Yeshumishiha Indiayil PDF

tbip-aninlm C¥y-bn¬
JESUS IN INDIA
lZvdØv an¿km Kpemw-AlvaZv(A)
hnh: F≥. A_vZp¿dlnw
{]km-[-I¿
\kmdXv \iv¿ h CimAØv
kzZv¿ A©pa≥ AlvaZnøm ˛ JmZnbm≥
YESHU MISHIHA INDIAYIL (Jesus in India)
Malayalam Version of the original Urdu Work
‘Masih Hindusthan Mein’
Author: Hadhrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad(A)

Promised Messiah & Mahdi
Translator:N. Abdurrahim
Published by: Nazarat Islah-O-Irshad Markazia Qadian

Qadian 143516 Gurdaspur-Dt, Punjab-St, INDIA
Printing at : Orange Offset Printers,Calicut
Fourth Edition: 2016 March
Copies: 1000
ISBN: 9788179122525
D≈S°w
AhXmcnI 5
BapJw 7
A[ymbw 1
tbip Ipcnin¬ acn®nń√ 25
A[ymbw 2
Cukm\_n Ipcnipkw`hØn\ptijw 78
(Jp¿B≥˛lZoYv sXfnhpIƒ)
A[ymbw 3
sshZyimkv{XsØfnhpIƒ 87
A[ymbw 4
H∂mw Imfiw˛ Ncn{XK{KŸßfn¬\n∂v 100
Cukm\_nbpsS k©mcam¿§w 102
c≠mw Imfiw˛ _p≤aX{KŸßfn¬ 107
aq∂mw Imfiw˛ C{kmtbey¿ C¥ybn¬ 136
24 tKm{Xßƒ 145
A\p_‘w 155
]p\cp∞m\tam ]p\cp÷oh\tam 158
4 tbipaninlm C¥ybn¬
lZvdØv an¿km Kpemw-AlvaZv(A)

tbipaninlm C¥ybn¬ 5
AhXmcnI
lZvdØv hmKvZØv alvZo akolv(A)s‚ Hcp I¿Øhyw
Ipcn»pS°pIbmWv. CXp kw_‘ambn At±lØns‚
akolv lnµpÿm≥ taw (tbip aninl C¥ybn¬) F∂
Cu {KŸsØ Ahkm\ hms°∂v ]dbmhp∂XmWv. Cu
{KŸØn¬ tbip aninl Ipcnipkw`hØn\p tijw ]e
kvXo\n¬ \n∂v ]emb\w sNbvXv hnhn[ cmPyßfneqsS
k©cn®v C¥ybnseØnsb∂v ÿm]n®ncn°p∂p. lZvdØv
akolv(A)s\°pdn®v C°meL´Øn¬ \S°p∂ F√m
Øcw KthjWßfptSbpw ASnØd Cu {KŸw Xs∂
bmWv.
Cu ]pkvXIØn¬ hnhn[ A≤ymbßfn¬ hnjbsØ
{IaoIcn®ncn°p∂p. AXv A\phmNI¿°pw KthjI¿°pw
Gsd {]tbmP\{]ZamWv.
Cu {KŸØns‚ ]e ]Xn∏pIfpw hnhn[ `mjIfn¬
]cn`mjbpw Rßƒ {]kn≤oIcn®n´p≠v.
Ct∏mƒ CXns‚ aebmfw ]cn`mj \memw ]Xn∏v \km
dØv \ivtdm CimAØv JmZnbm≥ (tI{µ {]kn≤oIcW
hn`mKw) {]kn≤oIcn°pIbmWv.
A√mlp CXns‚ {]kn≤oIcWØn¬ klIcn® F√m
h¿°pw X°Xmb {]Xnêw \¬IpamdmIs´, Cu ]pkvXIw
kpa\ pIfpsS k∑m¿KØn\v \nanØam°pamdmIs´.
Bao≥
sk{I´dn ]ªnt°j≥kv,
AlvaZnøm apkvenw PamAØv `mcXv
BapJw
apkvenw-If- nepw an° {InkvXym-\n-If- nepw tbip-hn-s‚-
˛-Cukm \_n-bpsS˛B-Zy-Im-es - Øbpw Ah-km\ Ime-sØ
bpw Pohn-Xs - Ø-∏‰n \ne-\nev°p∂ Kpcp-Xc - a- mb sX‰p[m-c-
W-Iƒ, AwKo-IrX bmYm¿∞y-ßs - f-bpw, Aap-kvenw-If - psS
]pcm-X-\-tc-J-I-fn¬\n∂pw s]mXp-hmb Ncn-{X-sØ-fn-hp-I-
fn¬\n∂p-ap≈ \ymb-hm-Z-ß-sfbpw ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn
sXfn-bn®p Im´p-hm-\p-t±-in-®mWv Rm≥ Cu ]pkvXIw cNn-
®n-´p-≈X
- v. Cu sX‰p-[m-cW - I - f
- psS A]-IS- I - c - a- mb Zqjy-^-
e-ßƒ, Xulo-Zn-s\-˛G - I
- s - sZ-h XØzsØ˛lm-\n-s∏-Sp-Øp-
Ibpw \in-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xn\v ]pd-sa, Cu cmPy
sØ apkvenw-P-\-km-am-\y-Øns‚ [m¿anI Pohn-X-Øn¬,
Gsd-°m-ea - mbn A\-`n-ej - W - o-bhpw hnj-ab - h - p-amb Zpxkzm-
[o\w sNep-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xmbpw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.
k∑m¿§-Øns‚ A`mhw, ZpjvSh - n-Nm-cß
- ƒ, lrZ-bI - m-Tn\yw
A\p-I-º-bn-√mbva F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ Bflo-b-tcm-K-ßƒ
CØcw ASn-ÿm-\-c-ln-X-ß-fmb IY-I-fnepw hnh-c-W-ß-
fnepw hniz-kn-®X - ns‚ ê-ambn an° apkvenw I£n-If - nepw
hym]-cn-®n-cn-°p-Ib- m-Wv. am\p-jn-Ia - mb A\p-Iº - , kl-Xm-
]w, \oXn-t{]-aw, hW-°w, hn\-b_ - p≤n XpS-ßnb F√m k¬
Kp-W-ßfpw Cu kap-Zm-b-tØmSp Fs∂-t∂-°p-ambn hnS-
tNm-Zn®p ]ncn-bp-sa∂ ań¬, Znh-kw-tXmdpw A{]-Xy-£-
ambns°m≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Cu lrZ-b-Im-Tn-\yhpw Cu
A[m¿Ωn-IX - bpw At\Iw apkvenw-Isf Im´p-ar-Kß - s - f-t∏m-
se-bm°n am‰n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Hcp ssP\t\m Hcp _p≤-a-X-
°m-ct\m Hcp sImXp-In-s\tbm Hcp Cu®-sb-tbm-t]mepw
sIm√m≥ t]Sn-°p-tºmƒ, A\ym-b-amb sIme-]m-XIw \S-
Øp-∂X - n¬ k¿∆-i‡ - \ - mb A-√m-lp-hns\t]mepw˛ F√m-
Po-h-P-¥p-°-sf-°mfpw a\p-jy-Po-h\p Ah-\mWv G‰hpw
Db¿∂ hne Iev]n-®n-´p-≈-sX-¶nepw Ch¿ `b-s∏-Sp-∂n-√.
Cu lrZ-bI - m-Tn-\yhpw {Iqc-Xbpw A\p-Iº - m-Zm-cn-{Zyhpw Fß-
s\-bm-Wp-≠m-bn-Øo¿∂Xv? AXn\p ImcWw CXmWv: sNdp-
∏-Øn¬Øs∂ Pnlm-Zns\ kw_-‘n® sX‰mb [mc-W-I
fpw IY-Ifpw Ah-cpsS {ih-W] - p-Sß
- f - n¬ Ae-bS- n-°p-Ibpw
Aßs\ Ah-cpsS a\- n¬ AXv cqV-aq-ea - m-hp-Ibpw sNøp
I-bm¬ kmh-[m-\Ø - n¬ Ah¿ [m¿Ωn-Ia - mbn ih-{]m-b° - m-
cm-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw Xß-fpsS \njvTqc sNbvXn-If - psS sImSpw
{Iqc-Xsb°pdn®p t_m[-a‰ - h- c
- m-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. \nc-
]-cm-[n-bmb as‰m-cmsf sIme-sN-øp∂ Hcmƒ sIm√-s∏-Sp∂
BfpsS IpSpw-_Ø - n¬ \miw hnX-dn-sh-°p-∂p-sh-¶nepw A
bmƒ Xms\mcp \∑ {]h¿Øn-®-hs\t∏mse-bmWv kzbw
Icp-Xp-∂Xv; AY-hm, kzk-ap-Zm-b-Øn¬ {]nb-¶-c-\m-bn-Øo-
cm-\p≈ H-c-h-k-c-ap-≠m°nsb∂p [cn-°p-∂p. CØcw Ip‰-
Ir-Xy-ßƒ XS-bm-\p≈ D]-tZ-i{- ]-kw-Kß - tfm JpXzv_ - I - tfm
\ΩpsS \mń-se-hn-sSbpw \n¿∆-ln-°s - ∏-Sp-∂n-√m-ØX - n-\m¬˛
AYhm Aßs\ {]kw-Kn-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬Øs∂ Aev]-
samcp I]-S`- m-ht- ØmsSbmhmt\ Xc-ap-≈q˛ km[m-cW - ° - m¿
CØcw ZpjvIr-Xy-ßƒ°v AwKo-Im-c-ap-≈-Xmbn Icp-Xpw.
BI-bm¬, Fs‚ kz¥w kap-Zm-b-°m-tcm-Sp≈ A\p-Iº
\nanØw apkvenw-Iƒ°n-Sb - n¬ Pnlm-Zns\ kw_-‘n®v \ne-
\nev°p∂ hnizm-kß - ƒ-˛C - X - c kap-Zm-b° - m-cpsS t\sc ISp
Ø hntcm-[hpw i{Xp-Xzhpw ]pe¿Øp∂ c‡-s°m-Xn-b\ - mb
Hcp Camw shfn-s∏-Sp-sa-∂p-≈, Zo¿L-Zr-jvSn-bn-√mØ De-am-
°ƒ ]Tn-∏n-®p-t]m∂ sX‰mb hnizm-kß - f - m-sW∂v hnh-cn®p

