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF OLD SYSTEM 5
4 ADVANCED SYSTEM WORKING 6
4.1 Specimen Preparation 6
4.2 Design and Calculations 6
4.3 Estimation and Costing 7
5 COMPARISIONS BETWEEN SYSTEMS 7
5.1 Linear Stress Distribution 7
5.2 Life Prediction Based on Stress Rupture 7
CONCLUSIONS 8
REFERENCES 9

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Name of the Figures Page No.

Figure 2.1 Droplet Distribution 4

Figure 3.1 Burner Design 5

Impact Specimen 6
Figure 4.1

vi
 LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Name of the Tables Page No.

Table 2.1 Pressure Loss Coefficient 4

Table 4.1 Estimation and Cost of Project 7

Table 5.1 Stress Comparison 8

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 NOMENCLATURE
Symbol Parameters

A: Nominal Area
τ: Tangential Stress
Ө: Angular Displacement
D: Inner Diameter
L: Length
m: Mass of object
CP: Specific heat of material
h: Heat Transfer Coefficient
∆T: Temperature Difference
Q: Heat Transfer at Surface

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