R42-06 Desarrollo Plan Aseguramiento Calidad MAC

Standard Practice for
Developing a Quality Assurance

Plan for Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA)
AASHTO Designation: R 42-06 (2016)1

Tech Section: 5c, Quality Assurance and Environmental
Release: Group 1 (April 2016)
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

444 North Capitol Street N.W., Suite 249
Washington, D.C. 20001
Accessed by account: (UCR) Universidad de Costa Rica | Date: Sun Oct 29 20:38:18 2017 | IP address: 163.178.101.228
Standard Practice for
Developing a Quality Assurance

Plan for Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA)
AASHTO Designation: R 42-06 (2016) 1

Tech Section: 5c, Quality Assurance
and Environmental
Release: Group 1 (April 2016)
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. This standard practice presents specific details necessary to effectively control the production and
placement of hot mix asphalt (HMA).
1.2. This standard practice may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This
standard practice does not purport to address all of the safety concerns associated with its use. It
is the responsibility of the user of this standard practice to establish appropriate safety and health
practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. SCOPE
2.1. This standard practice provides the necessary quality assurance plan for control, verification, and
acceptance of HMA pavement. It contains requirements for both quality control and acceptance.
2.1.1. This standard practice provides framework for a quality control plan that establishes minimum
requirements and activities for a contractor’s quality control (QC) system related to HMA
production and placement. These requirements include a listing of the inspections and tests
necessary to substantiate material and product conformance to the specifications. The primary
method of field quality control employs the use of the Superpave gyratory compactor and
evaluation of the volumetric properties of the mix.
2.1.2. This standard practice also provides framework for a plan that establishes acceptance requirements
for an agency’s assessment and acceptance of an HMA project.
2.2. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
3. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
3.1. AASHTO Standards:
 M 320, Performance-Graded Asphalt Binder
 M 323, Superpave Volumetric Mix Design
 M 332 Performance-Graded Asphalt Binder Using Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR)
Test
 R 9, Acceptance Sampling Plans for Highway Construction
TS-5c R 42-1 AASHTO

© 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.
 R 10, Definition of Terms Related to Quality and Statistics as Used in Highway Construction
 R 18, Establishing and Implementing a Quality Management System for Construction
Materials Testing Laboratories
 R 26, Certifying Suppliers of Performance-Graded Asphalt Binders
 R 30, Mixture Conditioning of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA)
 R 35, Superpave Volumetric Design for Asphalt Mixtures
 R 46, Designing Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA)
 R 66, Sampling Asphalt Materials
 R 76, Reducing Samples of Aggregate to Testing Size
 T 2, Sampling of Aggregates
 T 27, Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates
 T 30, Mechanical Analysis of Extracted Aggregate
 T 164, Quantitative Extraction of Asphalt Binder from Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA)
 T 166, Bulk Specific Gravity (Gmb) of Compacted Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Using Saturated
Surface-Dry Specimens
 T 168, Sampling Bituminous Paving Mixtures
 T 176, Plastic Fines in Graded Aggregates and Soils by Use of the Sand Equivalent Test
 T 209, Theoretical Maximum Specific Gravity (Gmm) and Density of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA)
 T 255, Total Evaporable Moisture Content of Aggregate by Drying
 T 283, Resistance of Compacted Asphalt Mixtures to Moisture-Induced Damage
 T 287, Asphalt Binder Content of Asphalt Mixtures by the Nuclear Method
 T 304, Uncompacted Void Content of Fine Aggregate
 T 308, Determining the Asphalt Binder Content of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) by the
Ignition Method
 T 312, Preparing and Determining the Density of Asphalt Mixtures Specimens by Means of
the Superpave Gyratory Compactor
 T 316, Viscosity Determination of Asphalt Binder Using Rotational Viscometer
3.2. ASTM Standards:

 C702/C702M, Standard Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate to Testing Size
 D8, Standard Terminology Relating to Materials for Roads and Pavements
 D2950/D2950M, Standard Test Method for Density of Bituminous Concrete in Place by
Nuclear Methods
 D3665, Standard Practice for Random Sampling of Construction Materials
 D3666, Standard Specification for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Testing and
Inspecting Road and Paving Materials
 D4791, Standard Test Method for Flat Particles, Elongated Particles, or Flat and Elongated
Particles in Coarse Aggregate
 D5361/F5361M, Standard Practice for Sampling Compacted Bituminous Mixtures for
Laboratory Testing
 D5821, Standard Test Method for Determining the Percentage of Fractured Particles in
Coarse Aggregate
 E29, Standard Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance
with Specifications
 E105, Standard Practice for Probability Sampling of Materials
 E122, Standard Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision,
the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot or Process
TS-5c R 42-2 AASHTO

 E141, Standard Practice for Acceptance of Evidence Based on the Results of Probability
Sampling
4. TERMINOLOGY
4.1. The terminology used in this standard is in accordance with R 10 unless otherwise specified.
4.2. hot mix asphalt (HMA)—a mixture of aggregate and asphalt binder produced from an HMA plant.
4.3. design mix formula (DMF)—the single point target value for percent passing designated sieve
sizes and volumetric properties developed in the laboratory before the start of production.
4.4. job mix formula (JMF)—the single point target value for percent passing designated sieve sizes
and volumetric properties established after the initial production process to be used by the
contractor for production quality control.
4.5. performance-graded asphalt binder (PGAB)—an asphalt-based cement that is produced from
petroleum residue either with or without the addition of nonparticulate organic modifiers graded to
temperature regimes and performance.
4.6. quality assurance (QA)—planned and systematic actions necessary to provide confidence that a
product is in conformance with agency plans and specifications. It contains both QC and
acceptance as two separate functions.
4.7. quality control (QC)—planned and systematic actions and considerations to control the level of
quality being produced.
4.8. QC plan—project-specific plan that identifies methods of sampling, testing, calibration, QC

monitoring, construction controls, paving plans, process balancing, and overall operations.
4.9. acceptance—sampling, testing, and assessment of test results to determine whether produced
material and construction operation are in conformance with agency plans and specifications.
4.10. independent assurance program (IAP)—program developed by the agency to evaluate personnel
and equipment used in the acceptance process on a project or system-wide basis.
4.11. agency—state highway agency or owner of the roadway.
4.12. Definitions of many common terms relating to HMA are contained in ASTM D8.
4.13. Definitions of terms used in reference to other Standards are as defined therein.
4.14. Definitions of terms used in mathematical expressions are as generally used in standard practice.
Unique terms are defined in the section containing the first presentation of such terms.
5. SUMMARY
5.1. This standard presents a procedure containing minimum requirements for QC and QA plans
applicable to the production, placement, and acceptance of HMA. It incorporates the use of other
available standards, which are appropriate to the accomplishment of this task. The requirements
allow tailoring to accommodate the needs of an individual agency.
TS-5c R 42-3 AASHTO

6. SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1. Quality cannot be tested nor inspected into an HMA pavement. It must be built in through the
implementation of properly designed QC and acceptance plans. The contractor should have a
properly designed quality control plan and the agency should have a properly designed acceptance
plan. The design and use of the plans is a critical step toward the successful manufacture,
placement, and performance of HMA pavements.
6.2. This standard is used to aid in the completion of tasks noted in Sections 6.2.1 and 6.2.2.
6.2.1. Implementation of a QC plan for a contractor(s).
6.2.2. Implementation of an acceptance plan for an agency.
6.3. QC and acceptance plans conforming to this standard practice are applicable to HMA pavement
construction projects. If an inconsistency exists between the contract documents and either plan,
the contract documents should govern.
7. APPARATUS
7.1. Laboratory Requirements:
7.1.1. Personal safety equipment required by the laboratory or OSHA for work in the HMA design and
testing areas.
7.1.2. Apparatus as required by referenced standards for this standard practice.
7.1.3. All other laboratory apparatus needed to control the quality of HMA production and placement in
accordance with project specifications.
7.2. Field Requirements:
7.2.1. Personal safety equipment required by the field organization or OSHA.
7.2.2. Field apparatus listed in standards referenced as requirements in this standard practice.
7.2.3. All other field apparatus needed to control the quality of HMA production and placement in
accordance with project specifications.
7.3. Apparatus required in Sections 7.1 and 7.2 should be furnished in the quantity necessary to assure
that the materials and products used can be shown to conform to the HMA specification
requirements without undue delay of the production and placement process.
7.4. Additional apparatus required for use by agency representatives for verification and acceptance
activities should be provided by the agency unless otherwise specified.
8. STANDARDIZATION
8.1. Agency and contractor laboratories conducting work should satisfactorily participate in the
AASHTO Materials Reference Laboratory (AMRL) proficiency sample program and should also
be AMRL inspected. Alternately, a non-AASHTO laboratory qualification program that meets the
same requirements could be used. Inspections or tests not covered by AMRL should comply with
the applicable requirements of R 18 and ASTM D3666.
TS-5c R 42-4 AASHTO

8.1.1. All apparatus should be calibrated, and the calibration verified at established intervals, relevant to
AASHTO, ASTM, or agency standards.
8.2. Sampling and testing personnel should be qualified through procedures developed by the agency
for obtaining samples, processing samples, inspection of work, operation of testing equipment,
and test equipment validation.
8.3. Verify the calibration of the nuclear density gauge(s) using ASTM D2950/D2950M or another
system approved by the agency.
8.4. Records demonstrating compliance with the equipment, personnel, and QC requirements should
be available during construction for agency review.
9. FUNCTIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES ON HMA PROJECTS

9.1. Agency:
9.1.1. The agency should review and approve HMA volumetric mix designs proposed by the contractor
and assess the adequacy of the contractor’s QC plans. A reasonable time for review should be
specified. The agency or a representative of the agency is responsible for all acceptance testing.
9.2. Contractor:
9.2.1. The contractor should be responsible for the development and formulation of the DMF using
M 323, R 35, and T 312, which should be submitted to the agency for approval. The contractor
should be responsible for the QC of all materials during the handling, blending, mixing, and
placing operations. In addition, contractor tests may be used in the acceptance decision when a
contractor acceptance program is developed by the agency in accordance with Section 14.5.
10. SAMPLING
10.1. Initial Production Samples:
10.1.1. The contractor and the agency should obtain samples of HMA from plant-produced materials in
accordance with T 168 and the applicable procedures contained in Section 12.3 and Appendix X1.
Samples should be reduced to testing size in accordance with R 76 or ASTM C702/C702M.
Procedures for oven conditioning or reheating of samples should be established.
10.1.2. The contractor and the agency should select sample locations on the control strip in accordance
with Section 12.3 and Appendix X1. These locations are used for in-place density testing.
10.2. Mix Production Samples:
10.2.1. The contractor should obtain samples for QC in accordance with T 168, using a stratified random
sampling plan in accordance with Section 13.3 for determining lot sizes and Appendix X1 or
ASTM D3665 for sample location. Samples should be reduced to testing size in accordance with
R 76 or ASTM C702/C702M.
10.2.2. The agency should obtain samples for acceptance in accordance with T 168, using a stratified
random sampling plan in accordance with Section 13.3 for determining lot sizes and Appendix X1
or ASTM D3665 for sample location. Samples should be reduced to testing size in accordance
with R 76 or ASTM C702/C702M.
TS-5c R 42-5 AASHTO

10.3. Sample Locations for In-Place Coring or Testing:
10.3.1. The agency representative should select in-place sample locations in accordance with Section 13.3
for determining lot sizes, Appendix X1 for sample location, and when cores are required, ASTM
D5361/D5361M for sampling.
Note 1—In addition to the random number tables in Appendix X1, ASTM D3665 also contains a
table of random numbers, including instructions for use. R 9 and ASTM E105, E122, and E141
contain additional information concerning sampling practices.
11. MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS

11.1. Performance-Graded Asphalt Binder:
11.1.1. PGAB should conform to the requirements of M 320.
11.1.2. Quality control of PGAB from all suppliers should be in accordance with R 26 or other programs
approved by the agency.
11.2. Aggregates:
11.2.1. The agency should develop a testing program to ensure that aggregates meet specification
requirements. The contractor’s QC plan should include, as a minimum, discussion on the proposed
processing, transportation, stockpiling, and plant charging operations.
12. FIELD ADJUSTMENT OF THE DMF