sIm≠p≈ Ht´sd ]pkvXI - ß
- ƒ Rm≥ A-d_ - n-bnepw D¿Zp-
hnepw t]¿ky-\n-epw cNn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. aX-hn-izm-kI - m-cy-Øn¬
hmfp]tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ckvemw A\p-hZ- n-°p-t∂-bn√; {]Xn-tcm-
[-bp-≤ß - f
- n-tem, Hcp òI-ch - m-gN
v ° - mcs\ in£n-°m\pw kzm
X{¥yw Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°m-\p-ap≈ bp≤-ßf - ntem am{Xta hmfp-
]-tbm-Kn®pIqSp. Hcp FXn-cmfn Poh\pt\sc òjWn Db
¿Øp∂ Xc-Øn¬ B{I-aWw \S-Øp-tºm-gmWv {]Xn-tcm-[-
bp-≤Ø - ns‚ Bhiyw t\cn-Sp-∂X - v. CXmWv ico-AØv˛ [¿
Ωimkv{Xa\p-h-Zn-®n´p≈ aq∂pXcw bp≤-ßƒ. CX-√msX
aXw ]c-Øm≥th≠n as‰m-cp-Xc - Ø
- n-ep≈ bp≤-Øn\pw Ckv
emw A\p-aXn \evIp-t∂-bn-√. Rm≥ Cu {KŸ-ßƒ°v Ht´sd
XpI sNe-hm-°p-Ibpw Cu cmPyØpw Atd-_y, kndnb,
Jpdm-km≥ XpS-ßnb ÿe-ßf - nepw Ah {]kn-≤s - ∏-Sp-Øp-
I-bp-ap≠m-bn. F∂m¬, ssZhm-\p-{K-lØ - m¬ P\-lr-Zb - ß- -
fn¬\n∂v CØcw hnizm-k-ß-fn¬ A¤p-X-I-c-amb am‰w
hcp-Øp-hm≥ klm-bI - a- m-bn-´p≈ hy‡-amb kml-Nc - y-sØ-
fn-hp-Ifpw Ncn-{X-tc-JI - fpw Fs‚ ]°ep≠v. kXy-ßƒ a\-
n-em-°n-Øp-S-ßp-∂-tXmsS Ckvem-anse kZr-Ø-∑m-cpsS
lrZ-b-ß-fn¬ hn\-b-Øn-s‚bpw hW-°-Øn-s‚bpw Zbm-Zm-
£n-Wy-Øn-s‚bpw a[p-c-a-t\m-l-c-amb \ocp-d-h-Iƒ Hgp-In-
Øp-Sß - p-Ibpw cmPy-ØmsI KpW-Ic - hpw A\p-{Kl ]q¿Æ-
hp-amb kzm[o\w D≠m-°p∂ Bflob ]cn-h¿Ø\w kwPm-
X-am-Ip-Ibpw sNøpw. {InkvXob Kth-jI - ∑ - mcpw kXysØ
D‰p t\m°p-∂h - cpw AXn-\mbn Zmln-°p-∂h - cpw Fs‚ {KŸ-
Øn¬\n∂v ê-sa-Sp-°p-sa∂pw F\n°v ZrV-hn-izm-ka - p-≠v.
apkvenw-I-fp-sSbpw {InkvXym-\n-I-fp-sSbpw hnizm-k-kw-ln-
X-bpsS `mK-am-bn-°g- n-™n-´p≈ A_-≤[ - m-cW - I- ƒ Xncp-Øp-
I-sb-∂-XmWv Cu ]pkvXI\n¿Ωn-Xn-bpsS {][m\ Dt±-
iysa∂p Rm\n-t∏mƒ ]d™ph® Imcyw Aev]s - amcp hni-
Zo-I-cWw A¿ln-°p∂p; Rm\Xv NphsS hnh-cn-°mw.
Cukm-\-_n(-A)-˛-tb-ip-˛-Po-h-t\msS BIm-i-tØ-°p-
b¿∂p-t]mbn F∂mWv _lp-`q-cn-]£w apkvenw-I-fpw,
{InkvXym-\n-Ifpw hniz-kn-°p-∂-Xv. tbip Ct∏mgpw BIm-
i-Øn¬ Pohn-°p-∂p-sh-∂pw, Ah-km-\I - m-eØp Hcp Znhkw
`qan-bn¬ Cdßn hcp-sa∂pamWv C{XbpwImew Ah¿ hniz-
kn®ph∂n-´p-≈-Xpw. Ah-cpsS ho£-W-ß-fn¬, AXm-bXp
apkvenw-If - p-sSbpw AXp-t]mseØs∂ {InkvXym-\n-If - p-sS
bpw hnizm-kß - f- nep≈ hyXymkw C{X-bp-am-W.v tbip Ipcn-
in-t∑¬ acn®psh∂pw ]n∂oSv Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂‰v PU-ic - o-c-
tØmsS kz¿§-Øn¬ Ib-dn-t∏m-IpIbpw Xs‚ ]nXm-hns‚
heØv `mKØv Ccn-∏p-d-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXpsh∂pw Ah-
km-\\ - m-fn¬ hn[n \S-Øm-\mbn `qan-bn¬ Cdßn hcp-sa∂pw
{InkvXym-\n-Iƒ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. temI-Øns‚ {kjvSmhpw
c£n-Xmhpw Cu tbip-an-inlm A√msX a‰m-cp-a-s√∂pw
Ah¿ ]d-bp-∂p. Ah-km-\-\m-fn¬ in£m-c-£-Iƒ \evIp-
∂-Xn\v `qan-bn¬ Ah-Xc - n-°p-∂Xpw At±lw Xs∂-bm-bn-cn-
°pw. Xs∂bpw Xs‚ amXm-hn-s\bpw ssZh-sa∂p hniz-kn-
°m-Øh - s
- c√mw \c-IØ - n-se-dn-bs
- ∏Spw. Ahn-sS-bm-Is - ´, Ic-
®n-epw, ]√p-IS- nbpw Bbn-cn°pw Ah¿°p≈ hn[n. F∂m¬,
ta¬]-d™ apkvenw-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂X - m-Is
- ´, Cukm \_n(A)
Ipcn-in¬X-db - °v s- ∏-Sp-Ib - p-≠m-bn-ń-s√∂pw Ipcn-in-t∑¬ acn-
®n-ń-s√∂pw t\c-ad- n-®,v {Iq-in-°m-\mbn PqX-∑m¿ At±-lsØ
AdÃv sNbvX-t∏mƒ Hcp ae°p {]Xy-£-s∏´v PU-tZ-l-
tØmsS At±-lsØ BIm-it- Ø°v FSpØp sIm≠p t]m
bnsb∂pw At±lw Ct∏mgpw BIm-i-Øn¬˛AXm-bXv
blvbm\_n (tbm-l∂ - m≥)˛ Xma-kn-°p∂ c≠mw BIm-i-
Øn-¬˛- ] - m¿Øp hcn-Ib - m-sW∂p as{X. CXpIqSm-sX, Cukm-
\-_n(-A) A√m-lp-hns‚ Hcp henb {]hm-N-I-\m-sW∂pw
ssZ-htam ssZh-]p-{Xt\m As√∂pw apkvenw-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂p
s≠¶nepw, Ah-km\ \mfn¬ At±lw Ua-kI v k
- nse an\m-
c-Øn-\-SpØv AY-hm, as‰-¥n-s‚-sb-¶nepw kao-]Øv c≠p
ae-°p-IfpsS Npa-ep-If - n-eq∂n `qan-bn¬ Cdßn hcp-sa∂pw,

At±lw `qan-bn¬ AXn-\Iw shfn-s∏´p Ign™ ^mXzna
hwi-P-\mb alvZn Cam-an-t\m-sSm∏w tN¿∂v F√m Aap-
kvenw-I-tf-bpw- A-h¿ X¬£Ww apkvenw-I-fmbn amdmØ
]£w Hscm‰ Btfbpw Poh-t\msS Ah-ti-jn-∏n-°mØ
hn[w sIms∂m-Sp-°p-sa∂pw IqSn apkvenw-Iƒ hniz-kn-°p-
∂p. Npcp-°Ø - n¬, Cukm\-_n(-A) Cu `qan-bn-en-dß - n-hc - p-
sa-∂X - ns‚ bYm¿∞ Dt±iyw hlvlm_n-Is - f∂p s]mXpsh
apkvenw-Iƒ hnfn-®p-t]m-cp∂ Alvsel-ZoYv I£n-°m-cpsS
]°¬, lnµp-°-fpsS alm-tZ-h-s\-t∏mse apgp-h≥ temI
tØbpw \n{K-ln-°pI F∂-Xs - {X. apkven-ambnØoc-Ws - a∂
\n¿t±-i-hp-ambn P\-ßsf BsI òj-Wn-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw
Ah¿ Ahn-izm-kØ - n¬ Dd®p\nev°p∂ ]£w hmfp-sIm≠v
Ahsc Iq´-s°me sNøpIbpw sNøpw. At±lw PU-ic - o-c-
tØmsS Ct∏mgpw BIm-i-Øn¬ Pohn-®n-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂pw
apkvenw-`c - W- I- q-Sß - ƒ Zp¿∫-ea - m-bn-Øo-cp-tºmƒ, At±lw
Cd-ßn-h∂p Aap-kvenw-Isf sIm√p-It- bm, sIme-s∏-Sp-Øp-
sa∂v òj-Wn-ap-g°n apkvenambn-Øo-cm≥ t{]cn-∏n-°p-Itbm
sNøp-sa∂pw Ah¿ tLmjn-°p-∂p. {InkvXym-\n-Isf kw_-
‘n-®n-S-tØmfw, apI-fn¬ ]d™ Cu I£n-I-fpsS De-am-
°ƒ ]d-bp-∂X - ,v tbip BIm-iØ - n¬ \n∂nd-ßn-hc - p-tºmƒ
temI-Øp≈ Ipcn-ip-I-sfms° At±lw apdn-°p-sa∂pw
IqSmsX hmfp-sIm≠v as‰m-t´sd {Iqc-IrXyßƒ sNøp-
sa∂pw `qan-bn¬ c‡-{]-f-b-ap-≠m-°p-sa-∂p-a-s{X. Rm≥
Ct∏mƒ ]d™Xp-t]mse apkvenw-If - n¬s]´ C°q-´¿ AXm-
b-X,v - A-ls v e-lZ- o-Yp-Im¿ XpS-ßn-bh - ¿ Bth-i] - q¿∆w hniz-
kn-°p-∂-Xv, Cukm-\-_n-(A) `qan-bn¬ Cd-ßp-∂-Xn\v Aev
]waptº ^m-XznabpsS k¥m\]cºcbn¬\n∂p≈ apl-
ΩZv F∂p t]cmb alvZn {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-sa∂pw At±-l-am-
bn-cn°pw Jeo-^bpw cmPm-hp-am-bn-cn-°p-Is - b∂pamWv. alvZn,
Jpdbvin hwi-P\ - m-bn-cn-°pw. DS≥ Iena sNm√p-∂h - s - cm-gn®v
as‰√m Aap-kvenw-Is - fbpw hmfn-\n-cb - m-°p-Ib

- mWv At±-l-
Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-thm-t±-iyw. Camw-a-lvZn-bpsS ZuXysØ
klm-bn-°m-\mWv akolv Cdßn hcp-∂-Xv. akolpXs∂
bpw Hcp alvZn-˛h - e - nb alvZn-˛B - b - n-cn-°p-sa-¶nepw Ime-Øns‚
Jeo^, Jpdbvin Bbn-cn-°p-sa-∂X - n-\m¬ Cukm-\_ - n(-A)
A∂sØ Jeo-^b - m-bn-cn-°b- n-√. apl-ΩZv F∂ alvZnXs∂-
bm-bn-cn°pw Jeo-^. Cu c≠pt]cpwIqSn `qan-bn¬ a\p-jy-
c-‡Ø - ns‚ {]fbw kr„n-°p-sa-∂mWv apkvenw-Iƒ ]d-bp-
∂-X.v temI-Nc - n-{X-Øn¬ aptºsbßpap≠m-bn-ń-√m-Øh - n[w
c‡w Ah¿ sNmcn-bp-as - {X. shfn-s∏´pS≥ Ah¿ Cu c‡-
b-⁄a - m-bn-cn°pw Bcw-`n-°p-I. Ah¿ D]-tZ-in-°mt\m D¬
t_m-[n-°mt\m Zr„m-¥-ßƒ ImWn-°mt\m an\-s°-Sn-√.
ako-lv(A) Camw apl-ΩZv alvZn-bpsS D]-tZ-i-It\m ]S-
\m-b-It\m Bbn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬, alvZn Cam-ans‚
ssIbn-em-bn-cn°pw `c-W-Øns‚ ISn-™m¨. temIw apgp-
h\pw Iq´-s°me sNøm\pw AXn-cq-£a - mb \S-]S- n-Iƒ Bcw-
`n-°m\pw lZvdØv Camwapl-ΩZvalvZnsb akolv t{]cn-∏n-
°pw. F∂p-h-®m¬, At±lw aptº temI-Øn\v \evInb
""Xn∑sb FXn-cn-sSm√m!'' ""CSsØ sNIn-´-Ø-Sn-®m¬ he
tØXpw ImWn®p sImSp-°pI'' Xp-Sß - nb Zbm¿{Z-amb ]mT-
ßƒ Xncp-Øn-∏d - b- pw. F∂n-ßs - \-sb-√m-amWv Ah¿ ]d-bp-
∂-X.v
tbm≤r-alvZn
tbip-hn-s\-∏‰n {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw apkvenw-Ifpw hniz-
kn-°p-∂Xv CXmWv: {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ sNøp-∂X - p-t]mse Hcp
Ffnb a\p-jys\ ssZhw F∂p hnfn-°p-∂Xv Hcp henb
sX‰m-sW-¶nepw hlvlm-_n-Iƒ F∂p-IqSn hnfn-°s - ∏-Sp∂
"Alvsel-ZoYv' I£n-°m¿ Dƒs∏sS Ckvemans‚ A\p-
bm-bn-I-fn¬ Nne¿ c‡-s°m-Xn-b-\mb alvZn-sbbpw ako-
ln-s\bpw]‰n ]pe¿Øn-h-∂n-cp∂ hnizm-k-ßƒ Ah-cpsS
[m¿an-I-Xsb hf-sc-tbsd tZmj-I-c-ambn _m[n-®n-cn-°-bm-
Wv. Ah-bpsS Zp zm-[o-\-ßƒ ImcWw a‰p-≈-h-cp-am-bp≈

Ah-cpsS CS-]m-Sp-IƒØs∂, hniz-kvXX - b - nepw kZv`m-h\
- -
bnepw Du∂n-s°m-≠p≈X√m-Xm-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ah¿°v Hcp
Aap-kvenw-Kh - ¿sa‚n-t\mSv Bflm¿∞-ambpw ]q¿Æ-ambpw
Iqdp-]p-e¿Øm≥ km[n-°p-∂X - p-a√. Aap-ke v nw-Isf√mw DS≥
apkven-am-bn-Øo-cW - s- a∂pw A√m-Ø] - £w Ah-sc-sb√mw
h[n®pIf-bp-sa-∂p-ap≈ òj-Wnbpw \n¿_-‘hpw \ne-\nev
°p-∂n-St- Ømfw AXp-Xs∂ Atß-b‰ - sØ hna¿i-\Ø - n\p
hnt[-ba - m-bn-cn-°p-∂X - m-sW∂p _p≤n-bp≈ GsXm-cmfpw k
Ω-Xn-°pw. Hcp aX-[¿Ω-Øns‚ kXyhpw kuµ-cyhpw {Kln-
®-dn-bp-∂-Xn\p aptº, Hcmƒ B aXw kzoI-cn-°m≥ \n¿_-
‘n-°s - ∏-Sp-∂Xpw h[--ò-jW - n-°n-cb - m-°s - ∏-Sp-∂Xpw Atß-
b‰w {]Xn-tj-[m¿l-am-sW∂p a\- m-£n-bp≈ Bcpw kΩ-
Xn-°p-∂X - m-W.v B aX-[¿Ω-Øns‚ hf¿®bv°p]Icw AXn
s‚ i{Xp-°ƒ°v AXn¬ sX‰p ImWm≥ Ah-kcw kr„n-
°p-Ib - mWv sNøpIsb∂v ]dtb≠Xn√-t√m. CØcw kn≤m-
¥-ß-fpsS HSp-]p-e¿® a\p-jy-lr-Z-b-ß-fn¬\n∂v B¿{Z-
Xbpw Zb, \oXn-\njvT XpS-ßnb AXyp-∂-X-ß-fmb am\p-
jnI kZvKp-Wß - fpw A{]-Xy-£a - m-hp-Ibpw ]Icw ]Ibpw
i{Xp-Xbpw hf-cp-Ibpw sNøp-sa-∂p-≈-Xm-Wv. ]ns∂ Ah-
ti-jn-°p-∂Xp arKob hnIm-cß - ƒ am{Xw. AtXmsS F√m
KpW-ßfpw XpS®p \o°-s∏-Spw. CØcw D]-tZ-i-ßsfmcn-
°epw ssZh-Øn¬\n∂p-≈X - m-bn-cn-°m≥ km≤y-as - √∂p a\-
n-em-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. ssZhw F√m \ymb-hn-[n-Ifpw ]q¿Øn-
bm-°n-bt- i-ja - √- msX in£-bn-d° - p-∂h - \
- √ - .
AXp-sIm≠v C°mcyw \√-t]mse Nn¥n-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-
∂p. Hcp kXy-a-XsØ AXns‚ kXy-sØbpw kn≤m-¥-
sØbpw kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Xosc A⁄\pw Adn-hn-
√m-Øh- \
- p-am-bX
- p-sIm-≠p-am{Xw Hcmƒ kzoI-cn-°m≥ Xøm-
dm-ImØ ]£w Abmsf DS-\Sn sIm∂p-I-f-bp-∂Xv \ymb-
amtWm? A√, Cu a\p-jy≥ kl-Xm-]-amWv A¿ln-°p-∂-
Xv. hfsc DZm-c-ambpw kvt\l-ku-io-ey-ß-tfm-SpIq-Snbpw

Abmsf aX-Øns‚ kXyhpw kuµ-cyhpw Bflobt\´hpw
D]-tZ-in®p t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv th≠-Xv. AXn\m¬,
Ckvem-anse Cu I£n-Iƒ Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p∂ PnlmZv
XØz-hpw, Camwapl-ΩZv F∂ t]cp≈ c‡-ZmlnalvZn
shfn-s∏-Sm-\S- pØpt]mbnsb∂pw At±-lØ - ns‚ klm-bm
¿∞w akolv BIm-iØp\n∂n-dßn hcp-sa∂pw c≠p-t]-
cp-wIqSn Aap-kvenw-Isf sIms∂m-Sp-°p-sa-∂pap≈ hnizm-
khpw \ΩpsS [m¿Ωn-It- _m-[ß - ƒ°pw Nn¥-Iƒ°pw \nc-
°m-ØXpw ]msS FXn-cm-bn-´p-≈-Xp-a-s{X. F√m am\p-jnI
k¬Kp-Wß - fpw [¿Ω-t_m-[hpw \n›-ea - m-°n-°f - b
- p-Ibpw
Im´p\oXnsb t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ hnizm-ka - t√
CXv? CØcw- hnizm-k-ßƒsIm≠p \S-°p-∂-h¿ a‰p-≈-h-
cp-am-bp≈ s]cp-am-‰Ø- n¬ I-]S- P - o-hnXw \bn-°p-∂h - c
- m-Wv.
AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ as‰mcp aX-hn-izm-k° - m-cpsS Kh¨sa‚n-
t\mSv bYm¿∞-amb Iqdp-]p-e¿Øp-hm\pw Ch¿°v km≤y-
am-hp-I-bn-√. Ch¿ CØcw Kh¨sa‚p-I-tfmSp Iqdp-]p-e¿
Øp∂psh∂v h©-\m-]c - a
- m-bn-´mWv ]d-bp-∂X - v. AXp sX‰p-
am-W.v AXp-sIm-≠mWv Rm≥ apI-fn¬ ]d™ Nne Alvse
lZoYv I£n-°m¿ {_nó-jn-¥y-bn¬ {_nójv Kh¿sa‚n-
s\-Xnsc Cc-´-Po-hnXw \bn-°p-∂-Xv. cl-ky-Øn¬ Ah¿
c‡-Zmln alvZnbpw c‡-Zmln akolpw shfn-s∏-Sp∂ Znh-
k-sØ-∏‰n P\-ßƒ°v Bibpw Bth-ihpw \evIp-Ibpw
Aßs\ ]Tn-∏n®p Hcp-°n-\ndpØp-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ, A[n-
Ir-X∑ - m-cpsS ap∂n¬ Ah¿°v kvXpXn-KoXw ]mSp-Ibpw A
Øcw hnizm-k-ß-sfm∂pw Xßƒ AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂n-s√∂v
Ah-cpsS ap∂nte‰p]d-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. F∂m¬, Ah¿
bYm¿∞-Øn¬ AØcw B-ib - ß - sf FXn¿°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬
F¥p-sIm≠p Ah-cXp ]c-ky-ambn FgpXn -{]-Z¿in-∏n-°p-
∂n√? F¥p-sIm≠v Ah¿ c‡-Zmln alvZn-sbbpw c‡-
Zmln ako-ln-s\bpw Ah-cn-cp-hcpw hmXn¬∏Sn°¬ FØn-
°-gn™psht∂mWw ImØp-\nev°p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS Iq´-

s°m-eb
- ⁄
- Ø
- n¬ ]¶p-tN-cm≥ _≤-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp∂p?
alvZnbpw PnlmZpw
CØcw hnizm-k-ßƒ Cu aue-hn-am-cpsS [m¿an-I-\n-e-
hmcwXs∂ XmgvØn-°f - ™
- n-cn-°p-∂p. A¥ pw kam-[m\
X¬]-c-Xbpw P\-ß-fn¬ D]-tZ-in-°m≥ Ch¿°v km≤y-a-
√msX h∂p. adn®v Hcp Imc-WhpwIqSmsX a‰p-≈h - sc sIm√p-
I-sb-∂Xv Ch-cpsS ]°¬ hen-sbmcp aX-[¿Ωambn amdn-
bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. tNmc-s°m-Xn-b≥ alvZn-bnepw Pnlm-Zns\
kw_-‘n® s]mXp-hmb Bi-b-ß-fnepw cl-ky-Øn¬ hn
izmkw ]pe¿Øp∂ Nne hn`m-Kß - ƒ Alvse lZoYv I£n-
°m-cneps≠∂ hkvXpX tJZ-]q¿∆w ChnsS {]kvXm-hn-
°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ F\n°v km≤y-a-√. Pnlm-Zns\ kw_-‘n®
kXy-bp-‡-amb hnizm-ksØ Ch¿ FXn¿°p-∂p. a‰p≈
aX-hn-izm-k°- m-sc-sbm-s°-Øs - ∂bpw sIm∂n-Sp-hm≥ Ah-
kcw In´p∂ ]£w sIm√p-∂Xp hen-sbmcp ]pWy-Ir-Xy-
am-bnØs∂ Ah¿ IW-°m-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. F∂m¬,
Ckvem-ans‚ t]cn¬ a‰p-≈-hsc sIm√m-sa∂ hnizm-khpw
tNmc-s°m-Xn-b≥ ako-lns‚ Bhn¿`mhw kw_-‘n® {]h-
N-\-ß-fn-ep≈ hnizm-khpw c‡wNn¥n Ckvem-ans\ {]N-
cn-∏n-°m-\p≈ A`n-hm-RvNbpsa√mw hnip≤Jp¿-Bs - ‚bpw
hniz-k-\o-b-amb lZo-Yp-I-fp-sSbpw ]mT-ßƒ°v IS-I-hn-cp-
≤-am-bn-´p-≈X- s{X. \ΩpsS \_n-(k - ) Xncp-ta\n°v a°-bn¬
Ahn-izm-kn-I-fpsS ssIbmepw AXn-\p-ti-jhpw ]oU-\-
ßfpw a¿±-\-ßfpw kln-t°-≠n-h-∂n-´p-≠v. B alm-flmhv
a°-bn¬ Ign-®p-Iq-ńb ]Xn-aq∂v sIm√-°m-ehpw \m\m-X-c-
amb At\Iw IjvS-\-jvS-ß-fp-sSbpw FÆ-a‰ Zpcn-X-ß-fp-
sSbpw Ime-am-bn-cp∂p. AtXm¿°p-tºmƒ Bcp-tSbpw Ic-f-
en-bpw. F∂m¬, Xs‚ i{Xp-°-fpsS t\sc Xncp-ta\n hmfq-
cn-bn-√. Ah-cpsS Zp¿`mj-W-ßƒ°p adp-]Sn ]d-™p-an-√.
CXn-\Iw At\Iw kJm-°fpw CjvS-in-jy-∑mcpw \njvI-

cpWw \n{K-ln-°s - ∏-Sp-Ib- p-≠mbn. B Z- nhym-flmhv Xs∂bpw
]e-Xcw hnj-a-X-Iƒ°pw Cc-bm-tI-≠n-h-∂p. Ah¿ At±-
lsØ hnjw sImSp-ØpsIm√m≥ {ian®p. \_nsb h[n-
°m≥ ]e-h´w KqVmtemN-\I - ƒ \S-Øn. a°-bnse aq∏-∑m
cpw tKm{X-Øe - h
- ∑- mcpw HØp-tN¿∂p Cu a\p-jys\ Fß-
s\-sb-¶nepw h[n-°W - s
- a∂p GI-IW - vTa - mbn Xocp-am-\n-°p
IXs∂ sNbvXp. At∏m-gmWv ssZh-Øns‚ {]Xn-Imc \nbaw
{]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ h∂-Xv. B kabw Xs‚ hcn-jvT-∑m-cp-sS
bpw kXy-k-‘-∑m-cp-sSbpw kmØzn-I-∑m-cp-sSbpw klm-b-
I\pw B{ib ÿm\hpamb ssZhw, B \K-c-Øn¬ Xn∑-
b-√msX as‰m∂pw Ah-ti-jn-®n-ń-√m-ØX - n-\m-epw, P\-ßƒ
\_nsb h[n-°p-hm≥ I®-sI-ń-∏p-ds - ∏-´X
- n-\mepw DSs\ \mSp-
hn´p sIm≈-W-sa∂v \_nbv°v Adnhp \evIn. Aßs\
ssZhnI Iev]-\-{]-Imcw B ]pWym-flmhv aZo-\bv°p ]pd-
s∏-´p. Cu Ah-ÿb - nepw i{Xp-°ƒ At±-lsØ Xs‚ ]m
ń\p hn´p-I-f-bmsX ]n¥p-S-cp-Ibpw Ckvem-ans\ Nhn-ń-sa-
Xn-°m≥Xs∂ ]pd-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. C{]-Imcw Ah-cpsS
A{I-a-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ AXn¿ IS-°p-Ibpw \nc-]-cm-[n-I-
fpsSh[w Ah¿°v in£ \evtI-≠Xv Bh-iy-am-bn-cn-°p-
amdv h¿≤n-®p-h-cn-Ibpw sNbvX-t∏mƒ, Bfl c£m¿∞w
{]Xn-tcm-[-ambn bp≤w sNbvXp-sIm-≈m≥ ssZhw Ah¿°v
A\p-hmZw \evIn. icn-bmb bp≤-Øn-e-√msX shdp-samcp
t{Zml-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ \nc-h[n \nc-]c - m-[n-Isf sIm√p-Ibpw
Ah-cpsS kzØp-°s - f√mw sIm≈-bS- n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXX - n\v
]I-c-sa-t∂mWw AØcw s]cp-am‰w Ahcpw Ah-cpsS
klm-bn-Ifpw A¿ln-°p-∂X - p-am-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬, CXn-
s\-√m-sa-Xn-cn¬, a°m-hn-Pb - a- p-≠m-bt- ∏mƒ \ΩpsS {]hm-N-
I-\m-b-I≥(k) AØ-c-°m¿s°√mw am∏p \evIp-I-bm-Wp-
≠m-b-Xv. AXn\m¬, Xncp-\-_nbpw kJm-°fpw aXw ]c-
Øm≥th≠n bp≤w sNbvXp-sht∂m Ah¿ Bfp-Isf am¿Kw
Iq´m≥ kΩ¿±-X{- ¥-ßƒ {]tbm-Kn®psht∂m Btcm-]n-°p-

∂Xp Atß-b-‰sØ A\ym-bhpw A\o-Xnbpw am{X-am-Wv.
A°m-eØv kI-eP - \- ß
- fpw Ckvem-ans‚t\sc ]Ibpw
hntZz-jhpw ]pe¿Øn-t∏m-∂n-cp-∂p. Ckvemw Hcp ]pXnb
{]ÿm-\hpw apkvenw-Iƒ Hcp Zp¿∫-e-\yq-\-]-£hpsa∂v
IcpXn i{Xp-°ƒ Ckvem-ans‚ thc-dp-Øp-If - b- m-\p≈ Zpcm-
tem-N\- I- f
- n¬ G¿s∏-ń-cp-∂p. Cu Iq´¿ hfsc thKw \mam-
h-ti-ja - m-bn-t∏m-Ip-sa∂pw Ah¿ C\n Xe-bp-b¿Øp-sa∂p
kwi-bn-°m≥t]mepw Xc-an-s√∂pw sImń-tLm-jn-°p-am-dm-
I-W-sa∂ BImw-£-bn-em-bn-cp∂p i{Xp-°ƒ. C°m-c-W-
Øm¬, Hmtcm \n mc Imcy-Ønepw Ah-cpsS `mKØv XS-
-ßfpw {]Xn-tcm-[ß - fpw krjvSn-°s - ∏-ń-cp∂p. GsX-¶nepw
tKm{X-Øn¬\n∂v Bsc-¶nepw Ckvemw-aX - a- m--t «- j n- s®¶n¬
Ah¿ DS≥ sIm√-s∏-Sp-Itbm AYhm Ah-cpsS Poh≥ A]-
I-S-Øn-em-°-s∏-Sp-Itbm sNbvXn-cp-∂p. AØ-c-samcp L´-
Øn¬ B \h-ap-kvenw-I-fn¬ I\n™p aX-{`m-¥-∑m-cmb
Aapkvenw `c-Wm-[n-]-∑m¿°v in£-sb-t∂m-Ww, Ah¿
Ckvem-an\v Iogvs∏-SW - s- a∂pw Ckvem-anI kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚
hmXn¬ Xpd∂p InS-°-W-sa∂pw A√mlp hn[n-®p. kXy-
hn-izmkw kzoI-cn-°m≥ B{K-ln-°p-∂-h-cpsS apºn-ep≈
XS -ßƒ \o°p-Ib - m-bn-cp∂p CXns‚ Dt±-iyw. AXp temI-
Øn\pt\sc ssZhw ImWn® Imcp-Wy{]IS-\-am-bn-cp-∂p.
AXm¿°pw t{Zmlw hcp-Øn-h-®-Xp-an-√.
aX-Øn¬ _em¬°m-ca
- n√
F∂m¬, C°m-eØv Aapkvenw `c-Wm-[n-]∑ - m¿ Ckvem-
ans‚ Imcy-Øn¬ CS-s]-Sp-∂ns√∂Xp {]Xy-£-am-Wv.
Ckvem-ans‚ ASn-ÿm\ I¿Ωm-\pjvTm-\ß - sf Ah¿ \ntcm-
[n-®n-ń√. ]pXp-apkvenw-Isf Ah¿ sIm∂p-If - b
- p-∂n-√. Ah
sc Xpdp-¶n-eS- ®v t`Zyw sNøp-∂n-√. Aß-s\-bn-cns° Ah¿
s°-Xnsc Ckvem-ans‚ hmƒ F¥n\p Npg-‰-s∏-SWw? aX-
Im-cy-Øn¬ _e-{]-tbm-KsØ Ckvemw Hcn-°epw A\p-Iq-

en-®n-ń-√. hnip≤Jp¿B\pw lZo-Yp-Ifpw Ncn-{X-tc-J-Ifpw
kq£vaa - mbn ]cn-tim-[n-°p-Ibpw Ign-bp-∂n-St- Ømfw {i≤m-
]q¿∆w ]Tn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI-bm-sW-¶n¬, aX-[¿Ωw ]c-Øm-
\mbn Ckvemw hmƒ Npg-‰n-sb∂ Btcm-]Ww1 XnI®pw ASn-
ÿm-\-c-ln-X-am-sW∂p a\- n-em-°m≥ {]bm-k-ap-≠m-Ip-I-
bn-√. Jp¿-B\pw lZo-Yp-Ifpw hnizm-ky-ßf - mb Ckvem-anI
Ncn-{X-tc-JI - fpw \njv]£ - a - mbn ]Tn-®n-ń-√m-Øh - c
- m-Wv CØ
cw Btcm-]-W-ßƒ D∂-bn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. Ah¿ ]®-°-≈-ßƒ
tXm∂nbt]mse Iqń-°-e¿Øn-s°m≠p sX‰mb Btcm-]-
W-ßƒ sXmSp-Øp-hn-´p. F∂m¬, Cu Btcm-]-W-ß-fn¬
kXy-apt≠m F∂-dn-bm≥ Bflm¿∞-ambn B{K-ln-°p-∂-
h-cpsS Zmlhpw hni∏pw AI-‰m-\p≈ ka-b-a-Sp-Øn-cn-°p
∂psh∂p F\n-°d - n-bmw. Jp¿-B≥ F∂ hnip-≤{- KŸw "em
C-Ivdml ^n±o≥' aX-Øn¬ _em¬°m-c-an-√˛ AXm-b-Xp,
aX-Øn¬ {]th-in-°p∂ Imcy-Øn¬ Hcp _e-{]-tbm-Khpw
]mSn√ ˛ F∂p hy‡-amb am¿§-\n¿t±iw \evIn-bn-cn-s°,
B CkvemwaX-[¿Ω-sØ-∏‰n _e-{]-tbm-KØ - ns‚ aX-sa∂p
]d-bmtam? ]cn-ip-≤a - °
- b- n¬ ]Xn-aq-∂p-sIm-√° - mew Xn∑sb
Xn∑-sIm≠v t\cn-Sc - p-sX∂pw £abpw kl-\hpw ssIs°m-
1. Cu Btcm-]-W-Øn\v G‰hpw i‡n-a-Ømb ]n¥p-W-\evIp-∂Xv Ckvem-
an¬ ASpØ ImeØv DS-se-SpØ ^mjnÃv I£n-bmb "Pam-AsØ Ckvem-
an-'bm-Wv.- AXns‚ ÿm]-I\ - mb A_p¬AAvem kmln_v auZqZn hmfns\
{]Io¿Øn®v ]d-™Xv Cßs\: ""{]t_m-[-\-ßfpw D]-tZ-i-ßfpw hy¿∞-
ambn ]cn-Wa - n-®t- ijw Ckvemw-aX - {- ]-t_m-[I
- ≥ hmƒ ssIbn-se-Sp-Øt- ∏mƒ
a\p-jy-lr-Z-b-ß-fn¬\n∂v {Ia-Øn¬ {Ia-Øn¬ Xn∑-bp-sSbpw A{I-a-ß-fp-
sSbpw Id-Iƒ \oßn-Øp-Sßn''. (A¬Pn-lm-Zv ^n¬Ckvemw: 137-˛138) Ckvem-
ans‚ hniz-{]-Nm-c-sØ-∏-‰n- Iq-e¶-j-amb ]T\w \S-Ønb hn{ipX Hmdn-b‚-
enÃv k¿. tXmakv B¿t\mƒUv Xs‚ hniz-hn-Jym-X-amb "{]o®nwKv Hm^v
Ckvemw' F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ Cßs\ FgpXn: ""apkvenw `c-W-Øns‚ BZy-
L-´-Øn¬ {InkvXy≥ {]P-I-fpsSt\sc {]I-Sn-∏n-®p-t]m-∂n-cp∂ kln-
jvWpXh®p t\m°p-tºmƒ aX-]c - n-h¿Ø-\Ø - ns‚ ASn-ÿm\ hkvXpX hmfm-
bn-cp∂psh∂ s]mXp \nK-a\w H´pw Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn tXm∂p-∂n-√. a¿±-\-
Øn-t‚-X-√mØ at‰-sX-¶nepw Dt±iyw Ah-cpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ Is≠-
Øm≥ \mw \n¿_-‘n-Xc - m-Ip-∂X
- m-Wv.'' (P.69)˛]-cn:
≈-Ws - a∂pw Xs‚ kJm-°t- fmSpw kvt\ln-Xt- cmSpw cmhpw

]I-ep-ambn D]-tZ-in®p sIm≠n-cp-∂n-´p≈ Hcp hµym-flm-
hns‚ t]cn¬ _e-{]-tbmKw \S-Øn-bX - m-bp≈ Btcm-]Ww
D∂-bn-°m-hp-∂s - X-ßs\? F∂m¬, i{Xp-°f - psS AXym-Nm-
c-ßƒ - AXn-cp-IS- ∂ - t- ∏mƒ Ckvemw-[¿ΩsØ thtcmsS \in-
∏n-°m-\mbn kI-ei - ‡ - n-Ifpw H∂n®p tN¿∂p {ian-®t- ∏mƒ,
"hmfp-b¿Øn-bh - ≥ hmfm¬ \in-°Ww' F∂ \n¿_-‘Ø - n
¬ ssZh-Øns‚ A`n-am-\t- _m[w Xnf®p adn-bp-Ib - m-Wp-≠m-
b-Xv. Jp¿-B≥ Hcn-°epw _e-{]-tbm-KØ - ns‚ ]mTw \evIn-
bn-ń-√. _e-{]-tbm-KØ - ns‚ ]mTw \evIn-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ \Ωp
sS \_n-(-k) Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Xncp-k-Jm-°ƒ ]co-£m-L-´-
ß-fn¬ Bflm¿∞-X-bp≈ kXy-hn-izm-kn-I-sf-t∏mse
B¿÷hw ImWn-°m≥ {]m]vX-cm-bn-Øo-cp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.
\ΩpsS \_n-(k - ) Xncp-ta-\n-bptSbpw kzlm-_m-°f - p-tSbpw
Bflm¿∞X ChnsS FSpØp ]d-tb-≠X - m-bpt≠m? Ah-
cpsS kXy-k‘ - X - b- p-sSbpw Bflm ¿∞Xbp-sSbpw amXr-I-
Iƒ as‰mcp kap-Zm-b-Ønepw XpeyX ImWm≥ Ign-bmØ
Xc-Øn-ep-≈-X-s{X. JUvK-ßƒ°v Iognepw Ah¿ Xß-fp
sS Bflm¿∞-Xbpw kXy-k‘ - X- bpw ssIsbm-gn-®n-√. kpZo-
]vXa- mb lrZ-bØ - n¬ \n∂pw a\- n¬ \n∂pw am{X-a√ - msX
{]Xy-£s - ∏-Sp-am-dn-√mØ kXy-k‘ - X
- bpw Bflm¿∞-Xbpw
Ah¿ ]cn-ip-≤-\-_n-bpsS km∂n-≤y-Øn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-®p.
Npcp-°n∏-d™m¬, Ckvem-an¬ _e-{]-tbm-KØ - n\p Hcp ÿm\-
hp-an-√.
aq∂pXc-Øn-ep≈ bp≤-Øn\v am{Xsa Ckvemw A\p-
hmZw \evIp-∂p-≈q:
1. {]Xn-tcm-[I
- w˛ F∂ph®m¬, Bflc£-b°p th≠n-
bp≈ bp≤w.
2. {]Xn-{In-bm-]c
- w˛ F∂ph®m¬, tNmc°v tNmc F∂
\ne-bn¬ in£m-cq-]-Øn-ep≈ bp≤w.
3. {]tam-N-\-]-cw˛ F∂ph®m¬, Ckvem-ans\ Bt«-

jn-°p-∂-hsc \n{K-ln-°p∂ òI-c-a¿±I `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-
fn¬\n∂p tamN\w {]m]n-°m-\p≈ kzmX-{¥y-k-a-cw.
_ew-{]-tbm-Kn®pw sIm√p-sa∂v òj-Wn-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw
Bsc-sb-¶nepw am¿KwIq´m-\p≈ \n¿t±iw Ckvem-anen√m
Ø\ne°v c‡-Zmln alvZn-bp-sSbpw c‡-Zmln ako-ln-s‚
bpw Bhn¿`m-hsØ Ipdn-®p≈ {]Xo£ \nc¿∞-I-am-sW
∂p hy‡-am-W-t√m. Jp¿-Bs‚ A≤ym-]-\-ßƒ°v hn]-co-
X-ambn P\-ßsf apkvenw-I-fm-°m≥ hmfp-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂
Hcmƒ {]Xy-£s - ∏-Sp-Is - b-∂Xv Hcn-°epw kw`-mhy-a√ - . CXv
a\- n-em-°m≥ {]bm--k-ap≈ Imcytam a\p-jys‚ [mc
Wmi‡n-°X - o-Xa- m-bn-´p≈ {]iv\tam A√. kzm¿∞Xm¬]-
cy-ßƒ Imc-Ww, hnUvVn-Iƒ Hcp ]t£, Aß-s\-sb√mw
hniz-kn-s®-∂p-h-cpw. alvZn-Camw bp≤w sNbvXv Xßƒ°p
hln-°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø{X apX-ep-Iƒ t\Sn-s°m-Sp-°p-sa-∂m
hpw Cu aue-hn-am¿ ]pe¿Øn-t∏m-cp∂ [mcW! C°m-esØ
aue-hn-am-sc√mw Zcn-{Z-cm-Wt√m! Ah--sc√mw alvZnCam-ans‚
hchpw ImØn-cn-∏m-Wv. Xß-fpsS kzm¿∞]c-amb B{K-l-
ß-sf√mw alvZn shfn-s∏-Sp-∂-tXmsS \nd-th-‰-s∏-Sp-sa∂
hnNm-cØ
- n¬ ]mh-ßƒ cmhpw ]Iepw X≈n-\o-°p-∂p. AXp-
sIm≠v, CØ-cs - amcp alvZn-bn¬ hnizmkw sIm≈mØ Bƒ
s°-Xnsc Ah¿ AWn-\n-c° - p-∂X
- n¬ A¤p-Xa - n-√. AØ-c-
sam-cmsf Ah¿ Im^n-sd∂p ap{Z-IpØn Ckvem-anI hrØ-
Øn¬\n∂p ]pd-¥≈ - m-s\m-cp-ßp-∂p. Cu Iq´-cpsS IÆn¬
Rm\pw Hcp Im^n-dm-bn-Øo¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. AsX, C°m-c-
W-Øm¬Øs∂. F s¥∂m¬, Rm≥ c‡-Zmln alvZn-bn
epw tNmc-s°m-Xn-b≥ ako-lnepw hniz-kn-°p-∂n-√. A√,
Rm≥ AØcw \nc¿ ∞I Bi-bß - sf shdp-°p-Ibpw Ah-
⁄-tbmsS X≈n-°-f-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Ah-cpsS `mh-\-
bn-ep≈ CØcw alvZn-bnepw CØcw ako-lnepw hniz-kn-
°m-ØX - n-\mWv Ah-scs∂ Im^n-dm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂X - v. F∂p
am{X-a√- , ssZh-Øn¬\n∂p≈ hy‡-amb shfn-]m-S\ - p-kc- n®v

ss__n-fnepw Jp¿-B\nepw lZo-Yp-I-fnepw kphn-tijw
Adnbn°-s∏´ kXy-al - vZnbpw hmKvZØw sNø-s∏´ kXy-a-
kolpw Rm≥ Xs∂-bm-sW∂p Rm≥ ]c-ky-ambn {]Jym-
]n-®n-´p-≈Xpw Fs∂ Im^n-dm-°n-bX - n-\p≈ ImcWw Xs∂.
F∂m¬, alvZo-ak - o-lm-sW∂p hmZn-°p∂ F\nbv°v hmtfm
tXmt°m \evIs - ∏-ń-ń-√. hn\-bt- ØmSpw kuay-Xb - nepw P\-
ßsf ssZh-Øn-¶-te°v hnfn-°m-\mWv Rm≥ B⁄m-]n-
°--s ∏-ń-´p-≈X- .v B ssZh-am-Is - ´, \nXy\pw am‰-an-√m-Øh - \pw
]c-a-]-cn-ip-≤\pw ]c-a-⁄m-\nbpw ]c-a-Im-cp-Wn-I\pw ]c-
a-\o-Xn-am-\p-amb kXyssZh-am-Ip-∂p.
Rm≥ shfn®w
Cu Ccp-≠I - m-eL- ´- Ø
- nse shfn-®a - m-Ip∂p Rm≥. Ccp-
ń¬ \S-°p-∂-h¿°mbn ]nimNv Hcp-°n-h® ]Sp-Ip-gn-I-fn¬
hogp-∂-Xn¬\n∂v Fs∂ ]n¥p-S-cp-∂-h¿ c£n-°-s∏-Spw.
kam-[m-\Ø - n-eq-sSbpw hn\-ba - m¿§-Ønepw kXy-ssZ-hØ - n-
te°v P\-ßsf hgn\SØp-∂X - n\pw Ckvem-an¬ [m¿Ωn-I-
X-°p-ff ÿm\w Du∂n-bp-d∏ - n-°p∂Xn\p-am-bn-´s{X Fs∂
ssZhw Ab-®n-´p-≈X - v. kXym-t\z-jn-Iƒ°v kwXr]vXn {]Zm
\w sNøp∂ kz¿§o-bmSbmf-ßƒ ssZhw F\n-°p-th≠n
shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p. F\n°v ]n¥pW \evIn-s°m≠v
A√mlp A¤p-X-ßƒ ImWn®p. Znhy-ZuXyw hmZn-°p∂
kXym-flm-°f - psS AS-bm-fa - mbn thZ-{K-Ÿß - ƒ hnh-cn-®p-X-
cp∂{]Imcw AZr-iy-Im-c-W-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw `mhn-sb-∏-‰n-bp-
ap≈ cl-ky-hn-hc - ß
- ƒ F\n°v ssZhw shfn-s∏-SpØn X∂n-
cn-°p-∂p. Ah≥ F\n°p ]mh-\hpw hnip-≤h - p-amb ⁄m\w
\evIn Fs∂ A\p-{K-ln-®n-cn-°p-∂p. AXn \m¬ kXysØ
shdp-°p-Ibpw Ccp-ńs\ CjvSs - ∏-Sp-Ibpw sN øp∂ Bflm-
°ƒ F\ns°XnscØn-cn-™p. F∂m¬, F\n °mIp-thmfw
Rm≥ a\p-jy-hw-i-Øn\p t\sc A\p-I-ºmep Bbn-cn-°p-
∂-Xm-Wv.
Cu Ime-L´- Ø- n¬ {InkvXym-\n-It- fm-Sp≈ G‰hpw hen

b A\p-Iº - m-{]-IS- \w Ah-cpsS {i≤ kXy-ssZ-hØ - n-te°v
£Wn-°pI F∂Xp Xs∂-bm-Wv. B kXy-ssZhw P\n-°p-
Ibpw acn-°p-Ibpw IjvSa - \
- p-`h
- n-°p-Ibpw sNømØ ssZh-
am-Ip∂p. BZysØ tJNc-ßsf tKmfm-Ir-Xn-bn¬ kr„n-®-
h-\mWv ssZhw. tKmf-Øn-s\-∂-t]mse ssZh-Øn¬ GIo-
`m-hhpw D∑p-Jc- m-ln-XyhpamWp-≈X - v. CXs{X Cu {]IrXn
\nbaw hgn \evIo-´p≈ Bflo-bZ- ¿i-\Ø - n-eS- ß- nb XØz-
kmcw! AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs - ∂-bmWv iq\y-afi - e
- Ø
- n¬ ÿnXn-
sN-øp∂ H-∂pw {XntIm-Wm-Ir-Xn-bn¬ krjvSn-°-s∏-ń-ń-√m-
ØXv. F∂p-h-®m¬, ssZhw BZy-Øn¬ krjvSn® `qan,
BImiw, kqcy-N-{µ-∑m¿, \£-{X-ßƒ, [mXp-°ƒ XpS-ßn-
b-hs- b√mwXs∂ tKmf-cq-]Ø - n-ep-≈X - s- {X. Cu tKmf-cq]w
sFIy-`m-hØ- n-te-°mWv hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂X - v. GsXmcp ssZh-
Øns‚ krjvSn-Iƒ ssZhw {XnXz-k¶ - e- v]Ø - n¬\n∂v ap‡-
am-sW∂v {]Jym-]n-°p-∂pthm B {]tXyI ssZh-Øn-te°v
{InkvXym-\n-Isf hgn \S-ØpI F∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ D]-cn-bm-
bn-´p≈ A\p-Iºm {]I-S\w as‰m∂pw Xs∂-bn-√.
apkven-w-I-tfmSv ImWn-°m-\p≈ G‰hpw henb klm-
\q-`qXn Ah-cn¬ [m¿Ωn-I] - c
- n-jvIc
- Ww hcp-Øp-Ibpw c‡-
s°m-Xn-b≥ alvZo-a-ko-lns‚ Bhn¿`mhw kw_-‘n®v
Ah¿ ]pe¿Øn-t∏m-cp∂ Ckvem-anI ]m-T-ßƒ°v hncp-≤-
amb hnizmk {]Xo-£I - ƒ Ah-cn¬\n∂v AI-‰n-°f - b
- p-Ibpw
sNøpI-sb-∂-X-s{X. Ckvem-ans\ hmƒap-\-Imń {]N-cn-∏n-
°p∂ Hcp tbm≤y-alvZn shfn-s∏-Sp-sa∂p C°m-esØ Nne
apkvenw ]finX∑m¿ {]N-cn-∏n-°p∂ hnizm-k{- ]-Xo-£I - ƒ
Jp¿-Bs‚ ]mT-ßƒ°v hncp-≤-am-bn-´p-≈Xpw AXym¿Øn-
bp-sSbpw kzm¿∞-hn-Nm-cØ - n-s‚bpw ê-am-bn-´p-≈XpamsW
∂p Rm≥ apI-fn¬ hy‡-am-°n-°g- n-™p. AXp-sIm≠v t\¿
°pt\sc Nn¥n-°p∂ kXy-kvt\-ln-bmb Hcp apkven-an\v
CØcw hnizm-kßfpw Bi-b-ßfpw Dt]-£n-°m≥ Jp¿-
B≥ {i≤m-]q¿∆w hmbn-°p-Ibpw Ckvem-an-te°v Hcmsf

am¿§w Iq´p-∂-Xn\v sIm√p-sa∂ òjWn {]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv
Znhy-hN - \
- ß
- ƒ°v XnI®pw FXn-cm-bn-´p≈XmsW∂v Nn¥n-
®-dn-bp-Ibpw am{Xta th≠q. Cu sX‰mb Bi-b-ßsf J
fin-°p-∂-Xn\v Cu Hscm‰ hmZ-KXn aXn-bm-Ipw. F∂mepw
Cu klm-\p-`qXn Imc-W-am-bn-Øs∂ taev∏-d™ Bi-b-
ßsf Ncn-{X-Øn¬\n∂pw a‰p-ap≈ hy‡-amb A\p-Iq-e-
sØ-fn-hp-Iƒ aptJ\ Jfin-®p-Im-´m≥ Rm≥ \n›-bn-®n-cn-
°p-Ib - m-W.v AXpsIm≠v, tbip Ipcn-in-t∑¬ acn-®n-ń-s√∂pw
At±lw BIm-i-tØ°pb¿∂v t]mbn-ń-s√∂pw BIm-i-
Øn¬\n∂v At±lw Fs∂-¶nepw ho≠pw `qan-bn¬ Cd-
ßn-h-cp-sa∂v Icp-Xm-h-X-s√∂pw t\scadn®v At±lw 120-
˛mw hb- n¬ Iivao-cnse {io\-K-dn¬h®v Ncaw {]m]n®p
sh∂pw B \K-cØ - nse Jm≥bm¿ sXcp-hn¬ At±lØns‚
arX-Ip-Socw ÿnXn-sN-øp∂psh∂pw Rm≥ Cu {KŸ-Øn¬
sXfn-bn®p Im´p-∂X - m-Wv.
Rm≥ Cu Kth-j-W-{K-ŸsØ ]Øp A≤ym-b-ßfpw
Hcp kam-]vXhpambn Xcw Xncn-®n-cn-bv°p-∂p. 1-. ss_-_nƒ
sXfn-hp-Iƒ. 2. hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥, lZoYv sXfn-hp-Iƒ. 3-.-
ssh-Zy-imkv{X {KŸ-ß-fpsS sXfn-hp-Iƒ. 4. Ncn-{X-tc-J-I-
fpsS sXfn-hp-Iƒ. 5. -]-c-º-cbm ]d™p h∂n-´p≈ hmsam-
gn-Iƒ. 6. A\phmNIcpsS A`n{]mb sFIyØn¬\n∂v \ap
°p Inńb sXfnhpIƒ. 7. bp‡n-\ym-b] - c
- a
- mb sXfn-hpIƒ.
8. F\nbv°p e`n® ]pXnb shfn-]m-Sp-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-
Øn-ep≈ sXfn-hp-Iƒ. Cßs\ F´p sXfn-hp-Iƒ°p ]pd-
sa, Hº-Xm-a-Xmbn Ckvem-an-te-bpw, {InkvXp-a-X-Øn-tebpw
A≤ym-]-\-ß-fpsS kw£n-]vX-amb Hcp Xmc-Xay]T-\hpw
Ckvem-ans‚ kXy-Øn-te-bv°p≈ sXfn-hp-IfpaS-ßnb Hc-
≤ym-bhpw. ]Øm-asØ A≤ym-b-Øn¬ ssZhw Fs∂
\ntbm-Kn-®X- n-te-bv°p≈ sXfn-hp-Iƒ hnh-cn-bv°p-∂X - m-Wv.
HSp-hn-esØ kam-]X
v Ø
- n¬ Nne {][m-\s - ∏´ D]-tZ-iß
- fpw
am¿K-\n¿t±-i-ßfpw AS-ßn-bn-cn-°pw.
A\p-hm-N-I¿ Cu {KŸw AXo-h-{i-≤-tbm-Sp-IqSn ]Tn-
°p-sa∂p Rm≥ {]Xym-in-°p-∂p. Zpcq-l-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-
am°n ap≥hn-[n-tbmsS Cu kXy-ßsf hen-s®-dn-™p-If - b
- -
cp-sX∂p Rm\h-tcm-S`- y¿∞n-®p-sIm-≈p-∂p. Fs‚ Cu Kth-
j-W{- KŸw [ndpXn-bn¬ Fgp-Xn-Ø≈ - n-bX- s
- √∂p Rm\-hsc
Hm¿Ω-s∏-Sp-Øs´. A√, Cu {KŸ-Øn-ep-∂b - n-®n-´p≈ sXfn-
hp-Iƒ Kth-j-W-\n-jvWm-Xhpw AKm-[-Nn-¥-bpsS êhp
as{X! Cu kwcw-`Ø - n¬ F\nbv°v klmbw \evIp-∂X - n\pw
Ahs‚ khn-ti-ja - mb shfn-]m-Sp-If- mepw Bfl-{]-tNm-Z\ - -
ß-fmepw kXy-Øns‚ kºq¿Æ-amb {]Imiw F\nbv°p
e`y-am-Ip-∂X- n\pw Aßs\ F√m kXy-amb ⁄m\-ßfpw
kwip-≤a - mb Adn-hp-Ifpw Ah-\n¬\n-∂p-Xs∂ Cd-ßn-°n-
´p-∂-Xn\pw, a\p-jy-lr-Z-b-ß-fn¬ am¿K-Z¿i-\-ap-≠m-°p-∂-
Xn¬ Ahs‚ ku`mKyw e`n-bv°p-am-dm-Ip-∂-Xn\pw Rm≥
ssZh-tØmSv {]m¿∞n-°p-∂p. Bao≥ ! Bao≥!
JmZn-bm≥ ˛ an¿km KpemwAlvaZv
G{]n¬ 25, 1899
A[ymbw 1
tbip Ipcn-in¬ acn-®n-ń√

bqZmCkvI-cn-bq-Øn-bpsS hnizm-k-Lm-XIw \nanØw
lZvdØv Cukm-ak - o-l(v A - ) i{Xp-°f - psS ]nSn-bn¬s]´v {Iq-
in-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ]ns∂ Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂‰p BIm-i-Øn-¬
Itc-dn-t∏m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXpsh∂p {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ hniz-
kn®pt]mcp-∂p-sh-¶nepw Ah-cpsS hnip-≤-{K-Ÿ-Øn¬-˛-
ss_- _ n- f n¬- ˛ - h n- N n- ¥ \w sNøp- t ºmƒ Cu hnizmk
kn≤m¥w tIhew A_-≤a - m-bn-´p-≈X - m-sW∂v kv]jvSa - m-
Ip-∂X- m-W.v bq\pkv (tbm\m {]hm-NI - ≥) IS-em-\b - psS hb-
‰n¬ aq∂v cmhpw aq∂v ]Iepw Ccp-∂-t]mse a\p-jy-]p-
{X≥ aq∂v cmhpw aq∂v ]-Iepw `qan-bpsS D≈n¬ Ccn°pw
F∂v aØm-bn-bpsS kphn-tij(12:40)Øn¬ Fgp-X-s∏-ń-cn-
°p-∂p. tbm\m a’y-Øns‚ hb-‰n¬ acn-®n-s√-∂Xv kv]jvS-
amb Hcp hkvXp-Xb - m-Wt- √m. Gdn-bm¬ At±-lØ - n-\p-≠m-
bXp tamlm-ekyw am{X-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXm-bXv At±lw a’y-
Øns‚ hb-‰n¬ Poh-t\m-Sn-cn-°p-Ibpw AXn¬\n∂v Poh-
t\msS ]pdØv hcn-Ibpw HSp-hn¬ At±-lsØ Xs‚ P\-
ßƒ kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sh∂v Znhy-th-Z] - p-kXv I
- ß
- ƒ
km£n-°p-∂p. AXn\m¬ tbip-a-nin-lm, {InkvXy¿ ]d-bp-
∂Xpt]mse, `qan-bpsS hb-‰n¬ acn-®p-In-S° - p-Ib- mWv sNbvX-
sX-¶n¬ arX\v Pohn-®n-cn-°p-∂-bm-fp-ambn F¥p kmZr-iy-
am-Wp-≈Xv? Pohn-®n-cn-°p-∂-hs\ acn-®n-cn-°p-∂-h-\p-ambn
Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂sXßs\? hmkvX-h-sa-¥m-sW∂p
h®m¬ lZvdØv Cukm-ak - olv Hcp kXy-{]-hm-NI - \

- m-bn-cp-
∂-Xn-\m¬ Xm≥ GsXm-cp-hs‚ {]nb-Zm-k-\m-tWm B
{]tXyI ssZhw Xo¿®-bmbpw, Xs∂ im]-ac - W
- Ø - n¬ \n∂v
c£n-°p-sa∂v At±lw t_m[n-°p-Ibpw hniz-kn-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXn-cp-∂p. X∑qew At±lw X\n°v ssZh-Øn¬ \n∂p-
≠mb shfn-]m-S-\p-k-cns®mcp {]h-N-\-sa∂ \ne-bn-emWv
Cu D]a FSp-Øp-]d - ™n-cn-°p-∂X - v. Xm≥ Ipcn-in-t∑¬h®v
acn-°p-Ib
- n-s√∂pw B im]-ac - Ø
- n-t∑¬ Xs‚ {]mW≥ hnSp-
I-bn-s√∂pw adn®p tbm\m-{]-hm-NI - s- \-t∏mse tamlm-ek - y-
s∏-SpI am{X-am-Wp-≠m-hp-Is- b∂pw At±lw {]kvXpX D]a
sIm≠v kqNn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-Ib
- m-W.v Xs∂-bp-a√ Xm≥ `qan-bpsS
hb-‰n¬\n∂v ]pdØv h∂-tijw Xs‚ P\-ßf - p-ambn ImWp-
Ibpw tbm\m-sb-t∏mse Xm≥ Ah-cpsS CS-bn¬ kam-Zr-X-
\mbn `hn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-sa∂pIqSn AXn¬ kqNn-X-am-bn-
cn-°p-∂p-≠v. A{]-ImcwXs∂ Cu {]h-N\w \nh¿Øn-bm-
hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Fß-s\-sb-∂m¬ `qan-bpsS DZ-c-Øn¬\n∂p ]pd-Øp-
h-∂X - n¬]ns∂, aninlm Iivao-¿, Xn_Øv XpS-ßnb ]q¿∆-
{]-tZ-iß- f- n¬ hkn-°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp∂ Xs‚ P\-ßf - psS ASp-
°¬˛ AXm-bXv A q-dnbm cmPm-hmb im¬a≥Z¿ {In.-ap.
721 ¬ kman-cnø (Sameria)bn¬\n∂v XS-hp-Im-cmbn ]nSn-®p-
sIm-≠p-t]mb ]Øv tKm{X-°m-cn¬s]´ C{km-tb¬ k¥-
Xn-If- psS ASp-°¬ sN√p-Ib - p-≠mbn. B ]Øp t- Km-{X-°m¿
C¥y-bn¬h∂p cmPy-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ IpSn-]m¿
°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ aninlm Cu ÿe-ß-fnepw
k©-cn-t°-≠Xv Bh-iy-am-Wv. At±-l-Øn\v e`n® Znhy-
Zu-Xy-Øns‚ ]c-ae - £yw ImWm-sX-t]mb BSp-If - mb blq-
Z-tKm-{X-°msc I≠p-]n-Sn®v Ah¿°v kzk-tµiw FØn®p
sImSp-°pI F∂p-≈X - m-bn-cp-∂p. B IpSn-tb-dnb PqX-h¿§-
°m¿ Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p C{km-tb¬ Krl-Ønse ImWmsX
t]mb BSp-Iƒ. Ah¿ Cu ]q¿∆-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ Xma-k-ap-d-

∏n-®X- n¬]ns∂ Xß-fpsS ]q¿∆-aXw Dt]-£n-°p-Ibpw Ah-
cn¬ `qcn-`m-K°- mcpw _u≤--[¿Ωw Ah-ew-_n-°p-Ibpw {Ita
W hn{K-lm-cm-[\ - °
- m-cmbn A[x-]X - n®p t]mIp-Ibpw sNbv
Xn-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Iivao¿ \nhm-kn-Iƒ hmkvXh - Ø
- n¬ PqX
∑m-cm-bn-cp∂psh∂pw A q-dnbm cmPm-hns‚ B{I-a-W-^-
e-ambn NnX-dn-t∏m-hp-Ibpw Cu cmPy-Øn¬ IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Øp-
Xp-S-ßp-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≈-h-cm-bn-cp∂psh∂pw At\Iw
hnZzm-∑m-cpsS {]am-W-ßsf D≤-cn-®p-sIm≠v ]m›mXy k
©m-cn-bmb tUmŒ¿ s_¿Wy¿ Xs‚ k©mc-°p-dn-∏n¬
sXfn-bn-®n´p-≠v2. Aßs\ Cu cmPy-Øn¬h∂p Xma-k-am-
°nb Ch¿ Cu cmPy-°m-cp-ambn Ie¿∂p an{in-X-cm-bn-t∏m-
bn-cp-∂X- n-\m¬ Cu ImWm-sX-t]mb BSp-Isf Xnc-™p-]n-
Sn-t°-≠Xp Cukm-ak - o-lns‚ Hgn-®p-Iq-SmØ [¿a-am-Ip-∂p.
AXn≥{]-Imcw At±lw hmkvX-h-Øn¬ C¥y-bn¬ hcp-
Ibpw ]e Xmh-f-ß-fn-eqsS k©-cn®p HSp-hn¬ Iivao-
cnseØn-t®-cp-Ibpw AhnsS _p≤-aXw BN-cn®p t]m∂-
h¿°n-Sb - n¬ Xs‚ P\sØ Is≠-Øp-Ib - p-ap-≠m-bn. HSp-hn¬
tbm\msb At±-l-Øns‚ P\w kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂-t]mse
aninlm Xs‚ P\-ßf - mepw kzoI-cn-°s- ∏-´p. CsX√mw C{]-
ImcwXs∂ kw`-hn-t°-≠Xv A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-cp-∂p. Fs¥-
∂m¬ Xm≥ C{km-tb¬ Krl-Ønse ImWm-sX-t]mb BSp-
I-fpsS ASp-tØ-°-√msX Ab-°-s∏-ń-ń√ F∂p aninlm
kphn-ti-j-Øn¬ kphy‡w ]d-™n-´p-≈-Xm-Wv.
tbip i]vX\
- √
"ac-Øn-t∑¬ Xq°n-s°m-√s - ∏-´h
- ≥ ssZh-Øm¬ i]n-°-
s∏-´-h≥' F∂p hnip-≤-th-Z-]p-kv-XIØn¬3 Fgp-X-s∏-ń-cn-
°p-∂X - n\mepw tbip-an-inlm Ipcn-ip-ac
- W
- Ø
- n¬\n∂v c£-
2. tUmIvS¿ s_¿Wy¿kv {Smh¬kv.
3. Bh¿Ø-\w, 21:22
s∏-ń-cn-t°-≠Xv A\n-hm-cy-amb Hcm-h-iy-am-bn-cp-∂p. "eAv-

\Øv' AYhm im]w F∂ ]ZwsIm≠v kqNn-Xa - m-Ip∂ A¿
∞w Cukm-a-ko-ln-s\-t∏m-ep≈ Hcp hcn-jvTm-flm-hns‚
t]cn¬ Hcp \nan-j-t\-c-tØ°pt]mepw Btcm-]n-°p-∂Xp
Atß-b‰ - sØ A\o-Xnbpw A[¿Ω-hp- a - m-Ip-∂p. F¥p-sIm-
s≠-∂m¬ `mjm-`n-⁄∑ - m-cmb ]fin-X∑ - m-cpsS A`n-{]mb
{]Imcw im](-e-Av-\-Øv) i_vZ-Øns‚ A¿∞w am\-k-\n-
e-tbbpw B-flobÿnXn-tbbpw _m[n-°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep-≈-
Xm-Wv. Bsc-°p-dn®mInepw "i]n-°-s∏-´-h≥' F∂v ]d-b-
s∏-Sp-∂Xv Ahs‚ lrZbw hmkvX-h-Øn¬ Ccp-≠p-t]m-Ip
Ibpw ssZh-Øns‚ Imcp-Wy-Øn\pw t{]a-Øn\pw A]m-{X-
ambn lrZbw ⁄m-\-iq-\y-ambn `hn-°p-Ibpw kmØm-s\-
t∏mse Bflo-bm-‘\ - mbn Ahn-izm-ka - m-Ip∂ hnjwsIm≠v
\nd™ lrZ-bt- Øm-SpIqSnb Zp¿`-K\ - m-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw ssZhm-
\p-cm-KØ
- n-t‚tbm ssZh-t_m-[Ø - n-t‚tbm IWn-It- ]mepw
C√m-Xmbn kvt\l-Øn-s‚bpw hniz-kvX-X-bp-sSbpw F√m
_‘hpw A‰-h-\m-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-tºm-gmWv.
as‰mcp {]Im-cØ - n¬ Ah\pw ssZhhpw XΩn¬ hntcm-[hpw
shdp∏pw kwPm-Xa - m-hp-Ibpw Ctß-b‰w ssZhw Ah-s‚bpw
Ah≥ ssZh-Øn-s‚bpw i{Xp-hm-bn-Øo-cp- Ibpw ssZhw Ah-
s\bpw Ah≥ ssZh-sØbpw shdp-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂ Hcp
ÿnXn-hn-]c - ybw kw`-hn-®n-cn-°p-tºm-gs - {X. Hcp-h≥ k¿∆Ym
kmØms‚ A\-¥c - m-hI
- m-in-bmbn Xocp-amdv A{X°pw A[x-
]-Xn-®n-cn-°p-tºm-gmWv "i]n-°s - ∏-´h
- ≥' F∂ t]cv km¿∞-
I-ambn `hn-°p-I. kmØm\v "eCu≥' AYhm "i]vX≥' F∂p
t]cm-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv CXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂-bmWv4. At∏mƒ
i]vX≥ F∂p-]-d-™m¬ A`-‡\pw A[¿Ωn-bp-amb Hcp
Zpcm-flm-hm-sW∂v kn≤n-®p. lrZ-bØ - n¬ ssZh-t{]aw IpSn-
sIm-≈p∂ Hcp [¿Ωm-flm-hn-s‚-t]-cn¬ Hcp {]Im-cØ - nepw
4. enkm-\p¬ Ad-_v, knlm-lpPu-l-cn, Jmaq-kv, aplo-Xzv, XmPp¬ Adqkv
apX-emb i_vZt- Im-iß
- ƒ t\m°pI.
kw_-‘n-∏n®p ]d-™p-Iq-SmØ Xc-Øn¬ F-{Xbpw \oNhpw

\nµy-hp-am-bn-´p-≈-XmWv Cu i]vX i_vZw. Atlm I„w!
{InkvXym-\n-Iƒ Ah-cpsS hnizmk-{]-am-W-ßƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-
Øn-bn-cp∂ ImeØp im]i_vZØ - ns‚ A¿∞-sØ-°p-dn®v
Nn¥n-°p-Ib - p-≠m-bns-√∂mWv hnNmcnt°≠nbncn°p∂Xv.
A√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh¶n¬ C{Xbpw Zp„m¿∞-I-amb Cu ]Zw
anin-lm-sb-t∏m-ep≈ kXym-flm-hns‚ t]cn¬ Ah¿ kw_-
‘n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. anin-lm-bpsS lrZbw bYm¿∞-Øn¬
ssZh-Øn-¶¬\n∂v th¿s∏Í∂pt]mhp-Ibpw At±-lw
ssZhsØ \ntj-[n-°p-Ibpw Ahs\ shdp-°p-Ibpw tZzjn-
°p-Ibpw sNbvX Hcp L´w At±lØns‚ Pohn-X-Øn¬
Ft∏m-sg-¶nepw Ign-™n-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂X - mbn k¶ev]n-°p-hm≥
\ap°v Ign-bptam? AY-hm, At±lw ssZh-Øn-¶¬\n∂v
AI∂p Ahs\ shdp-°p-Ibpw \ntj-[n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-am-
dp≈ Xc-Øn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ lrZbw Xtam-a-b-am-bn-Øo
¿∂ Hc\p-`hw At±-l-Øn\v h√-t∏m-sg-¶nepw D≠m-bn-´p-
≈-Xmbn \ap°v Duln-°m≥ H°ptam? hmkvXh - Ø
- n¬ At±-
l-Øns‚ at\m-Xe - Ø
- n¬ CØ-cs - amcp hn]-cybw Hcn-°epw
kw`-hn-®n-cp-∂n-s√-¶n¬˛ adn®p At±-lØ - ns‚ am\kw F√m-
bvt∏mgpw ssZh-t_m-[hpw ssZh-t{]-ahpw sIm≠v ]q¿tÆm-
Pz-ea
- m-bn-cn-°p-Ib- mWv sN-bX
-v n-cp-s∂-sX-¶n¬˛ A√tbm aXn-
am∑m-tc, CsX-{Xbpw Nn¥y-amsbmcp hnj-b-am-Wv. ssZh-
im]w H∂-√, kl-t{km]n kl-{kw, X’m-l-N-cy-ß-tfm-
sSm∏w At±-l-Øns‚ lrZ-b-Øn¬ B]-Xn®psh∂p ]d-
bp∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ Cu hnizm-kk - w-ln-Xsb ]pe¿Øn-t∏m-
cm≥ \aps°ßs\ Ignbpw? C√! Hcn-°epw Ign-bp-I-bn-√.
F∂m¬]ns∂, At±lw im]-{K-kX v \- msb ∂p ]d-bp-Ibpw
hniz-kn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-sX-¥n\v?
lm, IjvSw! a\p-jy≥ Hcp kwKXn ]d™p t]mIp-I
tbm GXm-In-ep-samcp hnizm-k-kn-≤m¥w ssIs°m≈pI
tbm sNbvXp-I-gn-™m¬]ns∂ B kwK-Xn-bp-sStbm B

kn≤m-¥-Øn-s‚tbm bp‡n-`w-Khpw \nc¿∞-I-Xbpw F{X-
Xs∂ shfn-s∏-´mepw AXns\ ssIsh-Sn-bm≥ Iq´m-°m-dn-√.
Cu \ne F{Xbpw timN-\o-b-am-bn-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. tam£-{]m-
]vXn-°p≈ A`n-emjw kXy-Øn-t∑¬ A[n-jvTn-Xa - m-sW-¶n
¬ AXp kvXpXy¿lw Xs∂. F∂m¬, kXy-{]-hm-NI - \
- mb
Hcp ]mh-\m-flm-hn\v ssZh-hp-am-bp≈ _‘w A‰p-t]m-I-
Ø° A\y-YmXzw kw`-hn-®v, GIm-{K-`‡ - nbv°pw hnizm-k-
\n-jvTbv°pw `wK-Ic - a
- mw-hn[w At±-lØ - n\v ssZh hp-ambn
A\ym-Xzhpw hnc-lhpw hncm-Khpw kwPm-X-ambn, At±-l-
Øns‚ lrZbw ssZhm-\p-cm-K{- ]-`bv°p]Icw Xtam-`m-hØ - n
s‚ Ccn-∏n-S-am-bn-Øo¿∂p-sh∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xn\p Xpey-amb
Xc-Øn-ep≈ B hnizm-kk - n-≤m-¥sØ ssIs°m≈pIbpw
Aßs\ Hcp kXy-XØzsØ Adp-sIme sNøp-Ibpw sNbv
Xp-sIm-≠p≈ tam£m-`n-em-jØ - n\v F¥¿∞-am-Wp≈-Xv.
Xs∂-bp-a√
- , Cu hnizm-kk - n-≤m¥w tbip-anin-lm-bpsS
Znhy-amb {]hm-NIZuXyw "kphn-tij'Øn¬ DS-\ofw At±
lw Ah-Im-i-s∏´p ImWp∂ Xs‚ t{ijvT-Xbv°pw ssZh-
t{]-a-Øn\pw Znhy-⁄m-\-e-_v[n-°p-sa√mw ISI hncp-≤-am-
bn-cn-°p-∂-Xp-am-Wv. Xm≥ temI-Øns‚ {]Zo-]-am-sW∂pw
kXy-am¿§-Z¿i-I\ - m-sW∂pw X\n°p ssZh-hp-ambn AXyp
¬°r-jvS-amb Xc-Øn-ep-≈ Hcp kvt\l-_-‘-ap-s≠∂pw
Xm≥ Ah-¶¬ Hcp ]mh-\-P∑w {]m]n-®n-cn-°p∂psh∂pw
Ahs‚ {]nb-]p-{X-\m-sW-∂p-sa√mw At±lw Ah-Im-is - ∏-
ń-´p-≈X
- mbn "kphn-ti-j'ßƒ hmbn®p t\m°p∂ Gh¿°pw
kv]jvS-ambn ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Cßs\ At±-l-Øn\v
ssZh-hp-ambn Ahn-`m-Py-amb ]mh\ t{]a-_‘w \ne-\n-
∂n-cns° At±-lØ - ns‚ lrZ-bØ - n¬ im]-kw-_‘ - n-bmb
Aip-≤m¿∞w km£m-¤h - n-°p-∂s - X-ßs\? CsXm-cn-°epw
kw`m-hy-a√Xs∂. AXp-sIm≠v At±-lsØ {Iqin®p sIm
∂n-ń-s√-∂Xp sXfns™mcp hkvXp-Xb - m-W.v AXm-bXv Ipcn-

in-t∑¬ Xd-°s - ∏-ń-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw At±lw AXn-t∑¬ acn-
®n-cp-∂n-√. Fs¥-∂m¬ {Iq-io-Ic - W
- Ø - ns‚ êsØ kw_-
‘n-®n-S-tØmfw At±-l-Øns‚ hy‡nXzw F{Xbpw D]-cn-
bm-bn-´p-≈X- s
- {X. Cßs\ At±lw Ipcn-in-t∑¬ acn-®n-s√∂p
hcp-tºmƒ im]-Øns‚ Aip-≤hpw A]-hn-{X-hp-amb ê-
Ønepw kml-Nc - y-Ønepw\n∂v ktµ-la - t\y At±-lØ - ns‚
lrZbw \n¿_m-[hpw kpc-£n-Xh - p-am-°s - ∏-ń-cn-°p∂psh∂p
kn≤n-°p-∂p. CXn¬\n∂v, At±lw BIm-i-Øn¬ Itc-dn-
t∏m-bn-ń-s√∂pw sXfn-™n-cn-°b - mWv. Fs¥-∂m¬, At±l-
Øns‚ BIm-im-tcm-lW k¶ev]w {Iqio-Ic - W ]≤-Xn-bp
sS Hcp LS-Ihpw imJ-bp-a-s{X. AXn\m¬ At±lw im]-
{KkvX-\m-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂pw aq∂p Znhkw \c-I-Øn-en-cp-∂n-
s√∂pw ac-Øn-t∑¬ Xqßn acn-®n-ń-s√∂pw sXfn-™t- XmsS
AXns‚ c≠m-asØ hi-amb BIm-im-tcm-lW - hpw Ahm-
kvX-h-sa∂p kn≤n-®p. CXn-te°p kphn-ti-j-Øn¬\n∂p
thsdbpw At\Iw {]am-Wß - ƒ e`n-°p-∂p-≠v. Ah-sb-°p-
dn®v Xmsg {]Xn-]m-Zn-®p-sIm-≈mw.
I√-db
- n¬\n∂v Keo-ebv°v
B sXfn-hp-If - n-sem∂p lZvdØv anin-lm-bpsS apJØp
\n∂p ]pd-s∏-ń-´p≈ Cu hN-\a - s{X:- ""F∂m¬, Rm≥ Dbn
¿sØ-gp-t∂-‰-tijw \nßƒ°p apºmbn Keo-ebv°p t]m
Ipw'' (a-Øm.26:32). kw`-hn-°m-\n-cn-°p∂ AXym-ln-X-sØ-
°p-dn®v ]cm-a¿in-®n-´p≈ Cu hm°n¬\n∂v kv]jvS-am-Ip-
∂-Xv, At±lw I√-d-bn¬\n∂v ]pdØph∂-Xn-\p-tijw
BIm-iØ - n-te-°√ - , t\sc Keo-eb - n-te-°mWv t]mbXv F∂-
s{X. "Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂‰ tijw' F∂p ]d-™-Xns‚ hnh-
£nXw {InkvXp- b-Ym¿∞-Øn¬ acn-®n´p Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂-‰-
Xn-\p-tijw F∂m-bn-cn-°m-hX - √
- . blqZcp-tSbpw a‰p kmam
\y P\-ßf - p-tSbpw ImgvN∏ - m-Sn¬ At±lw Ipcn-in-t∑¬ acn®p
t]mbn-cp-∂X - m-Wt- √m. AXn-\m¬, At±lw ap≥Iq-ń-Øs∂

Ah-cpsS `hn-jy-hn-Nm-csØ hn`m-h\w sNbvXp-sIm-≠mWv
Cu hm°p-If - p-]t- bm-Kn-°p-Ib - p-≠m-bX- v. