ApplicationsEdit

NDT is used in a variety of settings that covers a wide range of industrial activity,
with new NDT methods and applications, being continuously developed.
Nondestructive testing methods are routinely applied in industries where a failure
of a component would cause significant hazard or economic loss, such as in
transportation, pressure vessels, building structures, piping, and hoisting
equipment.

Weld verificationEdit

1. Section of material with a surface-breaking crack that is not visible to the naked eye.
2. Penetrant is applied to the surface.
3. Excess penetrant is removed.
4. Developer is applied, rendering the crack visible.

In manufacturing, welds are commonly used to join two or more metal parts.
Because these connections may encounter loads and fatigue during product
lifetime, there is a chance that they may fail if not created to proper specification.
For example, the base metal must reach a certain temperature during the welding
process, must cool at a specific rate, and must be welded with compatible materials
or the joint may not be strong enough to hold the parts together, or cracks may
form in the weld causing it to fail. The typical welding defects (lack of fusion of the
weld to the base metal, cracks or porosity inside the weld, and variations in weld
density) could cause a structure to break or a pipeline to rupture.
Welds may be tested using NDT techniques such as industrial
radiography or industrial CT scanning using X-rays or gamma rays, ultrasonic
testing, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle inspection or via eddy current.
In a proper weld, these tests would indicate a lack of cracks in the radiograph,
show clear passage of sound through the weld and back, or indicate a clear surface
without penetrant captured in cracks.
Welding techniques may also be actively monitored with acoustic emission
techniques before production to design the best set of parameters to use to
 properly join two materials.[5] In the case of high stress or safety critical welds,
weld monitoring will be employed to confirm the specified welding parameters
(arc current, arc voltage, travel speed, heat input etc.) are being adhered to those
stated in the welding procedure. This verifies the weld as correct to procedure
prior to nondestructive evaluation and metallurgy tests.
Structural mechanicsEdit
Structure can be complex systems that undergo different loads during their
lifetime, e.g. Lithium-ion batteries.[6] Some complex structures, such as the turbo
machinery in a liquid-fuel rocket, can also cost millions of dollars. Engineers will
commonly model these structures as coupled second-order systems,
approximating dynamic structure components with springs, masses, and dampers.
The resulting sets of differential equations are then used to derive a transfer
function that models the behavior of the system.
In NDT, the structure undergoes a dynamic input, such as the tap of a hammer or a
controlled impulse. Key properties, such as displacement or accelerationat
different points of the structure, are measured as the corresponding output. This
output is recorded and compared to the corresponding output given by the transfer
function and the known input. Differences may indicate an inappropriate model
(which may alert engineers to unpredicted instabilities or performance outside of
tolerances), failed components, or an inadequate control system.
Reference standards, which are structures that intentionally flawed in order to be
compared with components intended for use in the field, are often used in NDT.
Reference standards can be with many NDT techniques, such as UT[7], RT[8] and VT.
Relation to medical proceduresEdit

Chest radiography indicating a peripheral bronchial carcinoma.