12.1. Summary:
12.1.1. During initial plant start-up, adjustments may be made during the initial lot production to assure
the plant-produced HMA will meet the design requirements.
12.1.2. The contractor should be responsible for the operation of the HMA plant and the production of the
HMA within the DMF limits in Table 1. The limits in Table 1 are also used to control the amount
of deviation from the DMF that the contractor may use when declaring a JMF. The declared JMF
should meet the requirements of M 323.
Table 1—Allowable DMF Adjustments for Initial Production

HMA Composition Property Adjustment Limit, %
Asphalt Binder Content (Pb) ±0.4
Gradation Passing 0.150-mm and Larger Sieves ±4.0
Gradation Passing 0.075-mm Sieve ±1.5
Voids in Mineral Aggregate (VMA) ±1.0
Voids Filled with Asphalt (VFA) ±5.0
12.2. Initial Production Lot:
12.2.1. At the beginning of production of each mixture required in the contract, an initial production lot
should be used to evaluate the DMF. The initial production lot should be divided into four sublots
as specified in Table 2 depending on the mixture type. The properties of the sublots will be
measured and compared to the DMF. If the deviation in air voids in any sublot exceeds
±2.0 percent or in any two sublots exceeds ±1.5 percent, the production should cease and a new
TS-5c R 42-6 AASHTO

DMF should be developed in accordance with Section 9.2. If the difference from the DMF for
asphalt binder content in any sublot exceeds the limit shown in Table 1, the production should
cease and a new DMF should be developed in accordance with Section 9.2. If the difference from
the DMF for any property other than asphalt binder exceeds two times the limits shown in Table 1
or any two sublots exceed the limits shown in Table 1, the production should cease and a new
DMF should be developed in accordance with Section 9.2.
Table 2—Initial Production Lots and Sublots

Nom Max Size, Sublot Lot
mm (Mg or tons) (Mg or tons)
4.75 300 1200
9.5 400 1600
12.5 500 2000
19.0 500 2000
25.0 500 2000
37.5 500 2000
12.2.2. The last sample in the lot should be within the limits of Table 1. The initial production lot should
be closed out and the contractor should declare a JMF. The lot should be accepted with a pay
factor of 1.00. For material produced outside the tolerances of Section 12.2.1, the agency should
determine if the material should be left in place. The agency should require that a JMF be declared
after the initial production lot. Only one initial production lot should be allowed.
12.3. Initial Production Lot Samples:
12.3.1. The contractor should obtain, using the methods required by Section 10, a sample of plant-
produced HMA from each sublot. Samples should be obtained from the mat behind the screed or
from the haul trucks at the plant. Because the evaluation criteria are based on in-place
measurements, it is recommended that QC testing be completed on road samples.
Note 2—If acceptance testing is performed on road samples, and the QC testing is based on truck
samples taken at the HMA plant, the contractor should develop appropriate correlation factors.
12.3.1.1. Determine asphalt binder content and combined aggregate gradation of the HMA samples in
accordance with T 164 and T 30, or T 308, or T 287 and T 30 (on cold feed material).
12.3.1.2. Determine maximum theoretical specific gravity of the HMA samples in accordance with T 209.
12.3.1.3. Compact samples of HMA according to T 312.
12.3.1.3.1. Determine bulk specific gravity, Gmb, in accordance with T 166, Method A.
12.3.1.3.2. Determine the air void content in accordance with R 35 at Nini and Ndes gyrations.
12.3.1.4. Determine the VMA and the VFA in accordance with R 35.
12.4. Control Chart Initiation:
12.4.1. A process control chart is needed to determine whether the manufacturing process is in control.
Individual data points and moving averages are plotted. The individual data points indicate
variability and the moving average indicates conformance to the target value. Control charts
should comply with the requirements of Appendix X2.
TS-5c R 42-7 AASHTO

12.4.2. When an HMA initial production lot has been produced, the contractor should establish initial
control charts using single point target values from the JMF in accordance with the requirements
of Appendix X3.
12.4.3. Control charts are used to graphically represent the continuous control process. They include the
target value that is to be achieved for a certain material property and acceptable upper and lower
limits. When a measured value is determined and plotted on the control chart, it should fall within
the control limits. Mixture adjustment can be made in response to the values plotted on these
control charts.
12.4.4. Control limits are established based on statistical concepts that assume the material parameter in
question follows a normal distribution. Typically, the upper and lower control limits (UCL and
LCL) are based on ±2s (warning control limits) and ±3s (action control limits), where s is the
typical industry standard deviation listed in Table X3.1.
12.5. HMA Control Strip:
12.5.1. The contractor should place and compact the mixture produced during the initial production lot in
order to establish that the equipment and the processes planned for placement and compaction are
satisfactory.
12.5.2. The final compacted thickness of the HMA control strip should be the thickness required by the
pavement cross-section.
12.5.3. The control strip should be a minimum of 150 m (500 ft) long.
12.5.4. After compaction is completed, ten cores should be taken at locations selected in accordance with
Appendix X1. Density of the cores will be determined in accordance with T 166.
12.5.5. The control strip will be considered acceptable when the average core density meets or exceeds
contract specifications. The agency should specify limits for the number of control strips to
be allowed.
12.5.6. The agency should determine a minimum density (e.g., 91.0 percent of T 209) above which the
HMA in the control strip is allowed to remain in place and paid for with a pay factor of 1.00. For
HMA with a density less than the minimum density, the agency should determine if the HMA
should be left in place.
13. QUALITY CONTROL SYSTEM

13.1. General Requirements:
13.1.1. The contractor should provide and maintain a QC system that will provide reasonable assurance
that all materials and products conform to the specification requirements whether manufactured
or processed by the contractor or procured from suppliers or subcontractors. The contractor should
perform or have performed the inspection and tests required to substantiate product conformance
to the HMA design requirements, and should also perform or have performed all inspections and
tests otherwise required by the project specifications. The contractor’s QC procedures, inspections,
and proposed testing should be documented in a written QC plan (see Appendix X3). The plan
should be approved by the agency and be available for review through the life of the contract.
13.1.2. The contractor’s QC plan should be based on tests performed to determine compliance of the
HMA with the JMF. The tests should be performed on samples obtained using statistically sound,
randomized sampling procedures in accordance with Section 10.
TS-5c R 42-8 AASHTO

13.1.3. Typical QC HMA properties include asphalt binder content, maximum theoretical specific gravity,
air voids, VMA, VFA, and percent passing key sieves in the combined gradation. Target values
for these HMA properties are those from the JMF. JMF values developed from Section 12.2 are
the control values. In some situations, the agency may want to require other properties such as
moisture content in the HMA or bulk specific gravity of the aggregate.
13.1.4. QC testing will be based on samples from individual sublots and lots.
13.1.5. In accordance with agency requirements, the contractor should record the quantities of asphalt
binder, aggregate, mineral filler, and fibers (if required), as well as the quantities of HMA
produced, and the production temperature.
13.2. Quality Control Components:
13.2.1. The QC plan should be contract-specific and state how the contractor proposes to control the
materials, equipment, and operations of the project. The agency should specify minimum
information for the QC plan such as: personnel, plant operation, HMA transportation, roadway
operations, and compaction operations.
13.3. Lots and Sublots for Quality Control:
13.3.1. The QC plan should indicate lot and sublot size for initial production and production lots.
13.3.2. Production lots will be based on HMA as delivered to the roadway. Recommended lot will be
defined for 19.0-mm nominal maximum aggregate size or larger mixture designs and for 12.5-mm
or smaller mixture designs. Lots will be further subdivided into equal sublots not to exceed
1000 Mg (1000 tons) for 19.0-mm or larger mixture designs or 600 Mg (600 tons) for 12.5-mm or
smaller mixture designs. Typically, four or more sublots constitute a lot. Partial sublots of 100 Mg
(100 tons) or less can be added to the previous sublot. Partial sublots greater than 100 Mg
(100 tons) can constitute a full sublot. Lots that contain a single sublot could be combined with the
previous lot for acceptance purposes.
13.4. Quality Control Laboratory:
13.4.1. The HMA producer should provide and maintain a laboratory for QC testing. The laboratory
should have the necessary space, equipment, and supplies for the tests to be performed. The
laboratory testing equipment should meet the requirements of the test methods identified for the
required sampling and testing. The agency should have the right to observe all QC testing.
13.5. Test Equipment Calibration:
13.5.1. The test equipment furnished by the contractor should be properly calibrated or verified and
maintained in accordance with Appendix X3.2 and R 18.
13.6. Quality Control for Plant Operations:
13.6.1. The contractor should designate the sampling and sample reduction procedures, sampling
locations, and size of samples necessary for testing. Sampling should be performed on each sublot.
Sample locations should be selected randomly according to Appendix X1. The contractor may
select random numbers independent of agency locations or may match the agency locations, but
samples should not be split. If contractor tests are to be used for acceptance, Section 14.5 should
govern the sampling requirements.
13.6.2. The contractor should use QC charts that show test results for critical sieves, asphalt binder
content, maximum theoretical specific gravity, air voids, VMA, and VFA to identify variability in
TS-5c R 42-9 AASHTO

the HMA production. Target values, warning, and action limits should be shown on the same
charts. Details regarding QC plans and QC charts are located in Appendix X3.
13.7. Quality Control for Roadway Operations:
13.7.1. The contractor should control the HMA placement and compaction process to ensure compliance
with the project specifications. Details regarding QC for roadway operations are located in
Appendix X3.
13.8. Documentation:
13.8.1. The contractor should maintain adequate records of all tests. The records should indicate the test
results and the nature of corrective action taken as appropriate. All charts and records
documenting the contractor’s QC operations and tests should be available to the agency during the
performance and upon the completion of the work. The contractor should keep the test results on
file for a minimum period of three years following completion of the work.
13.8.2. Test properties for the various materials and mixtures should be charted on forms or other
appropriate means in accordance with the applicable requirements of the agency.
13.8.3. If production is terminated in accordance with Appendix X3.4.4 or X3.5.5, the cause and
resolution should be documented.
14. HMA ACCEPTANCE PROCEDURES

14.1. General Requirements:
14.1.1. Acceptance sampling and testing of HMA involves stratified random sampling that is applied to a
series of sublots of HMA. The objective of acceptance testing is to verify that the product meets
contract specifications.
14.1.2. The agency will obtain, using the methods required by Section 10, a sample of HMA from
each sublot.
14.1.3. HMA properties for acceptance typically include the asphalt binder content, air voids, VMA, and
other requirements of the agency. Target values for these HMA properties should be those from
the JMF. Acceptance testing also includes density on the roadway.
14.1.4. Acceptance testing will be based on independent samples from the same sublots that are used for
QC and, in fact, may include different properties. Lots and sublots will be based on mixture as
delivered to the roadway.
14.1.5. The method of acceptance should be statistically based to evaluate the acceptability of the HMA.
Statistically based methods, such as percent within limits using standard deviation, should be used.
See Appendix X4.
14.2. Acceptance for Mixture Properties (Air Voids, VMA, Asphalt Content):
14.2.1. Point of Sampling—The agency representative should obtain stratified random acceptance samples
in accordance with Section 10.2. The samples should be obtained from the HMA behind the
screed prior to initial rolling.
Note 3—If a correlation factor between samples taken from a truck at the plant and samples from
the roadway behind the screed has been developed, the sample may be taken from the haul truck at
the plant.
TS-5c R 42-10 AASHTO

14.2.2. Number of Samples—One sample per sublot in accordance with Section 10.2.2.
14.2.3. Lot Size—Lots will be defined for 19.0-mm nominal maximum aggregate size or larger mixture
designs and for 12.5-mm or smaller mixture designs. Lots will be further subdivided into equal
sublots not to exceed 1000 Mg (1000 tons) for 19.0-mm or larger mixture or 600 Mg (600 tons)
for 12.5-mm or smaller mixture. Typically, four or more sublots constitute a lot. Partial sublots of
100 Mg (100 tons) or less can be added to the previous sublot. Partial sublots greater than 100 Mg
(100 tons) can constitute a full sublot. Lots that contain a single sublot could be combined with the
previous lot for acceptance purposes.
14.2.4. If a delay of more than four calendar days occurs in any one sublot, a partial sublot should be
declared and a new sublot should start when production resumes.
14.3. Acceptance for In-Place Density, Percent Theoretical Maximum Density (%Gmm):
14.3.1. Point of Sampling—The agency representative should determine stratified random acceptance
sample locations in accordance with Section 10.3. The locations should be determined after rolling
operations are completed.
14.3.2. Number of Tests—Two core samples or two nondestructive in-place tests per sublot are used in
accordance with Section 10.3.1.
14.3.3. Lot Size—Lot and sublot sizes are to be the same as the HMA lots and sublots in accordance with
Section 14.2.3.
14.3.4. Acceptance Testing—Obtain cores in accordance with ASTM D5361/D5361M from each location
and transport the cores to a laboratory for testing. From the HMA sample in each sublot,
determine the maximum specific gravity (Gmm). For each core, measure the bulk specific gravity
(Gmb) in accordance with T 166, and calculate density as a percent of theoretical maximum density
(%Gmm). Alternately, if the variability of test results is acceptable to the agency, a calibrated
nuclear density gauge can be used to determine the bulk specific gravity at each location, in
accordance with ASTM D2950/D2950M, and used to calculate density as a percent of theoretical
maximum density (%Gmm).
14.4. Acceptance Process:
14.4.1. The agency will determine acceptable quality limits for HMA properties and in-place density.
14.4.2. Smoothness is also an important acceptance property. The agency should select a method of
measuring smoothness (e.g., rolling straightedge, lightweight or high-speed profilometers) and
will develop specific acceptance criteria.
14.4.3. The agency may also use subjective measures such as segregation to determine the acceptability of
the HMA. The agency may add specific criteria that may not be statistically based.
14.5. Contractor Tests Used in the Acceptance Decision:
14.5.1. The use of contractor tests for project acceptance is permitted when the agency has developed an
Acceptance Program in accordance with Section 14.1.5 that includes independent verification and
statistical evaluation of the contractor’s test results. Contractor and agency sample locations will
be selected independently.
14.5.2. The contractor should maintain an acceptance testing program that includes the use of a qualified
laboratory and qualified testing personnel, established material sampling frequencies and testing

protocols, and reporting procedures. Contractor acceptance samples should be taken from the same
point of sampling as used by the agency.
14.5.3. The agency should establish a verification sampling and testing program that includes testing of
materials by a qualified laboratory and qualified testing personnel on samples taken independently
of the contractor’s acceptance tests but within the same production period, quantity, area, etc. as
the contractor’s tests.
14.5.4. The agency should develop a statistical method of comparing the contractor’s acceptance and the
agency’s verification tests to verify the contractor’s acceptance test results, such as a comparison
of means and standard deviations.
14.5.5. The agency should develop a dispute resolution system in accordance with Section 15 that
addresses the disposition of discrepancies occurring between the contractor acceptance and the
agency verification tests.
14.5.6. The agency’s independent assurance program should include the evaluation of the contractor’s
qualified laboratory and qualified testing personnel.
14.6. Pay Factors:
14.6.1. The agency should develop a table of pay factors, pay equations, or pay curves based on the
method of acceptance.
14.7. Documentation:
14.7.1. The agency should maintain adequate records of all acceptance tests. The records should indicate
the test results and the acceptance decisions.
14.7.2. Contractor test results that are used for acceptance should be available to the agency during the
performance of the work. Test results should be submitted to the agency on forms or other
appropriate means in accordance with agency requirements.
15. DISPUTE RESOLUTION

15.1. The agency should establish procedures for addressing tests that do not meet the required
specification limits, for identifying dissimilar test results, for providing backup samples, and for
resolving differences.
15.1.1. The definition of dissimilar is typically based on the difference between reported values for split
samples as related to the number of standard deviations (d2s) for the test. The agency should use
AASHTO or ASTM test procedures to determine the range of allowable results between two
laboratories. Other valid procedures include statistical tests that compare means and variability of
the acceptance and verification tests results.
15.1.2. The specification should indicate the process by which a backup sample will be taken. Backup
samples should be taken at the same time as the original sample.
15.1.3. The dispute resolution process should address the length of time during which an appeal can be
made, who will do testing on backup samples, and how the retest values will be used to resolve
the dispute.

16. KEYWORDS
16.1. Acceptance plan; acceptance testing; contractor acceptance; control charts; hot mix asphalt;
percent within limits; quality assurance; quality control; stratified random sampling; Superpave.
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

X1.1. Scope:
X1.1.1. This method outlines the procedures for selecting sampling sites in accordance with appropriate
random sampling techniques. Random sampling is the selection of a sample in such a manner that
every portion to be sampled has an equal chance of being selected as the sample. It is intended that
all samples, regardless of size, type, or purpose, should be selected in an unbiased manner, based
entirely on chance.
X1.2. Securing Samples:
X1.2.1. Samples should be taken as directed by the contractor’s representative for QC purposes and the
agency representative for acceptance purposes.
X1.3. Random Number Table:
X1.3.1. For test results or measurements to be meaningful, it is necessary that the material to be sampled
or measured be selected at random using a table of random numbers. Table X1.1 has been devised
for this purpose. To use the table in selecting sample locations, proceed as follows.
X1.3.1.1. Determine the lot size and stratify the lot into a number of sublots per lot for the material being
sampled.
X1.3.1.2. For each lot, use consecutive two-digit random numbers from Table X1.1. For example, if the
specification requires five sublots per lot and the number 15 is randomly selected as the starting
point from Column X (or Column Y) for the first lot, numbers 15 through 19 would be the five
consecutive two-digit random numbers. For the second lot, another random starting point, number
91, for example, is selected and the numbers 91 through 95 are used for the five consecutive
two-digit random numbers. The same procedure is used for additional lots.
X1.3.1.3. For samples taken from the roadway, use the decimal values in Column X and Column Y to
determine the coordinates of the sample locations.
X1.3.1.4. In situations where coordinate locations do not apply (i.e., plant samples, stockpile samples, etc.),
use those decimal values from Column X or Column Y.

Table X1.1—Random Positions in Decimal Fractions (Two Places)
Sequence No. X Y Sequence No. X Y
1. 0.29 R 0.66 51. 0.87 L 0.36
2. 0.74 R 0.49 52. 0.34 L 0.19
3. 0.89 L 0.79 53. 0.37 R 0.33
4. 0.60 R 0.39 54. 0.97 L 0.79
5. 0.88 R 0.31 55. 0.13 R 0.56
6. 0.72 L 0.54 56. 0.85 R 0.64
7. 0.12 R 0.08 57. 0.14 L 0.04
8. 0.09 L 0.94 58. 0.99 R 0.74
9. 0.62 L 0.11 59. 0.40 L 0.76
10. 0.71 R 0.59 60. 0.37 L 0.09
11. 0.36 L 0.38 61. 0.90 R 0.74
12. 0.57 R 0.49 62. 0.09 L 0.70
13. 0.35 R 0.90 63. 0.66 L 0.97
14. 0.69 L 0.63 64. 0.89 L 0.55
15. 0.59 R 0.68 65. 0.67 L 0.44
16. 0.06 L 0.03 66. 0.02 R 0.65
17. 0.08 L 0.70 67. 0.93 R 0.17
18. 0.67 L 0.68 68. 0.40 R 0.50
19. 0.83 R 0.97 69. 0.44 R 0.15
20. 0.54 R 0.58 70. 0.03 L 0.60
21. 0.82 R 0.50 71. 0.19 L 0.37
22. 0.66 R 0.73 72. 0.92 L 0.45
23. 0.06 L 0.27 73. 0.20 L 0.85
24. 0.03 L 0.13 74. 0.05 R 0.56
25. 0.55 L 0.29 75. 0.46 R 0.58
26. 0.64 L 0.77 76. 0.43 R 0.91
27. 0.30 R 0.57 77. 0.97 L 0.55
28. 0.51 R 0.67 78. 0.06 R 0.51
29. 0.29 R 0.09 79. 0.72 L 0.78
30. 0.63 R 0.82 80. 0.95 L 0.36
31. 0.53 L 0.86 81. 0.16 L 0.61
32. 0.99 R 0.22 82. 0.29 R 0.47
33. 0.02 R 0.89 83. 0.48 R 0.15
34. 0.61 L 0.87 84. 0.73 R 0.64
35. 0.76 R 0.16 85. 0.05 L 0.94
36. 0.87 L 0.77 86. 0.43 L 0.05
37. 0.41 L 0.10 87. 0.87 R 0.98
38. 0.28 R 0.23 88. 0.37 L 0.71
39. 0.22 L 0.18 89. 0.94 L 0.26
40. 0.21 L 0.94 90. 0.57 L 0.63
41. 0.27 L 0.52 91. 0.26 R 0.80
42. 0.39 R 0.91 92. 0.01 L 0.79
43. 0.57 L 0.10 93. 0.83 R 0.59
44. 0.82 L 0.12 94. 0.71 L 0.21
45. 0.14 L 0.94 95. 0.65 L 0.63
46. 0.50 R 0.58 96. 0.65 L 0.87
47. 0.93 L 0.03 97. 0.72 R 0.92
48. 0.43 L 0.29 98. 0.85 L 0.78
49. 0.99 L 0.36 99. 0.04 L 0.46
50. 0.61 R 0.25 100. 0.29 L 0.95
Note: X = Decimal fraction of total length measured along the road from the starting point.
Y = Decimal fraction measured across the road from either outside edge towards the centerline of the paved lane.

X1.4. Random Sample:
X1.4.1. A random number table is a collection of random digits. The random numbers that are presented in
Table X3.1 are shown in a two-place decimal format. Note that there are two columns, labeled X
and Y. The numbers in either column can be used to locate a random sample when only a single
dimension is required to locate the sample (e.g., time, tonnage, and units). When two dimensions
are required to locate the sample, the number in the X column is used to calculate the longitudinal
location, and the number in the Y column is used to calculate the transverse location. In the Y
column, each number is preceded by an L or R, designating that the sample increment is to be
located transversely from the left or right edge of the pavement. Figure X1.1 illustrates the
procedure. An example demonstrating the use of the random sampling technique follows:
Figure X1.1—Determination of Sample Location Using Random Numbers
X1.5. Sampling Example by Material Mass:
X1.5.1. HMA must be sampled to determine the asphalt binder content and other mixture-related criteria.
The definitions that define the lot and sublot size are located in Sections 13.3.2 and 14.2.3. The
total tonnage for the example project is 21 700 Mg (tons).
X1.5.2. First, identify the lot size and then determine the number of lots, sublot size, and, finally, the point
at which samples will be obtained.
X1.5.3. Lot Size and Number of Lots—For example, with a 19.0-mm nominal maximum aggregate size
mixture, the lot size is 5000 Mg (tons). Assuming there are 21 700 Mg (tons) of HMA required for
the project, the total number of lots is:
21 700 Mg (tons)
Number of Lots = = 5 lots
5000 Mg (tons)/lots
X1.5.4. Sublot Size—Based on Section 14.2.3, the sublot size is 1000 Mg (tons). The relationship between
lot and sublot size is shown in Figure X1.2. The actual number and size of sublots in a lot could
depend on specific conditions if partial sublots are declared during construction.

Figure X1.2—Relationship between Lot and Sublots
X1.5.5. Sublot Samples—For example, for HMA property samples, the number of samples per lot is five,
one per sublot. Five random numbers are selected from the table of random numbers. A block of
numbers from the random number table (Table X1.1) is reproduced below.
Sequence Number X Y
67. 0.93 R 0.17
68. 0.40 R 0.50
69. 0.44 R 0.15
70. 0.03 L 0.60
71. 0.19 L 0.37
X1.5.6. Select random numbers from the Y column only (disregard the L or R). These numbers are 0.17,
0.50, 0.15, 0.60, and 0.37. Multiply the numbers by the size of each sublot as follows to determine
the megagram (ton) to be sampled in the sublot.
Sublot Random Size Sample from

Sublot Number Mg (ton) Mg (ton)
1 0.17 1000 170
2 0.50 1000 500
3 0.15 1000 150
4 0.60 1000 600
5 0.37 1000 370
X1.5.6.1. The technician must obtain the first sample at approximately the 170th Mg (ton) of the first sublot.
The technician must then wait until the first sublot is completed, 1000 Mg (tons), before selecting
the second sample at the 500th Mg (ton) of the second sublot. The same sequence is followed for
obtaining the remaining three samples.
X1.5.6.2. The sampling sequence for the lot of 5000 Mg (tons) should be:
Sublot 1: 170th Mg (ton)
Sublot 2: 1000 + 500 = 1500th Mg (ton)
Sublot 3: 2000 + 150 = 2150th Mg (ton)
Sublot 4: 3000 + 600 = 3600th Mg (ton)
Sublot 5: 4000 + 370 = 4370th Mg (ton)
Sublot sampling based on mass is illustrated in Figure X1.3.

Figure X1.3—Sublot Sample
X2. STATISTICAL CONTROL CHARTS

X2.1. Process Control:
X2.1.1. The process control procedure recommended is the use of control charts, particularly statistical
control charts. Control charts provide a means of verifying that a process is in control. It is
important to understand that statistical control charts do not get or keep a process under control.
The plant or construction personnel must still control the process. Control charts simply provide a
visual warning mechanism to identify when the contractor or material supplier should look for
possible problems with the process.
X2.1.2. Variation of construction materials is inevitable. The purpose of control charts, then, is not to
eliminate variability, but to distinguish between the inherent or chance causes of variability and a
system of assignable causes. Chance causes are a part of every process and can be reduced but
generally not eliminated. Assignable causes are factors that can be eliminated, thereby reducing
variability. Chance causes are something that cannot be eliminated, but it may be possible to
reduce their effects. The second cause of variation, assignable causes, can create major problems.
However, assignable causes can be eliminated if they can be identified. Examples of assignable
causes might be when the gradation for an aggregate blend goes out of specification because of a
hole in one of the sieves or because the cold feed conveyor setting is incorrectly adjusted.
X2.1.3. The statistical control chart enables the contractor to distinguish between chance and assignable
causes. Based on statistical theory, construction materials, when under production control, exhibit
a “bell-shaped” or normal distribution curve.
X2.1.4. The data, therefore, can be assumed to be within ±3 standard deviations (σ of the mean or target)
when the process is in control and only chance causes (variability that the contractor cannot
control) are acting on the system. Statistical control charts for average or means rely on the fact
that, for a normal distribution, essentially all of the values fall within ±3 standard deviations from
the mean. A normal distribution can be used because the distribution of sample means is normally
distributed.
X2.1.5. A statistical control chart can be viewed as a normal distribution curve on its side (Figure X2.1).
For a normal curve, only about 0.27 percent (1 out of 370) of the measurements should fall outside
±3 standard deviations from the average or mean. Therefore, control limits (indicating that an
investigation for an assignable cause should be conducted) are set at +3σ and –3σ.

Figure X2.1—Example of a Statistical Control Chart
X2.1.6. A statistical control chart includes a target value, control limits, and a series of data points that are
plotted. As shown in Figure X2.2, the target value is either the production mean or design value,
and the control limits are established based on the standard deviation of the properties.
Figure X2.2—Elements of a Statistical Control Chart
X2.2. Form of Statistical Control Charts to Be Used for HMA:
X2.2.1. There are many forms of statistical control charts, but the form recommended in this standard
practice for construction materials and processes is a control chart that shows individual test data
points and a moving average. This process control chart is typically used to control the production
process about the target value. Highly variable, individual test data points indicate variability in
the process even though the moving average may be acceptable.
X2.2.2. For HMA, the process control chart for the moving average has five reference lines that are
defined as follows:
 upper action limit is the target value plus three standard deviations (Table X3.1) divided by
the square root of the number of samples in the moving average. Typically, five samples are
used.
 upper warning limit is the target value plus two standard deviations (Table X3.1) divided by
used.
 target value is the value of the property from the declared JMF.

 lower warning limit is the target value minus two standard deviations (Table X3.1) divided by
used.
 lower action limit is the target value minus three standard deviations (Table X3.1) divided by
the square root of the number of samples in the moving average. Typically five samples are
used.
X2.2.3. Figure X2.3 shows a process control chart for asphalt binder content. The target value for asphalt
binder content, 5.7 percent, is obtained from the JMF.
Figure X2.3—Control Chart for Asphalt Binder Content
X2.2.3.1. From Table X1.1 the standard deviation for asphalt binder content determined by extraction
is 0.25 percent.
X2.2.3.2. The deviation from the target value for the warning limits for a moving average of five samples is
= 2 × 0.25 / ( 5 )
= 0.22
X2.2.3.3. The upper and lower warning limits are

UWL = 5.7 + 0.22 = 5.9
LWL = 5.7 – 0.22 = 5.5
X2.2.3.4. The deviation from the target value for the action limits for a moving average of five samples is
= 3 × 0.25/( 5 )
= 0.33
X2.2.3.5. The upper and lower action limits are

UAL = 5.7 + 0.33 = 6.0
LAL = 5.7 – 0.33 = 5.4
X2.2.4. The individual test data points from each sublot are plotted on the chart and connected. This series
of data points provides a visual indication of variability. If variability is high, the process can be
refined to reduce variability. The moving average of five data points is calculated starting with the
fifth data point and plotted on the chart. The moving average data points provide a visual
indication of conformance with the target value. It is also possible to detect trends in the
production and adjust the operation to bring the moving average closer to the target.

X2.2.5. Figure X2.4 shows a process control chart in which variability is higher than that shown in
Figure X2.3. The higher variability is indicated by the individual test results. In addition, the
moving average is consistently above the target. Steps should be taken to reduce variability and
bring the moving average closer to the target.
Figure X2.4—Control Chart for Asphalt Binder Content
X3. QUALITY CONTROL REQUIREMENTS FOR HOT MIX ASPHALT

X3.1. Scope:
X3.1.1. This appendix provides the details for contractor QC activities for HMA.
X3.2. Test Equipment Calibration:
X3.2.1. The equipment calibration or verification documentation should include:
X3.2.1.1. Name of the person performing the calibration or verification;
X3.2.1.2. Identification of the calibration equipment used, e.g., standard weights, proving rings,
thermometers, etc;
X3.2.1.3. Last date that the calibration or verification was performed;
X3.2.1.4. A reference to the calibration procedure used; and
X3.2.1.5. Records showing the results of the calibration or verification performed.
X3.3. Materials Sampling and Testing:
X3.3.1. Sampling should be performed on each sublot on a random basis. The test methods and minimum
frequencies of the QC tests for each HMA design should be designated. Test results should be
rounded in accordance with ASTM E29, using the rounding method.

X3.3.2. Blended Aggregate—A minimum of one sample should be obtained and tested for gradation in
accordance with T 27, performed on each sublot on a random basis.
X3.3.2.1. Batch Plants—The blended aggregate gradation should be determined by calculating the
combined gradation of the aggregate from each hot bin.
X3.3.2.2. Drum Plants—The blended aggregate gradation should be determined using aggregate samples
from the cold feed belt after all materials are placed on the belt. The moisture content of the
samples should be determined in accordance with T 255.
X3.3.3. Recycled Materials—A minimum of one sample for each 1000 kg (1000 tons) of recycled asphalt
materials should be obtained and tested for asphalt binder content in accordance with T 164,
gradation in accordance with T 30, and moisture content in accordance with T 255. Asphalt binder
content may be determined with T 308 if a calibration factor to T 164 has been determined.
X3.3.4. Hot Mix Asphalt—As a minimum, samples should be obtained to determine the asphalt binder
content, air voids, and VMA of the HMA. The sample should be obtained in accordance with
Section 10.2. The sample should be reduced to testing size in accordance with R 76 or ASTM
C702/C702M, Method B. Place the test specimen mass into a heated mold, compact to Ndes in
accordance with T 312, and determine the bulk specific gravity (Gmb) in accordance with T 166. If
the HMA requires reheating to achieve the compaction temperature, it should be placed in a
loosely sealed, covered container. Oven temperature and time in the oven should be controlled, as
defined by the agency, to prevent a significant change in asphalt absorption and theoretical
maximum specific gravity. The maximum specific gravity (Gmm) should be determined in
accordance with T 209. One sample should be tested for moisture content in accordance with
T 255, asphalt binder content in accordance with T 164 or T 308, and gradation in accordance with
T 30. Alternately, the asphalt binder content may be determined in accordance with T 287, in
which case the gradation should be determined from the combined cold feed aggregates in
accordance with T 27. The aggregate consensus properties, coarse aggregate angularity (ASTM
D5821), fine aggregate angularity (T 304), flat and elongated particles (ASTM D4791), and sand
equivalent (T 176) may be required as determined by the agency.
X3.4. Control Charts:
X3.4.1. The contractor should use control charts for critical sieves, asphalt binder content, maximum
theoretical specific gravity, bulk specific gravity of the compacted HMA, air voids, and VMA to
identify variability in the HMA production process. All test results should be recorded on the
control chart the same day the tests are conducted. The charts are to be used to determine if the
HMA production is in control.
X3.4.2. Target values and warning and action limits for the control charts are determined from the JMF
HMA properties and plotted on the control charts. The warning and action limits are determined
using typical industry standard deviations for HMA properties as shown in Table X3.1.
X3.4.3. Individual test results and the moving average of the five most current test results should be
plotted. Five consecutive individual test results plotted on either side of the target value indicate
an HMA composition change. If a HMA compositional change has occurred, modifications should
be made to adjust the HMA property back to the target value. If a HMA compositional change has
occurred in a non-pay element, the contractor may elect to change the target value instead of
adjusting the HMA property back to the target value.
X3.4.4. For a pay element, if one moving average point falls outside the warning limits, an investigation
should be completed and adjustments made to bring the property back within the warning limits.
The adjustment should be documented. If two consecutive moving average points fall outside the

warning limit or one moving average point falls outside the action limit, production should be
terminated, and a new DMF should be established in accordance with Section 9.2.1.
Note X1—In the event that one moving average point falls outside the warning limit, individual
data points typically will indicate that the HMA property has been shifting over multiple sublots.
If no action is taken to bring the HMA property back to the target value, a second moving average
point will fall outside the limits; therefore, a new DMF is needed. In the event that one moving
average point falls outside the action limit, the individual data point is indicative of a major
change in the HMA property. Production should cease, and an investigation should be initiated to
determine the cause. If significant changes have occurred in the materials, a new DMF should be
developed.
Table X3.1—Typical Industrya Standard Deviations for Hot Mix Asphalt Properties (Mixture Composition,
Gyratory Properties, and In-Place Density)b
Nuclear Ignition Cold
HMA Composition Property Extraction Gauge Furnace Feed
Asphalt Binder Content (Pb), % ±0.25 ±0.18 ±0.13 —
Gradation Passing 4.75-mm and Larger Sieves, % ±3 NA ** ±3
Passing 2.36-mm to 0.150-mm Sieve, % ±2 NA ** ±2
Passing 0.075-mm Sieve, % ±0.7 NA ** ±0.7
Maximum Theoretical Specific Gravity (Gmm) ±0.015
Gyratory Compacted HMA Property
Air Voids (Va), % ±1.0
Voids in Mineral Aggregate (VMA), % ±1.0
Voids Filled with Asphalt (VFA), % ±5
Bulk Specific Gravity (Gmb) ±0.022
In-Place Density
Roadway Core Density (%Gmm), % ±1.4
a
Agency-specific standard deviations may be developed in lieu of the industry standard deviation.
b
NCHRP 9-7 did not develop standard deviations for gradation of aggregate recovered from the ignition furnace; however, the standard deviation is expected to be
the same as for cold feed or solvent-extracted aggregates.
X3.4.5. For a non-pay element, if one moving average point falls outside the warning limit, the contractor
may elect to change the target value or adjust the property back to the target value. Mixture
production should be adjusted within the limits of Table 1, Section 12.1.2. If, after making the
adjustment, the mixture property remains outside the warning limit, a new DMF should be
developed in accordance with Section 9.2.1.
X3.5. Roadway Operations:
X3.5.1. At the beginning of roadway operations the contractor should establish a rolling pattern to
meet the minimum specified density. A control strip should be constructed in accordance with
Section 12.5. Density will increase up to a certain point, after which a very small increase in
density can be obtained with additional roller passes. At this point the density is presumed to
have reached its maximum and is then considered to have peaked when additional rolling does not
increase the density by more than 20 kg/m3 (1 lb/ft3).
X3.5.2. The contractor should use control charts for roadway density to identify variability in the HMA
compaction process. All test results should be recorded on the control chart the same day the
tests are conducted. The charts are to be used to determine if the HMA compaction process is
in control.
X3.5.3. Target values and warning and action limits for the control charts are determined from the
control strip described in Section 12.5 and plotted on the control charts. The warning and action

limits are determined using typical industry standard deviations for roadway density as shown in
Table X3.1.
X3.5.4. Individual test results and the moving average of the five most current test results should be
plotted. If an HMA compositional change occurs and a new control strip is established, the target
value would be changed.
X3.5.5. If one moving average point falls outside the warning limits, an investigation should be completed
and adjustments made to bring the property back within the warning limits. The adjustment should
be documented. If two consecutive moving average points fall outside the warning limit or one
moving average point falls outside the action limit, the contractor should terminate production.
Prior to resuming production, the contractor should provide the agency with the assignable cause
for the unsatisfactory density test results and develop a new control strip in accordance with
Section 12.5.
X3.5.6. For purposes of QC for in-place density, lots and sublots should be in accordance with
Section 13.3.2. Location of in-place sample or test sites should conform to the requirements of
Appendix X1 in each sublot. The contractor should use standard nondestructive industry
equipment and procedures to provide suitable estimates of the in-place density.
X3.6. Quality Control Plans:
X3.6.1. The contractor should develop a QC plan that is expected to be specific to operations in use at any
given time. The contractor should be able to make changes as required to respond to changes in
the operation. A plan should not be so general as to cover all expected situations. The plan should
be contract-specific and should include the following:
X3.6.1.1. Personnel including management personnel and plant and roadway technicians;
X3.6.1.2. Plant operations including stockpile management, material feed systems, HMA storage and truck
loading procedures, materials and finished product sampling, and testing procedures;
X3.6.1.3. Transportation of HMA including truck types, release agents, load cover, and truck discharge
procedures;
X3.6.1.4. Roadway operations including use of material transfer devices or windrow pickup machines, paver
setup such as paver speed, slope and grade control, and screed extensions; and
X3.6.1.5. Compaction operations including roller type and number, roller setup (e.g., amplitude, frequency,
or tire pressure), and roller speed.
X4. PERCENT WITHIN LIMITS (PWL) FOR HMA CALCULATED USING

STANDARD DEVIATION
X4.1. Scope:
X4.1.1. This appendix provides the procedure for determination of the percent of material that is within
the specification limits established for the HMA using the mean and standard deviation of the lot.
X4.2. Significance and Use:
X4.2.1. The PWL is a calculation used in the agency acceptance plan to determine the acceptability of
materials on the project.

X4.3. Setting of Upper and Lower Specification Limits:
X4.3.1. Because the PWL procedure is an estimate of the population based on small sample distribution,
the agency should set upper and lower specification limits relative to the desired mean and
standard deviation. The mean is the target value established by the JMF and the standard deviation
is one typically found from test data for the property. Proposed specification limits are evaluated
for reasonableness to ensure constructability and performance. Table X4.1 provides typical
industry standard deviation values.
Note X2—Agency may use historical standard deviation within the state. At a minimum, the
standard deviation should be no greater than the typical industry standard deviations in Table X4.1
that were developed during NCHRP 9-7.
X4.3.2. Determine the specification limits and acceptable quality level (AQL). The AQL is usually set to
be 90 PWL, which means the specification limits will be ±1.645 standard deviations from the
target.
Figure X4.1—AQL Material for the Asphalt Content Example
X4.3.3. The specification limits are determined from the target JMF value and typical standard deviation.
For example, if the standard deviation of asphalt binder content is 0.2 percent, HMA within
the AQL would be as shown in Figure X4.1. The specification limits are: JMF ± (1.645 × 0.20) =
JMF ± 0.33, rounded to ±0.35.
X4.3.4. In another example, if the agency requires two cores per sublot and sets the specification limits for
in-place density with an AQL of 90, the specification limits become 1.645 × 1.4 or ±2.3 percent.
For these two examples it would be possible to produce materials within these specification limits,
and the performance is expected to be satisfactory.

Table X4.1—Typical Industry Standard Deviations for HMA Properties
(HMA Composition, Gyratory Properties, and In-Place Density)a
Nuclear Ignition
HMA Composition Property Extraction Gage Furnace Cold Feed
Asphalt Binder Content (Pb), % ±0.25 +0.18 ±0.13 —
Gradation Passing 4.75-mm and Larger Sieves, % ±3 NA b ±3
Passing 2.36-mm to 0.150-mm Sieve, % ±2 NA b ±2
Passing 0.075-mm Sieve, % ±0.7 NA b ±0.7
Maximum Theoretical Specific Gravity (Gmm) ±0.015
Gyratory-Compacted HMA Property
Bulk Specific Gravity (Gmb) ±0.022
In-Place Density
a
Agency-specific standard deviations may be developed in lieu of the industry standard deviation.
b
NCHRP 9-7 did not develop standard deviations for gradation of aggregate recovered from the ignition furnace; however, the standard deviation is expected to be
the same as for cold feed or solvent-extracted aggregates.
X4.3.5. For air voids, VMA, and asphalt binder content, the upper and lower specification limits (USL and
LSL) are calculated in Section X4.3.2. For in-place density, the LSL may be determined using a
target value and offsetting three standard deviations. The target may be obtained from the control
strip (Section 12.5) or may be predetermined as a desirable average density. Alternately, the LSL
may be set at a predetermined value of desirable minimum density such as 92.0 percent Gmm.
Table X4.2—Recommended Specification Limits for HMA Properties

Nuclear Ignition Cold
HMA Composition Property Extraction Gage Furnace Feed
Asphalt Binder Content (Pb), % ±0.41 ±0.30 ±0.21 —
Gyratory-Compacted HMA Property
In-Place Density

X4.4. PWL Calculation:
X4.4.1. Estimate the PWL in accordance with Sections X4.4.1.1 through X4.4.1.9.
X4.4.1.1. Locate n sampling positions in the sublot by use of Appendix X1 or other appropriate random
number tables.
X4.4.1.2. Perform tests on each sample taken behind the screed (HMA properties) and each core taken from
the roadway (density).
X4.4.1.3. For each test property, determine the average, x , the lot measurements where n is the number of
samples in the lot.
n
xi
x =∑ (X4.1)
i =1 n
X4.4.1.4. For each test property, determine the standard deviation, s, of the lot.
n
∑( x − x ) i
2
s= i =1
(X4.2)
n −1
X4.4.1.5. For air voids, VMA, and asphalt binder content, calculate both upper and lower quality indices
and the associated PWL. For in-place density, calculate the lower quality index and the associated
PWL. The method to determine the quality indices follows:
X4.4.1.5.1. Determine the upper quality index, QU, by subtracting the average ( x ) of the measurements from
the USL and dividing the result by s.
USL − x
QU = (X4.3)
s
X4.4.1.5.2. Determine the lower quality index, QL, by subtracting the LSL from the average ( x ) and dividing
the result by s.
x − LSL
QL = (X4.4)
s
X4.4.1.6. For PWLU, estimate the percentage of material that will fall within the upper tolerance limit
by entering Table X4.3 with QU using the column appropriate to the total number of
measurements, n.
X4.4.1.7. For PWLL, estimate the percentage of material that will fall within the lower tolerance limit by
entering Table X4.3 with QL using the column appropriate to the total number of measurements, n.
X4.4.1.8. For air voids, VMA, and asphalt binder content, where both upper and lower limits are used,
determine the percent of material that will fall within the limits by adding the percent within the
upper specification limit (PWLU) to the percent within the lower specification limit (PWLL), and
subtracting 100 from the sum.
Total PWL = (PWLU + PWLL) – 100 (X4.5)
X4.4.1.9. For in-place density, determine the percent of material that will fall above the lower specification
limit (PWLL).

Total PWL = PWLL (X4.6)
X4.5. Example of Percent within Limits Using Standard Deviation
X4.5.1. Determine the PWL for air voids, where the average air voids ( x ) of the lot is 3.7 percent, the
standard deviation is 0.6 percent, and the number of samples is five. The range of allowable air
voids is 2.4 percent to 5.6 percent.
X4.5.2. Calculate an upper and lower quality index value (QU and QL) using the following:
 6.1 − x   5.6 − 3.7 

QU =   =  = 3.16 (X4.7)
 s   0.6 
 x − 2.4   3.7 − 2.4 

QL =   =   = 2.16 (X4.8)
 s   0.6 
X4.5.3. Determine an upper and lower PWL using Table X4.3 with the number of the samples and the
calculated values of QU and QL.
For n = 5 and QU =4.00, the PWLU = 100.
Note X3—Because the value of QU exceeds the highest value under the column of n = 5, the
PWLU equals 100.
Next, for n = 5 and QL = 3.00, the PWLL = 100.
Then, the combined PWLU and PWLL is:
PWL = (PWLU + PWLL) − 100

PWL = (100 + 100) − 100 = 100
where:
s = sample standard deviation;
QL = lower quality index value;
QU = upper quality index value;
PWLU = percent within limits on the upper side of the specification;
PWLL = percent within limits on the lower side of the specification; and
PWL = total percent within limits.

Table X4.3—Quality Index Values for Estimating Percent within Limits
PWL n=3 n=4 n=5 n=7 n = 10 n = 15
87 1.06 1.11 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12
86 1.04 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08
85 1.03 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.04
84 1.01 1.02 1.01 1.00 1.00 1.00
83 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.96
82 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.93 0.92 0.92
81 0.96 0.93 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.88
80 0.93 0.90 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.85
79 0.91 0.87 0.85 0.83 0.82 0.81
78 0.89 0.84 0.82 0.80 0.79 0.78
77 0.87 0.81 0.78 0.76 0.75 0.75
76 0.84 0.78 0.75 0.73 0.72 0.71
75 0.82 0.75 0.72 0.70 0.69 0.68
74 0.79 0.72 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65
73 0.76 0.69 0.66 0.64 0.63 0.62
72 0.74 0.66 0.63 0.61 0.60 0.59
71 0.71 0.63 0.60 0.58 0.57 0.56
70 0.68 0.60 0.57 0.55 0.54 0.53
69 0.65 0.57 0.54 0.52 0.51 0.50
68 0.62 0.54 0.51 0.49 0.48 0.48
67 0.59 0.51 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.45
66 0.56 0.48 0.45 0.44 0.43 0.42
65 0.52 0.45 0.43 0.41 0.40 0.39
64 0.49 0.42 0.40 0.38 0.37 0.36
63 0.46 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.34 0.34
62 0.43 0.36 0.34 0.32 0.32 0.31
61 0.39 0.33 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.29
60 0.36 0.30 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.26
59 0.32 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.23
58 0.29 0.24 0.23 0.21 0.21 0.21
57 0.25 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.18
56 0.22 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.15
55 0.18 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.13
54 0.14 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10
53 0.11 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08
52 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05
51 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Notes: 1. For negative values of QU or QL, PU or PL is equal to 100 minus the tabular PU or PL.
2. If the value of QU or QL does not correspond exactly to a value in the table, use the next higher value.
X5. SAMPLE QA HMA CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATION

X5.1. This appendix contains an example specification conforming to R 9 to develop a quality assurance
plan for HMA. As such, the specification contains lists of the test methods to be used, HMA
design and submittal requirements, start-up and field adjustment of the mixture, QC requirements,
and acceptance procedures. All of these items are included in this standard practice.

X5.2. In addition to those items listed in this standard practice, the agency needs to add several other
items to complete the specification. Among other things, these items should include:
a) HMA producer requirements. These would be prequalification items established by the
agency for a contractor to be eligible to supply HMA. Requirements could address plant and
equipment as well as personnel and lab facilities.
b) Specifics of QC plans for aggregate production or handling, asphalt binder control, plant
operations, and roadway operations.
c) Agency-specific aggregate requirements.
d) Special considerations for the use of recycled materials.
e) Construction requirements such as the preparation of the surface to be overlaid, weather
limitations, spreading and finishing, joints, shoulder corrugations, pavement smoothness,
coring procedures, and core hole filling procedures.
f) Pay factors.
g) Appeal procedures.
h) Basis of payment including bid item.
EXAMPLE SPECIFICATION
QUALITY ASSURANCE (QA) HOT MIX

ASPHALT (HMA) PAVEMENT
HMA.01 DESCRIPTION
This work shall consist of one or more courses of HMA base, intermediate, or surface mixtures
constructed on prepared foundations and shall be in reasonably close conformance with the lines,
grades, cross sections, dimensions, and material requirements, including tolerances, shown on the
plans or indicated in the specifications.
HMA.02 QUALITY CONTROL

The HMA shall be supplied from a HMA plant in accordance with the HMA producer
requirements. The HMA shall be transported and placed according to a roadway quality control
plan (QCP) prepared and submitted by the contractor to the engineer at least 15 days prior to
commencing HMA paving operations. The aggregate and asphalt binder materials shall be
produced and controlled by separate QCPs based on either the agency approved programs or
project-specific criteria.
HMA Producer Requirements. The producer takes responsibility for all aspects of the
production of quality HMA in accordance with the contract requirements, and the agency monitors
the producer’s production, methods of sampling, testing, calibration, verification, inspection
procedures, and anticipated frequencies of each. The HMA producer’s requirements include the
following:
1. The producer’s personnel shall include a qualified technician who shall compact and analyze
the HMA specimens and perform the maximum specific gravity test. The technician shall
supervise all other sampling and testing of materials, the maintenance of control charts, and
the maintenance of the project diary.
2. The producer shall provide and maintain a laboratory for process control testing. The
laboratory shall have the necessary space, equipment, and supplies for the tests to be
performed. The laboratory testing equipment shall meet the requirements of the test methods
identified for the required sampling and testing, except that an electronic balance shall be

provided. The gyratory compactor shall be on the agency’s list of approved Superpave
gyratory compactors. The test equipment furnished by the producer shall be properly
calibrated or verified and maintained within the limits described in the applicable test method.
3. The producer shall designate the sampling and sample reduction procedures, test methods,
sampling locations, and size of samples necessary for the QC. Testing of the samples shall be
completed within 48 hours of the time the sample was taken. Test values shall be reported to
the nearest 0.1 percent except for the coarse aggregate angularity content and temperature of
HMA, which shall be reported to the nearest 1 percent and 1°C (2°F) respectively.
4. The producer shall detail the procedures for the management of the asphalt binder, aggregate,
RAP, calibrations, HMA temperature, moisture, storage, and trucking operations to include
the cleaning of the truck beds, loading, tarping, and truck unloading at the roadway.
5. The producer shall maintain control charts at the HMA plant laboratory for each DMF and
JMF. All control test results shall be recorded on the control charts the same day the tests are
conducted. As a minimum the charts shall be maintained until 30 test data points have been
plotted. Subsequent to that time, at least 30 test data points shall be continuously displayed.
6. The producer control charts shall include the critical sieve(s) for each aggregate size from
stockpile samples, critical sieve(s) for each blended aggregate, and the target mean values for
the asphalt binder content, air voids, and VMA as determined from the DMF and the JMF.
QC Plan for Roadway Operations. The contractor shall identify their process to control the
HMA placement and compaction processes to ensure compliance with the project specifications.
As a minimum:
1. The contractor shall provide a qualified technician who shall conduct QC testing for
temperature, density, and smoothness, and monitor paving operations and joint construction.
2. The QCP shall include the contractor’s methodology for balancing the operation including
plant production, transportation, placement, and compaction.
3. The QCP shall also include delivery truck management, procedures for unloading the HMA
and residue materials from the truck, and material transfer vehicle operations including plans
for crossing bridge structures.
4. The paving plan shall include procedures for the material feed system, grade and slope
controls, joint construction, HMA sampling and testing plan, temperature, rolling, density,
coring, and smoothness testing.
5. The QCP shall also include documentation of all QC testing and equipment used in the HMA
operations. The contractor should maintain adequate records of all tests. The records should
indicate the test results and the nature of corrective action taken as appropriate. All charts and
records documenting the contractor’s QC operations and tests should be available to the
agency during the performance and upon the completion of the work. The contractor should
keep the test results on file for a minimum period of three years following completion of the
work. Test properties for the various materials and HMA should be charted on forms or other
appropriate means that are in accordance with the applicable requirements of the agency.
QC Plan for Asphalt Binder Materials. QC of asphalt binder materials from all suppliers shall
be in accordance with R 26 and the following:
1. The supplier shall prepare and submit a QCP that covers the manufacture, storage, shipping,
and handling of all materials.
2. The supplier shall conduct testing in a laboratory that has been approved by the agency.
Participation in the AMRL equipment inspection and proficiency sample programs with
satisfactory ratings will be the basis for approval.
3. Specification compliance testing and complete AASHTO testing shall be accomplished at the
frequency outlined in the QCP per grade of binder and at least once following feed stock
changes. After initial testing, the minimum frequency for specification compliance testing
shall be once per month.

4. The supplier shall furnish instructions with each grade of asphalt binder on proper storage and
handling of the material.
5. The supplier shall furnish with the shipping report for each load a statement certifying that the
asphalt materials have been manufactured according to R 26 and these specifications.
6. The supplier shall maintain detailed records of QC inspections, test results, and shipments for
at least three years.
QC Plan for Aggregate Production. The agency should develop a testing program to ensure that
aggregates meet specification requirements. The contractor’s QCP should include, as a minimum,
discussion on the proposed processing, transportation, stockpiling, and plant charging operations
and the following:
1. The producer’s personnel shall include a qualified technician who shall perform the pertinent
duties during critical activities to meet the requirements of the QCP. The technician shall
supervise the sampling and testing of materials, the maintenance of control charts, and the
maintenance of the project diary.
2. The producer shall provide and maintain a laboratory for process control testing. The
laboratory shall have the necessary space, equipment, and supplies for the tests to be
performed. The laboratory testing equipment shall meet the requirements of the test methods
identified for the required sampling and testing, except that an electronic balance shall be
provided. The test equipment furnished by the producer shall be properly calibrated or
verified and maintained within the limits described in the applicable test method.
3. Sampling and testing of all materials that require control for aggregate gradation, decantation,
deleterious, and crushed particles shall be in conformance with the AASHTO and agency
requirements. Sampling shall be performed on uniform tonnage increments in an unbiased
manner, and testing of the samples shall be accomplished in such time as to assure that
process control is maintained. Testing shall be performed in accordance with the respective
test methods unless otherwise stated by the agency.
4. The producer shall maintain control charts at the aggregate laboratory. All control test results
shall be recorded on the control charts the same day the tests are conducted. As a minimum,
the charts shall be maintained until 30 test data points have been plotted. Subsequent to that
time, at least 30 test data points shall be continuously displayed.
5. The producer’s control charts shall include the critical sieve(s) for each aggregate size from
stockpile samples and critical sieve(s) for each blended aggregate.
6. The producer shall retain the QC test results for a minimum period of three years.
MATERIAL
HMA.03 MATERIALS
Materials shall be in accordance with the following:
Performance-Graded Asphalt Binder AASHTO M 320
Coarse Aggregates Agency Requirements
Fine Aggregates Agency Requirements
HMA.04 DESIGN MIX FORMULA

A design mix formula (DMF) shall be prepared in accordance with HMA.05 and submitted in a
format acceptable to the engineer one week prior to use. The DMF shall state the maximum
particle size in the mixture. The DMF shall state the calibration factor, test temperature, and
absorption factors to be used for the determination of asphalt binder content using the ignition
oven in accordance with AASHTO T 308 or by extraction in accordance with AASHTO T 164.
The DMF shall state the source, type, and dosage rate of any stabilizing additives. Approval of the
DMF will be based on the equivalent single axle load (ESAL) and HMA designation. The

engineer will assign an HMA identification number. No HMA will be accepted until the DMF has
been approved.
The ESAL category identified in the pay item correlates to the following ESAL ranges:
ESAL Category ESAL

1 <300,000
2 300,000 to <3 000,000
3 3,000,000 to <10,000,000
4 10,000,000 to <30,000,000
5 ≥30,000,000
HMA.05 VOLUMETRIC HMA DESIGN

The DMF shall be determined for each mixture from a volumetric design by a design laboratory
selected from the agency’s list of approved HMA design laboratories. A volumetric HMA design
shall be performed in accordance with the respective AASHTO references as listed below.
Superpave Volumetric Mix Design AASHTO M 323
Designing Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) AASHTO R 46
Mixture Conditioning of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) AASHTO R 30
Superpave Volumetric Design for Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) AASHTO R 35
Theoretical Maximum Specific Gravity (Gmm) and Density of
Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) AASHTO T 209
Resistance of Compacted Asphalt Mixtures to Moisture-Induced Damage AASHTO T 283
Preparing and Determining the Density of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA)
Specimens by Means of the Superpave Gyratory Compactor AASHTO T 312
The single percentage of aggregate passing each required sieve shall be within the limits of
AASHTO M 323.
Dust/calculated effective asphalt binder ratio shall be from 0.6 to 1.2 when the aggregate gradation
passes above the primary control sieve control point and 0.8 to 1.6 when the aggregate gradation
passes below the control point. The optimum asphalt binder content for dense-graded mixtures
shall produce 4.0 percent air voids at Ndes. The design shall have at least four points, including a
minimum of two points above and one point below the optimum. The maximum specific gravity
of the uncompacted mixture shall be determined in accordance with AASHTO T 209.
Dense-graded mixtures shall be tested for moisture susceptibility in accordance with AASHTO
T 283. The minimum tensile strength ratio (TSR) shall be 80 percent. The 150-mm (6-in.) mixture
specimens shall be compacted in accordance with AASHTO T 312. If anti-stripping additives are
added to the HMA to meet the minimum TSR requirements, the dosage rate shall be submitted
with the DMF.
Changes in the source or types of aggregates shall require a new DMF. A new DMF shall be
submitted to the engineer for approval one week prior to use.
The HMA design compaction temperature for the specimens shall be in accordance with the
asphalt binder supplier’s recommendations or determined from a temperature–viscosity curve
based on AASHTO T 316.
Design criteria for each HMA shall be based on the ESAL value shown in the contract documents.
Air void, VMA, and VFA criteria shall be in accordance with AASHTO M 323 and R 35.
HMA.06 RECYCLED MATERIALS

Recycled materials may consist of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). Reclaimed asphalt
pavement shall be the product resulting from the cold milling or crushing of an existing HMA
pavement. The RAP is processed so that 100 percent will pass the 50-mm (2-in.) sieve when

entering the HMA plant. The coarse aggregate in the recycled materials shall pass the maximum
sieve size for the HMA being produced.
Recycled materials may be used as a substitute for a portion of the new materials in accordance
with AASHTO M 323. The percentages of recycled materials shall be as specified on the DMF.
HMA.07 INITIAL PRODUCTION LOT

At the beginning of production of each HMA design, an initial production lot should be used to
evaluate the DMF. The initial production lot should be divided into four sublots as specified in the
table below depending on the mixture type.
Initial Production Sublots and Lots

Nom Max Size Initial Sublot Size Initial Lot Size
4.75 300 1200
9.5 400 1600
12.5 500 2000
19.0 500 2000
25.0 500 2000
37.5 500 2000
During initial plant start-up, adjustments may be made to assure the plant-produced HMA will
meet the design requirements. For the initial production lot, the contractor shall produce HMA
within the limits in the table below. The DMF may be adjusted to bring the DMF into compliance
with the requirements of AASHTO M 323. The maximum adjustment should be within the
following limits:
Allowable DMF Adjustments for Initial Production

HMA Composition Property Adjustment Limit, %
Gradation Passing 2.36-mm to 0.150-mm Sieve ±4.0
By the end of the lot, the HMA should be within the limits of the above table. The initial
production lot shall be closed out, and the contractor shall declare a JMF.
HMA.08 LOTS AND SUBLOTS

After the initial production lot, lots will be defined for 19.0-mm nominal maximum aggregate size
or larger HMA designs and for 12.5-mm or smaller HMA designs. Lots will be further subdivided
into equal sublots not to exceed 1000 Mg (1000 tons) for 19.0-mm or larger HMA designs or
600 Mg (600 tons) for 12.5-mm or smaller HMA designs. Typically, four or more sublots
constitute a lot. Partial sublots of 100 Mg (100 tons) or less can be added to the previous sublot.
Partial sublots greater than 100 Mg (100 tons) can constitute a full sublot. Lots that contain a
single sublot could be combined with the previous lot for acceptance purposes.
HMA.09 JOB MIX FORMULA

A job mix formula (JMF) shall be developed by the contractor. A JMF used for volumetrically
accepted contracts in the current or previous calendar year that was developed to Ndes will
be allowed.

HMA.10 ACCEPTANCE OF HMA
For the initial production lots, the properties of each sublot will be measured and compared to the
DMF. If the deviation in air voids in any sublot exceeds ±2 percent or in any two sublots exceeds
±1.5 percent, the production should cease, and a new DMF should be developed in accordance
with HMA.05. If the deviation for asphalt binder content in any sublot exceeds the limit shown in
the table below, the production should cease, and a new DMF should be developed in accordance
with HMA.05. If the deviation for any property other than asphalt binder content exceeds two
times the limits shown in the table below or any two sublots exceed the limits, the production
should cease, and a new DMF should be developed in accordance with HMA.05.
Allowable DMF Adjustments for Initial Production

HMA Composition Property Deviation, %
For all lots except the initial production lot, HMA will be accepted for asphalt binder content,
VMA at Ndes, and air voids at Ndes based on tests performed by the engineer. Acceptance testing
for surface mixtures will include tests for moisture content. The engineer will randomly select a
location within each sublot for sampling. An acceptance sample will consist of two plate samples
with the first being at the random location and the second 0.6 m (2 ft) ahead. A backup sample
consisting of two plate samples shall be located 0.6 m (2 ft) towards the center of the mat from the
acceptance sample. An additional sample for moisture content shall be located 0.6 m (2 ft) back
from the random sample location.
The maximum percent of moisture in the mixture shall not exceed 0.10 from plate samples. Air
voids, asphalt binder content, and VMA values will be reported to the nearest 0.1 percent.
Moisture and draindown test results will be rounded to the nearest 0.01 percent.
In the event that an acceptance sample is not available to represent a sublot(s), all test results of
the previous sublot will be used for acceptance. If the previous sublot is not available, the
subsequent sublot will be used for acceptance.
The engineer’s acceptance test results for each sublot will be available when the testing is
complete. The contractor may request an appeal of the engineer’s test results in accordance with
HMA.21.
Determine percent within limits (PWL) and pay factors in accordance with HMA.20.
CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
HMA.11 GENERAL
Equipment for HMA operations shall be in accordance with agency requirements.
Fuel oil, kerosene, or solvents shall not be transported in open containers on equipment. Cleaning
of equipment and small tools shall not be accomplished on the pavement or shoulder areas.
Segregation, flushing, or bleeding of HMA will not be permitted. Corrective action shall be taken
to prevent continuation of these conditions. Segregated, flushed, or bleeding HMA shall be
removed if directed. All areas showing an excess or deficiency of asphalt binder shall be removed
and replaced.
All HMA that has become loose and broken, mixed with dirt, or is in any way defective shall be
removed and replaced.

HMA.12 PREPARATION OF SURFACES TO BE OVERLAID
The subgrade shall be shaped to the required grade and sections, free from all ruts, corrugations, or
other irregularities, and uniformly compacted. Surfaces on which HMA is placed shall be free
from objectionable or foreign materials at the time of placement.
Compacted aggregate bases and rubblized pavements shall be primed. Milled surfaces and existing
surfaces shall be tacked prior to placing HMA. Contact surfaces of curbing, gutters, manholes, and
other structures shall also be tacked.
HMA.13 PROCESS CONTROL

The engineer and contractor will jointly review the operations to ensure compliance with the QCP.
Continuous violations of compliance with the QCP will result in suspension of paving operations.
HMA.14 WEATHER LIMITATIONS

HMA courses of less than 75 kg/m2 (138 lb/yd2) shall be placed only when the ambient
temperature, and the temperature of the surface on which it is to be placed, is 7°C (45°F) or above.
No HMA shall be placed on a frozen subgrade.
HMA.15 SPREADING AND FINISHING

The HMA shall be placed upon an approved surface by means of approved equipment. Prior to
paving, the actual application rate shall be determined.
HMA courses greater than 90 kg/m2 (165 lb/yd2) placed under traffic shall be brought up even
with each adjacent lane at the end of each workday. HMA courses less than or equal to 90 kg/m2
(165 lb/yd2) shall be brought forward concurrently, within practical limits, limiting the work in
one lane to not more than one workday of production before moving back to bring forward the
adjacent lane.
Hydraulic extensions on the paver will not be permitted for continuous paving operations. Fixed
extensions or extendable screeds shall be used on courses greater than the nominal width of the
paver except in areas where the paving widths vary. Hydraulic extensions may be used in tapers
and added lanes less than 75 m (250 ft) in length.
Automatic slope and grade controls shall be used as outlined in the QCP.
When placing HMA with density not controlled by cores, the speed of the paver shall not exceed
15 m (50 ft)/min. Rollers shall be operated to avoid shoving of the HMA and at speeds not to
exceed 4.5 km/h (3 mph). However, vibratory rollers will be limited to 4 km/h (2.5 mph).
The finished thickness of any course shall be at least two times, but not more than four times, the
nominal-maximum aggregate particle size as shown on the DMF.
HMA.16 JOINTS
Longitudinal joints in the surface shall be at the lane lines of the pavement. Longitudinal joints
below the surface shall be offset from previously constructed joints by approximately 150 mm
(6 in.) and be located within 300 mm (12 in.) of the lane line.
Transverse joints shall be constructed by exposing a nearly vertical, full-depth face of the previous
course. For areas inaccessible to rollers, other mechanical devices shall be used to achieve the
required density.
If constructed under traffic, temporary transverse joints shall be feathered to provide a smooth
transition to the driving surface.
HMA.17 DENSITY
Acceptance will be based on lots and sublots in accordance with HMA.08.
Density of the compacted dense-graded HMA will be determined from cores based on samples
obtained from two random locations selected by the engineer within each sublot. One core shall be
cut at each random location. The transverse core location will be located so that the edge of the

core will be no closer than 75 mm (3 in.) from a confined edge or 150 mm (6 in.) from a
nonconfined edge of the course being placed. The maximum specific gravity will be determined
from the sample obtained in HMA.10.
The contractor shall obtain cores in the presence of the engineer with a device that shall produce a
uniform 150-mm (6-in.) diameter pavement sample. Coring shall be completed prior to the
random location being covered by the next course. Surface courses shall be cored within two
workdays of placement. Damaged core(s) shall be discarded and replaced with a core from a
location selected by adding 0.3 m (1.0 ft) to the longitudinal location of the damaged core using
the same transverse offset.
The contractor and the engineer shall mark the core to define the course to be tested. If the core
indicates a course thickness of less than 2.0 times the nominal-maximum aggregate size, the core
will be discarded, and a core from a new random location will be selected for testing.
The engineer will take immediate possession of the cores. If the engineer’s cores are subsequently
damaged, additional coring will be the responsibility of the agency. Subsequent core locations will
be determined by subtracting 0.3 m (1.0 ft) from the random location using the same transverse
offset.
The density for the HMA will be expressed as the percentage of maximum specific gravity
(%Gmm) obtained by dividing the average bulk specific gravity by the maximum specific gravity
for the sublot times 100. Density values (%Gmm) will be reported to the nearest 0.1 percent.
Rounding will be in accordance with ASTM E29, using the rounding method. The engineer will
determine the bulk specific gravity of the cores (Gmb) in accordance with AASHTO T 166. The
maximum specific gravity will be determined in accordance with AASHTO T 209. The target
value for density of dense-graded mixtures of each sublot shall be 93.0 percent.
Within one workday of coring operations, the contractor shall clean, dry, and refill the core holes
with HMA of similar or smaller-size particles or other approved materials.
Pay factors will be determined in accordance with HMA.20. The engineer’s acceptance test results
for each sublot will be available when the testing is complete.
HMA.18 SHOULDER CORRUGATIONS

Shoulder corrugations shall be in accordance with the plans.
HMA.19 PAVEMENT SMOOTHNESS

The pavement smoothness will be accepted by means of a profilograph, a 4.9-m (16-ft)–long
straightedge, or a 3-m (10-ft)–long straightedge.
The profilograph shall be used where the following conditions are met:
1. the design speed is greater than 70 km/h (45 mph);
2. the pavement lanes are full width, 0.16 km (0.1 mi) and or longer; and
3. the HMA is placed on a milled surface or the total application rate is 180 kg/m2 (330 lb/yd2)
or greater.
The contractor shall furnish, calibrate, and operate an approved profilograph in accordance with
agency requirements. The profilogram produced shall become the property of the agency. The
profilograph shall remain the property of the contractor.
The 4.9-m (16-ft)–long straightedge shall be used on overlays where the profilograph is not
specified. The 4.9-m (16-ft)–long straightedge shall be used on all full-width pavement lanes
shorter than 75 m (250 ft), on tapers, within 15 m (50 ft) of bridge approaches, and within 15 m
(50 ft) of an existing pavement that is being joined.
The 3-m (10-ft)–long straightedge shall be used for transverse slopes, approaches, and crossovers.
All wavelike irregularities and abrupt changes in profile caused by paving operations shall be
corrected.
Each finished course of base and intermediate HMA shall be subject to approval. The pavement
smoothness shall be checked on any new intermediate course located immediately below a surface

course and the surface course at the locations as designated in accordance with agency
requirements.
If grinding of the intermediate course is used for pavement smoothness corrections, the grinding
shall not precede the surface placement by more than 30 calendar days if open to traffic.
When the 4.9-m (16-ft) straightedge is used on a surface course, the pavement variations shall be
corrected to 6 mm (0.25 in.) or less. When the 3-m (10-ft) straightedge is used, the pavement
variations shall be corrected to 3 mm (0.125 in.) or less.
When the profilograph is being used on a surface course, in addition to the requirements for the
profile index, all areas having a high or low point deviation in excess of 8 mm (0.3 in.) shall be
corrected. Courses underlying the surface courses that are exposed by corrective actions shall be
milled to 25 mm (1 in.) and replaced with surface materials. The initial profile index shall be
determined prior to any corrective action. The final profile index will be determined after all
corrective action has been completed.
When the profilograph is being used on an intermediate course, all areas having a high or low
point deviation in excess of 8 mm (0.3 in.) shall be corrected. When the 4.9-m (16-ft) or 3.0-m
(10-ft) straightedge is being used on an intermediate course, all areas having a high or low point
deviation in excess of 6 mm (0.25 in.) shall be corrected.
HMA.20 PAY FACTORS

For all lots except the initial production lot, the percent within limits (PWL) shall be estimated for
each property (air voids, asphalt binder content, VMA, and in-place density) as follows:
Determine the average, x , of the lot measurements, where n is the number of samples in the lot.
n
xi
x =∑
i =1 n
Determine the standard deviation, s, of the lot.
n
∑( x − x ) i
2
s= i =1
n −1
For air voids, asphalt binder content, and VMA, calculate the upper quality index, QU, by
subtracting the average ( x ) of the measurements from the upper specification limit (USL) and
dividing the results by s. Limits are listed in the table of specification limits (see Table X1).
USL − x
QU =
s
Estimate the percentage of material that will fall within the upper tolerance limit by entering the
table of quality index values with QU using the column appropriate to the total number of
measurements, n.
For air voids, asphalt binder content, VMA, and in-place density, calculate the lower quality
index, QL, by subtracting the lower specification limit (LSL) from the average ( x ) and dividing
the result by s.
x − LSL
QL =
s
Estimate the percentage of material that will fall within the lower tolerance limit by entering the
table of quality index values with QL using the column appropriate to the total number of
measurements, n.
For air voids, asphalt binder content, and VMA, where both upper and lower limits are used,
determine the percent of material that will fall within the limits by adding the percent within the
upper specification limit (PWLU) to the percent within the lower specification limit (PWLL), and
subtracting 100 from the sum.

Total PWL = (PWLU + PWLL) – 100
For in-place density, determine the percent of material that will fall above the lower specification
limit (PWLL).
Total PWL = PWLL
Calculate the pay factor (PF) for each property with the table of pay factors for different PWL
values.
For the initial production lot, HMA accepted according to HMA.10 shall be accepted with a pay
factor of 1.00. For material produced outside the tolerances of HMA.10, the agency will determine
if the material should be left in place.
Table X1—Specification Limits

HMA Composition Property Specification Limits
Mixture
Air Voids (Va) at Ndes, % 2.7 to 5.3
Asphalt Binder Content by Ignition Furnace, % ±0.2 from JMF
Voids in Mineral Aggregate (VMA) at Ndes, % ±1.3 from JMF
In-Place Density
Roadway Core Density (%Gmm), % 91.7
Table X2—Quality Index Values for Estimating Percent within Limits

PWL n=3 n=4 n=5 n=7 n = 10 n = 15
100 1.16 1.50 1.79 2.23 2.65 3.03
99 1.16 1.47 1.67 1.89 2.04 2.14
98 1.15 1.44 1.60 1.76 1.86 1.93
97 1.15 1.41 1.54 1.67 1.74 1.79
96 1.14 1.38 1.49 1.59 1.65 1.68
95 1.14 1.35 1.44 1.52 1.56 1.59
94 1.13 1.32 1.39 1.46 1.49 1.51
93 1.13 1.29 1.35 1.40 1.43 1.44
92 1.12 1.26 1.31 1.35 1.37 1.38
91 1.11 1.23 1.27 1.30 1.31 1.32
90 1.10 1.20 1.23 1.25 1.26 1.27
89 1.09 1.17 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22
88 1.07 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.17
87 1.06 1.11 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12
86 1.04 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08
85 1.03 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.04
84 1.01 1.02 1.01 1.00 1.00 1.00
83 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.96
82 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.93 0.92 0.92
81 0.96 0.93 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.88
80 0.93 0.90 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.85
79 0.91 0.87 0.85 0.83 0.82 0.81
78 0.89 0.84 0.82 0.80 0.79 0.78
77 0.87 0.81 0.78 0.76 0.75 0.75
76 0.84 0.78 0.75 0.73 0.72 0.71
(Continued on next page.)

Table X2—Quality Index Values for Estimating Percent within Limits (Continued)
PWL n=3 n=4 n=5 n=7 n = 10 n = 15
75 0.82 0.75 0.72 0.70 0.69 0.68
74 0.79 0.72 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65
73 0.76 0.69 0.66 0.64 0.63 0.62
72 0.74 0.66 0.63 0.61 0.60 0.59
71 0.71 0.63 0.60 0.58 0.57 0.56
70 0.68 0.60 0.57 0.55 0.54 0.53
69 0.65 0.57 0.54 0.52 0.51 0.50
68 0.62 0.54 0.51 0.49 0.48 0.48
67 0.59 0.51 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.45
66 0.56 0.48 0.45 0.44 0.43 0.42
65 0.52 0.45 0.43 0.41 0.40 0.39
64 0.49 0.42 0.40 0.38 0.37 0.36
63 0.46 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.34 0.34
62 0.43 0.36 0.34 0.32 0.32 0.31
61 0.39 0.33 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.29
60 0.36 0.30 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.26
59 0.32 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.23
58 0.29 0.24 0.23 0.21 0.21 0.21
57 0.25 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.18
56 0.22 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.15
55 0.18 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.13
54 0.14 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10
53 0.11 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08
52 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05
51 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Notes: 1. For negative values of QU or QL, PU or PL is equal to 100 minus the tabular PU or PL.
2. If the value of QU or QL does not correspond exactly to a value in the table, use the next higher value.
Pay factors are calculated for each property, air voids at Ndes, asphalt binder content, VMA at Ndes,
and in-place density (%Gmm). The appropriate pay factor for each property is calculated as follows:
Estimated PWL greater than 78:
PF = 0.045(PWL) + 96.5
Estimated PWL greater than or equal to 42 and less than or equal to 78:
PF = –0.006(PWL)2 + 1.4(PWL) + 27.3
If the pay factor for any one of the properties is less than 75, the engineer will determine if the
material will be required to be removed, other corrective action is to be taken, or if it will be left in
place at a further reduced pay factor.
For all lots other than the initial production lot, a composite pay factor is determined for each lot
based on test results for HMA properties and density in a weighted formula as follows:
CPF = 0.20(PFBINDER) + 0.35(PFVOIDS) + 0.10(PFVMA) + 0.35(PFDENSITY)
where:
CPF = lot combined pay factor for mixture and density;
PFBINDER = lot pay factor for asphalt binder content;
PFVOIDS = lot pay factor for air voids at Ndes;
PFVMA = lot pay factor for VMA at Ndes; and
PFDENSITY = lot pay factor for density.

The lot pay adjustment for mixture properties and density is calculated as follows.
qm = L × U × (CPF – 100)/100
where:
qm = quality assurance adjustment for mixture and density;
L = lot quantity;
U = unit price for the material, $/Mg ($/ton); and
CPF = combined pay factor.
The quality assurance adjustment points for smoothness will be calculated in accordance with the
following:
When the pavement smoothness is tested with a profilograph, payment will be based on the final
profile index (PI0.0) in accordance with the following table:
Table X3—Adjustment for Smoothness

Design Speed Greater than 70 km/h (45 mph)
Profile Index (PI0.0),
mm per 0.16 km (in./0.1 mi) Pay Factor
0 to 20 mm (0.00 to 0.80 in.) 1.06
21 to 25 mm (0.81 to 1.00 in.) 1.05
26 to 30 mm (1.01 to 1.20 in.) 1.04
31 to 35 mm (1.21 to 1.40 in.) 1.03
36 to 40 mm (1.41 to 1.60 in.) 1.02
41 to 50 mm (1.61 to 2.00 in.) 1.01
51 to 60 mm (2.01 to 2.40 in.) 1.00
61 to 65 mm (2.41 to 2.60 in.) 0.96
61 to 70 mm (2.61 to 2.80 in.) 0.92
Note: All pavements with a profile index (PI0.0) greater than 70 mm (2.80 in.)
shall be corrected.
A quality assurance pay factor for smoothness (PFs) will apply to the typical section including the
aggregate base and the HMA base, intermediate, and surface courses. The quality assurance
adjustment for each section will include the total area of each pavement lane excluding shoulders
for a 0.16-km (0.1-mi) long section represented by the profile index calculated by the following
formula:
n
 S 
qs = ( PFs − 1.00)∑  A × × U
i =1  T 
where:
qs = quality assurance adjustment for smoothness for one section;
PFs = pay factor for smoothness;
n = number of layers;
A = area of the section, m2 (yd2);
S = spread rate for the material, kg/m2 (lb/yd2);
T = conversion factor: 1000 kg/Mg (2000 lb/ton); and
U = unit price for the material, $/Mg ($/ton).
For the entire contract, the quality assurance adjustment for smoothness, QS, will be the total of the
quality assurance adjustments for smoothness, qs, on each section by the following formula:
Qs = ∑ q s

Quality assurance pay factors greater than 1.00 will be applicable only to the initial measured
profile index, prior to any corrective work. Quality assurance pay factors of 1.00 or less will be
applied to pavement sections where corrective work has been completed.
The total quality assurance adjustments for mixture properties, density, and smoothness are
calculated as follows:
q = qm + q S
where:
q = total quality assurance adjustment;
qm = quality assurance adjustment for mixture and density; and
qS = quality assurance adjustment for smoothness.
HMA.21 APPEALS
If the QC test results do not agree with the acceptance test results, a request, along with the QC
test results, may be made in writing for additional testing. Additional testing may be requested for
one or more of the following tests: Gmm, Gmb of the gyratory specimens, asphalt binder content, or
bulk specific gravity of the density cores. The request for the appeal for Gmm, Gmb of gyratory
specimens, asphalt binder content, or bulk specific gravity of the density cores shall be submitted
within seven calendar days of receipt of the agency’s written results for that lot. The lot, sublot,
and specific test(s) shall be specified at the time of the appeal. Upon approval of the appeal, the
engineer will perform additional testing as follows:
The backup sample(s) or new cores will be tested in accordance with the applicable test method
for the test requested.
Gmm. The backup Gmm sample will be tested in accordance with AASHTO T 209, Section 9.5.1.
Gmb of the Gyratory Specimen. New gyratory specimens will be prepared and tested in
accordance with AASHTO T 312 from the backup sample.
Asphalt Binder Content. The backup asphalt binder content sample will be prepared and tested
in accordance with the test method that was used for acceptance.
Bulk Specific Gravity of the Density Core. Additional cores shall be taken within seven calendar
days unless otherwise directed. Additional core locations will be determined by adding 0.3 m
(1.0 ft) longitudinally to the site of the cores tested using the same transverse offset. The appeal
density cores will be tested in accordance with AASHTO T 166.
The appeal results will replace all previous test result(s) for acceptance of HMA in accordance
with HMA.10 and density in accordance with HMA.17. The results will be furnished to
the contractor.
HMA.22 METHOD OF MEASUREMENT

HMA will be measured by the megagram (ton) of the type specified.
HMA.23 BASIS OF PAYMENT

The accepted quantities for this work will be paid for at the contract unit price per megagram (ton)
for QC/QA-HMA, of the type specified, complete in place.
Payment for furnishing, calibrating, and operating the profilograph and furnishing profile
information will be made at the contract lump sum price for profilograph, HMA.
Adjustments to the contract payment with respect to mixture, density, and smoothness for mixture
produced will be included in a quality assurance adjustment pay item. The unit price for this pay
item will be one dollar ($1.00), and the quantity will be in units of dollars. The quantity is the total
calculated in accordance with HMA.20.
Payment will be made under the following pay items:

Pay Item Metric Pay Unit Symbol (English Pay Unit Symbol)
Profilograph, HMA Lump Sum
QC/QA HMA. _______* Mg (ton)
Quality Assurance Adjustment Dollars
* Surface, Intermediate, or Base
Preparation of surfaces to be overlaid shall be included in the cost of other pay items.
Coring and refilling of the core holes shall be included in the cost of other pay items within this
section.
No payment will be made for additional anti-stripping additives, appeal coring, or traffic control
expenditures related to coring operations.
Corrections for pavement smoothness shall be included in the cost of other pay items within this
section.
The price for profilograph, HMA, will be full compensation regardless of how often the
profilograph is used or how many profilograms are produced.
1
Formerly AASHTO Provisional Standard PP 52. First published as a full standard in 2006.


R42-06 Desarrollo Plan Aseguramiento Calidad MAC

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

R42-06 Desarrollo Plan Aseguramiento Calidad MAC

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Standard Practice for

Developing a Quality Assurance

AASHTO Designation: R 42-06 (2016)1

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

Developing a Quality Assurance

AASHTO Designation: R 42-06 (2016) 1

2.2. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.

TS-5c R 42-1 AASHTO

3.2. ASTM Standards:

TS-5c R 42-2 AASHTO

4.8. QC plan—project-specific plan that identifies methods of sampling, testing, calibration, QC

4.11. agency—state highway agency or owner of the roadway.

TS-5c R 42-3 AASHTO

6.2.1. Implementation of a QC plan for a contractor(s).

6.2.2. Implementation of an acceptance plan for an agency.

7.1.2. Apparatus as required by referenced standards for this standard practice.

7.2. Field Requirements:

7.2.1. Personal safety equipment required by the field organization or OSHA.

TS-5c R 42-4 AASHTO

9. FUNCTIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES ON HMA PROJECTS

10.2. Mix Production Samples:

TS-5c R 42-5 AASHTO

11. MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS

11.1.1. PGAB should conform to the requirements of M 320.

12. FIELD ADJUSTMENT OF THE DMF

Table 1—Allowable DMF Adjustments for Initial Production

12.2. Initial Production Lot:

TS-5c R 42-6 AASHTO

Table 2—Initial Production Lots and Sublots

12.3. Initial Production Lot Samples:

12.3.1.3. Compact samples of HMA according to T 312.

12.4. Control Chart Initiation:

TS-5c R 42-7 AASHTO

12.5. HMA Control Strip:

13. QUALITY CONTROL SYSTEM

TS-5c R 42-8 AASHTO

13.2. Quality Control Components:

13.3. Lots and Sublots for Quality Control:

13.4. Quality Control Laboratory:

13.5. Test Equipment Calibration:

13.6. Quality Control for Plant Operations:

TS-5c R 42-9 AASHTO

13.7. Quality Control for Roadway Operations:

14. HMA ACCEPTANCE PROCEDURES

TS-5c R 42-10 AASHTO

14.4. Acceptance Process:

14.5. Contractor Tests Used in the Acceptance Decision:

TS-5c R 42-11 AASHTO

14.6. Pay Factors:

15. DISPUTE RESOLUTION

TS-5c R 42-12 AASHTO

X1. STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

X1.2. Securing Samples:

X1.3. Random Number Table:

TS-5c R 42-13 AASHTO

TS-5c R 42-14 AASHTO

Figure X1.1—Determination of Sample Location Using Random Numbers

X1.5. Sampling Example by Material Mass:

TS-5c R 42-15 AASHTO

Sublot Random Size Sample from

Sublot sampling based on mass is illustrated in Figure X1.3.

TS-5c R 42-16 AASHTO

X2. STATISTICAL CONTROL CHARTS

TS-5c R 42-17 AASHTO