Several NDT methods are related to clinical procedures, such as radiography,

ultrasonic testing, and visual testing. Technological improvements or upgrades in
these NDT methods have migrated over from medical equipment advances,
including digital radiography (DR), phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT),
and endoscopy (borescope or assisted visual inspection).
Notable events in early academic and industrial NDTEdit
 1854 Hartford, Connecticut – A boiler at the Fales and Gray Car works explodes, killing 21
people and seriously injuring 50. Within a decade, the State of Connecticut passes a law
requiring annual inspection (in this case visual) of boilers.
 1880–1920 – The "Oil and Whiting" method of crack detection[9] is used in the railroad
industry to find cracks in heavy steel parts. (A part is soaked in thinned oil, then painted
with a white coating that dries to a powder. Oil seeping out from cracks turns the white
powder brown, allowing the cracks to be detected.) This was the precursor to modern
liquid penetrant tests.
 1895 – Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovers what are now known as X-rays. In his first
paper he discusses the possibility of flaw detection.
 1920 – Dr. H. H. Lester begins development of industrial radiography for metals.
 1924 – Lester uses radiography to examine castings to be installed in a Boston Edison
Company steam pressure power plant.
 1926 – The first electromagnetic eddy current instrument is available to measure material
thicknesses.
 1927-1928 – Magnetic induction system to detect flaws in railroad track developed by Dr.
Elmer Sperry and H.C. Drake.
 1929 – Magnetic particle methods and equipment pioneered (A.V. DeForest and F.B.
Doane.)
 1930s – Robert F. Mehl demonstrates radiographic imaging using gamma radiation from
Radium, which can examine thicker components than the low-energy X-ray
machines available at the time.
 1935–1940 – Liquid penetrant tests developed (Betz, Doane, and DeForest)
 1935–1940s – Eddy current instruments developed (H.C. Knerr, C. Farrow, Theo Zuschlag,
and Fr. F. Foerster).
 1940–1944 – Ultrasonic test method developed in USA by Dr. Floyd Firestone, who applies
for a U.S. invention patent for same on May 27, 1940 and is issued the U.S. patent as grant
no. 2,280,226 on April 21, 1942. Extracts from the first two paragraphs of this seminal
patent for a nondestructive testing method succinctly describe the basics of ultrasonic
testing. "My invention pertains to a device for detecting the presence of inhomogeneities of
density or elasticity in materials. For instance if a casting has a hole or a crack within it, my
device allows the presence of the flaw to be detected and its position located, even though
the flaw lies entirely within the casting and no portion of it extends out to the surface."
Additionally, "The general principle of my device consists of sending high frequency
vibrations into the part to be inspected, and the determination of the time intervals of
arrival of the direct and reflected vibrations at one or more stations on the surface of the
part." Medical echocardiography is an offshoot of this technology.[10]
 1946 – First neutron radiographs produced by Peters.
 1950 – The Schmidt Hammer (also known as "Swiss Hammer") is invented. The instrument
uses the world’s first patented non-destructive testing method for concrete.
 1950 – J. Kaiser introduces acoustic emission as an NDT method.

(Basic Source for above: Hellier, 2001) Note the number of advancements made
during the WWII era, a time when industrial quality control was growing in
importance.
 1963 – Frederick G. Weighart's[11] and James F. McNulty (U.S. radio engineer)'s[12] co-
invention of Digital radiography is an offshoot of the pairs development of nondestructive
test equipment at Automation Industries, Inc., then, in El Segundo, California. See James F.
McNulty also at article Ultrasonic testing.
 1996 – Rolf Diederichs founded the first Open Access NDT Journal in the Internet. Today
the Open Access NDT Database NDT.net
 2008 – Academia NDT International has been officially founded and has its base office in
Brescia (Italy) www.academia-ndt.org
 Methods and techniquesEdit

An example of a 3D replicating technique. The flexible high-resolution replicas allow surfaces to be

examined and measured under laboratory conditions. A replica can be taken from all solid materials.

NDT is divided into various methods of nondestructive testing, each based on a

particular scientific principle. These methods may be further subdivided into
various techniques. The various methods and techniques, due to their particular
natures, may lend themselves especially well to certain applications and be of little
or no value at all in other applications. Therefore, choosing the right method and
technique is an important part of the performance of NDT.
 Acoustic emission testing (AE or AT)
 Blue etch anodize (BEA)
 Dye penetrant inspection or liquid penetrant testing (PT or LPI)
 Electromagnetic testing (ET) or electromagnetic inspection (commonly known as "EMI")
o Alternating current field measurement (ACFM)
o Alternating current potential drop measurement (ACPD)
o Barkhausen testing
o Direct current potential drop measurement(DCPD)
o Eddy-current testing (ECT)
o Magnetic flux leakage testing (MFL) for pipelines, tank floors, and wire rope
o Magnetic-particle inspection (MT or MPI)
o Magnetovision
o Remote field testing (RFT)
 Ellipsometry
 Endoscope inspection
 Guided wave testing (GWT)
 Hardness testing
 Impulse excitation technique (IET)
 Microwave imaging


X-Ray, Optical and Terahertz image of a packaged IC. [13]

Terahertz nondestructive evaluation (THz)

 Infrared and thermal testing (IR)
o Thermographic inspection
o Scanning thermal microscopy
 Laser testing
Electronic speckle pattern interferometry
o
Holographic interferometry
o
Self-mixing laser interferometry
o
Low coherence interferometry
o
Optical coherence tomography (OCT)
o
Profilometry
o
Shearography
o
 Leak testing (LT) or Leak detection
o Hydrostatic test
o Absolute pressure leak testing (pressure change)

o Bubble testing
o Halogen diode leak testing
o Hydrogen leak testing
o Mass spectrometer leak testing
o Tracer-gas leak testing method for helium, hydrogen and refrigerant gases
 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and NMR spectroscopy
 Metallographic replicas[14][15]
 Spectroscopy
o Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)
o Mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIR)
o (Far-infrared =) Terahertz spectroscopy
o Raman Spectroscopy
 Optical microscopy
 Positive material identification (PMI)
 Radiographic testing (RT) (see also Industrial radiography and Radiography)
o Computed radiography
o Digital radiography (real-time)
o Neutron imaging
o SCAR (small controlled area radiography)
o X-ray computed tomography (CT)
 Resonant inspection
o Resonant acoustic method (RAM)[16]
 Scanning electron microscopy
 Surface temper etch (Nital Etch)
 Ultrasonic testing (UT)
o Acoustic resonance technology (ART)
o Angle beam testing

o Electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) (non-contact)

o Laser ultrasonics (LUT)
o Internal rotary inspection system (IRIS) ultrasonics for tubes
o Phased array ultrasonics (PAUT)
 Thickness measurement
o Time of flight diffraction ultrasonics (TOFD)
o Time-of-flight ultrasonic determination of 3D elastic constants (TOF)
 Vibration analysis
 Visual inspection (VT)
o Pipeline video inspection
 Weight and load testing of structures
 Corroscan/C-scan
 3D computed tomography
o Industrial CT scanning
 Heat Exchanger Life Assessment System
 RTJ Flange Special Ultrasonic Testing

Personnel training, qualification and certificationEdit

Successful and consistent application of nondestructive testing techniques depends
heavily on personnel training, experience and integrity. Personnel involved in
application of industrial NDT methods and interpretation of results should be
certified, and in some industrial sectors certification is enforced by law or by the
applied codes and standards.[17]
NDT professionals and managers who seek to further their growth, knowledge and
experience to remain competitive in the rapidly advancing technology field of
nondestructive testing should consider joining NDTMA, a member organization of
NDT Managers and Executives who work to provide a forum for the open exchange
of managerial, technical and regulatory information critical to the successful
management of NDT personnel and activities. Their annual conference at the
Golden Nugget in Las Vegas is a popular for its informative and relevant
programming and exhibition space

Certification schemesEdit
There are two approaches in personnel certification:[18]
1. Employer Based Certification: Under this concept the employer compiles their
own Written Practice. The written practice defines the responsibilities of each level of
certification, as implemented by the company, and describes the training, experience and
examination requirements for each level of certification. In industrial sectors the written
practices are usually based on recommended practice SNT-TC-1A of the American Society
for Nondestructive Testing.[19] ANSI standard CP-189 outlines requirements for any
written practice that conforms to the standard.[20] For aviation, space, and defense (ASD)
applications NAS 410 sets further requirements for NDT personnel, and is published by
AIA – Aerospace Industries Association, which is made up of US aerospace airframe and
powerplant manufacturers. This is the basis document for EN 4179[21] and other (USA)
NIST-recognized aerospace standards for the Qualification and Certification (employer-
based) of Nondestructive Testing personnel. NAS 410 also sets the requirements also for
"National NDT Boards", which allow and proscribe personal certification schemes. NAS
410 allows ASNT Certification as a portion of the qualifications needed for ASD
certification.[22]
2. Personal Central Certification: The concept of central certification is that an NDT
operator can obtain certification from a central certification authority, that is recognized
by most employers, third parties and/or government authorities. Industrial standards for
central certification schemes include ISO 9712,[23] and ANSI/ASNT CP-106[24] (used for
the ASNT ACCP [25]scheme). Certification under these standards involves training, work
experience under supervision and passing a written and practical examination set up by
 the independent certification authority. EN 473[26] was another central certification
scheme, very similar to ISO 9712, which was withdrawn when CEN replaced it with EN ISO
9712 in 2012.

In the United States employer based schemes are the norm, however central
certification schemes exist as well. The most notable is ASNT Level III (established
in 1976-1977), which is organized by the American Society for Nondestructive
Testing for Level 3 NDT personnel.[27] NAVSEA 250-1500 is another US central
certification scheme, specifically developed for use in the naval nuclear
program.[28]
Central certification is more widely used in the European Union, where
certifications are issued by accredited bodies (independent organizations
conforming to ISO 17024 and accredited by a national accreditation authority like
UKAS). The Pressure Equipment Directive (97/23/EC) actually enforces central
personnel certification for the initial testing of steam boilers and some categories
of pressure vessels and piping.[29] European Standards harmonized with this
directive specify personnel certification to EN 473. Certifications issued by a
national NDT society which is a member of the European Federation of
NDT (EFNDT) are mutually acceptable by the other member societies [30] under a
multilateral recognition agreement.
Canada also implements an ISO 9712 central certification scheme, which is
administered by Natural Resources Canada, a government department.[31][32][33]
The aerospace sector worldwide sticks to employer based schemes.[34] In America
it is based mostly on AIA-NAS-410 [35] and in the European Union on the equivalent
and very similar standard EN 4179.[21]However EN 4179:2009 includes an option
for central qualification and certification by a National aerospace NDT
board or NANDTB (paragraph 4.5.2).
Levels of certificationEdit
Most NDT personnel certification schemes listed above specify three "levels" of
qualification and/or certification, usually designated as Level 1, Level 2and Level
3 (although some codes specify Roman numerals, like Level II). The roles and
responsibilities of personnel in each level are generally as follows (there are slight
differences or variations between different codes and standards):[23][21]
 Level 1 are technicians qualified to perform only specific calibrations and tests under close
supervision and direction by higher level personnel. They can only report test results.
Normally they work following specific work instructions for testing procedures and
rejection criteria.
 Level 2 are engineers or experienced technicians who are able to set up and calibrate
testing equipment, conduct the inspection according to codes and standards (instead of
following work instructions) and compile work instructions for Level 1 technicians. They
are also authorized to report, interpret, evaluate and document testing results. They can
also supervise and train Level 1 technicians. In addition to testing methods, they must be
familiar with applicable codes and standards and have some knowledge of the
manufacture and service of tested products.
 Level 3 are usually specialized engineers or very experienced technicians. They can
establish NDT techniques and procedures and interpret codes and standards. They also
direct NDT laboratories and have central role in personnel certification. They are expected
to have wider knowledge covering materials, fabrication and product technology.
TerminologyEdit
The standard US terminology for Nondestructive testing is defined in standard
ASTM E-1316.[36] Some definitions may be different in European standard EN
1330.
Indication
The response or evidence from an examination, such as a blip on the screen of an
instrument. Indications are classified as true or false. False indications are those
caused by factors not related to the principles of the testing method or by improper
implementation of the method, like film damage in radiography, electrical
interference in ultrasonic testing etc. True indications are further classified
as relevant and non relevant. Relevant indications are those caused by flaws. Non
relevant indications are those caused by known features of the tested object, like
gaps, threads, case hardening etc.
Interpretation
Determining if an indication is of a type to be investigated. For example, in
electromagnetic testing, indications from metal loss are considered flaws because
they should usually be investigated, but indications due to variations in the
material properties may be harmless and nonrelevant.
Flaw
A type of discontinuity that must be investigated to see if it is rejectable. For
example, porosity in a weld or metal loss.
Evaluation
Determining if a flaw is rejectable. For example, is porosity in a weld larger than
acceptable by code?
Defect
A flaw that is rejectable – i.e. does not meet acceptance criteria. Defects are
generally removed or repaired.[36]

Reliability and statisticsEdit

Probability of detection (POD) tests are a standard way to evaluate a
nondestructive testing technique in a given set of circumstances, for example
"What is the POD of lack of fusion flaws in pipe welds using manual ultrasonic
testing?" The POD will usually increase with flaw size. A common error in POD tests
is to assume that the percentage of flaws detected is the POD, whereas the
percentage of flaws detected is merely the first step in the analysis. Since the
number of flaws tested is necessarily a limited number (non-infinite), statistical
methods must be used to determine the POD for all possible defects, beyond the
limited number tested. Another common error in POD tests is to define the
statistical sampling units (test items) as flaws, whereas a true sampling unit is an
item that may or may not contain a flaw.[37][38]Three key parameters in reliability
evaluation of nondestructive testing methods are a50, a90 and a90/95. a90 and
a90 refer to length of defects that your desired nondestructive testing technique is
capable to detect with 50% and 90% probabilities, respectively. If a 95% degree of
 confidence is also considered in determination of defect length with 90%
probability, it is a90/95.[39]Guidelines for correct application of statistical methods
to POD tests can be found in ASTM E2862 Standard Practice for Probability of
Detection Analysis for Hit/Miss Data and MIL-HDBK-1823A Nondestructive
Evaluation System Reliability Assessment, from the U.S. Department of Defense
Handbook.
See alsoEdit
 Destructive testing
 Failure analysis
 Forensic engineering
 Inspection
 Magnetovision
 Maintenance testing
 Materials science – Interdisciplinary field which deals with discovery and design of new
materials, primarily of physical and chemical properties of solids
 Predictive maintenance
 Product certification
 Quality control – Project management process making sure produced products are good
 Reliability engineering
 Risk-based inspection
 Robotic non-destructive testing
 Stress testing
 Terahertz nondestructive evaluation

ReferencesEdit
1. ^ a b Cartz, Louis (1995). Nondestructive Testing. A S M International. ISBN 978-0-87170-
517-4.
2. ^ Charles Hellier (2003). Handbook of Nondestructive Evaluation. McGraw-Hill.
p. 1.1. ISBN 978-0-07-028121-9.
3. ^ "Introduction to Nondestructive Testing". asnt.org.
4. ^ Bridges, Andrew. "High Speed Cameras for Non-Destructive Testing". NASA TechBriefs.
Retrieved 1 November 2013.
5. ^ Blitz, Jack; G. Simpson (1991). Ultrasonic Methods of Non-Destructive Testing. Springer-
Verlag New York, LLC. ISBN 978-0-412-60470-6.
6. ^ Waldmann, T. (2014). "A Mechanical Aging Mechanism in Lithium-Ion Batteries". Journal of
the Electrochemical Society. 161 (10): A1742–A1747. doi:10.1149/2.1001410jes.
7. ^ "EDM Notch Reference Standards » PH Tool". customers.phtool.com.
8. ^ "Radiography (RT) Reference Standards » PH Tool". customers.phtool.com.
9. ^ "History of PI". www.ndt-ed.org.
10. ^ Singh S, Goyal A (2007). "The origin of echocardiography: a tribute to Inge Edler". Tex
Heart Inst J. 34 (4): 431–8. PMC 2170493. PMID 18172524.
11. ^ U.S. Patent 3,277,302, titled "X-Ray Apparatus Having Means for Supplying An
Alternating Square Wave Voltage to the X-Ray Tube", granted to Weighart on October 4,
1964, showing its patent application date as May 10, 1963 and at lines 1-6 of its column 4,
also, noting James F. McNulty’s earlier filed co-pending application for an essential
component of invention
12. ^ U.S. Patent 3,289,000, titled "Means for Separately Controlling the Filament Current and
Voltage on a X-Ray Tube", granted to McNulty on November 29, 1966 and showing its
patent application date as March 5, 1963
13. ^ Ahi, Kiarash (2018). "A Method and System for Enhancing the Resolution of Terahertz
Imaging". Measurement. doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2018.06.044.
14. ^ ASTM E1351: "Standard Practice for Production and Evaluation of Field Metallographic
Replicas" (2006)
15. ^ BS ISO 3057 "Non-destructive testing - Metallographic replica techniques of surface
examination" (1998)
16. ^ "Fundamentals of Resonant Acoustic Method NDT" (2005)
17. ^ "ICNDT Guide to Qualification and Certification of Personnel for NDT" (PDF). International
Committee for NDT. 2012.
18. ^ John Thompson (November 2006). Global review of qualification and certification of
personnel for NDT and condition monitoring. 12th A-PCNDT 2006 – Asia-Pacific Conference
on NDT. Auckland, New Zealand.
19. ^ Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A: Personnel Qualification and Certification in
Nondestructive Testing, (2006)
20. ^ ANSI/ASNT CP-189: ASNT Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive
Testing Personnel, (2006)
21. ^ a b c EN 4179: "Aerospace series. Qualification and approval of personnel for non-
destructive testing" (2009)
22. ^ AIA NAS410
23. ^ a b ISO 9712: Non-destructive testing -- Qualification and certification of NDT
personnel(2012)
24. ^ ANSI/ASNT CP-106: "ASNT Standard for Qualification and Certification of
Nondestructive Testing Personnel" (2008)
25. ^ "ASNT Central Certification Program", ASNT Document ACCP-CP-1, Rev. 7 (2010)
26. ^ EN 473: Non-destructive testing. Qualification and certification of NDT personnel. General
principles, (2008)
27. ^ Charles Hellier (2003). Handbook of Nondestructive Evaluation. McGraw-Hill.
p. 1.25. ISBN 978-0-07-028121-9.
28. ^ Charles Hellier (2003). Handbook of Nondestructive Evaluation. McGraw-Hill.
p. 1.26. ISBN 978-0-07-028121-9.
29. ^ Directive 97/23/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 May 1997 on the
approximation of the laws of the Member States concerning pressure equipment, Annex I,
paragraph 3.1.3
30. ^ EFNDT/SEC/P/05-006: Agreement for EFNDT multilateral recognition of NDT personnel
certification schemes (2005)
31. ^ http://www.nrcan-rncan.gc.ca/smm-mms/ndt-end/index-eng.htm : The NDT Certifying
Agency (CANMET-MTL)
32. ^ The relevant national standard for Canada is CAN/CGSB-48.9712-2006 "Qualification
and Certification of Non-Destructive Testing Personnel.", which complies with the
requirements of ISO 9712:2005 and EN 473:2000.
33. ^ Charles Hellier (2003). Handbook of Nondestructive Evaluation. McGraw-Hill.
p. 1.27. ISBN 978-0-07-028121-9.
34. ^ R. Marini and P. Ranos: "Current Issues in Qualification and Certification of Non-
Destructive Testing Personnel in the Aerospace Industry", ECNDT 2006 - Th.3.6.5
35. ^ AIA-NAS-410: "Aerospace Industries Association, National Aerospace Standard, NAS
Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive Test Personnel"
36. ^ a b ASTM E-1316: "Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations", The
American Society for Testing and Materials, in Volume 03.03 NDT, 1997
37. ^ T. Oldberg and R. Christensen (1999). "Erratic Measure". 4 (5). NDT.net.
38. ^ T. Oldberg (2005). "An Ethical Problem in the Statistics of Defect Detection Test
Reliability". 10 (5). NDT.net.
39. ^ Abolfazl Zolfaghari, Amin Zolfaghari, Farhad Kolahan (2018) "Reliability and sensitivity
of magnetic particle nondestructive testing in detecting surface cracks of welded
components”, Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation, 33 (3), 290-
300. https://doi.org/10.1080/10589759.2018.1428322
 BibliographyEdit
 ASTM International, ASTM Volume 03.03 Nondestructive Testing
o ASTM E1316-13a: "Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations" (2013)
 ASNT, Nondestructive Testing Handbook
 Bray, D.E. and R.K. Stanley, 1997, Nondestructive Evaluation: A Tool for Design,
Manufacturing and Service; CRC Press, 1996.
 Charles Hellier (2003). Handbook of Nondestructive Evaluation. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-
028121-9.
 Shull, P.J., Nondestructive Evaluation: Theory, Techniques, and Applications, Marcel Dekker
Inc., 2002.
 EN 1330: Non-destructive testing. Terminology. Nine parts. Parts 5 and 6 replaced by
equivalent ISO standards.
o EN 1330-1: Non-destructive testing. Terminology. List of general terms (1998)
o EN 1330-2: Non-destructive testing. Terminology. Terms common to the non-destructive
testing methods (1998)
o EN 1330-3: Non-destructive testing. Terminology. Terms used in industrial radiographic
testing (1997)
o EN 1330-4: Non-destructive testing. Terminology. Terms used in ultrasonic testing (2010)
o EN 1330-7: Non-destructive testing. Terminology. Terms used in magnetic particle
testing (2005)
o EN 1330-8: Non-destructive testing. Terminology. Terms used in leak tightness
testing (1998)
o EN 1330-9: Non-destructive testing. Terminology. Terms used in acoustic emission
testing (2009)
o EN 1330-10: Non-destructive testing. Terminology. Terms used in visual testing (2003)
o EN 1330-11: Non-destructive testing. Terminology. Terms used in X-ray diffraction from
polycrystalline and amorphous materials (2007)
 ISO 12706: Non-destructive testing. Penetrant testing. Vocabulary (2009)
 ISO 12718: Non-destructive testing. Eddy current testing. Vocabulary (2008)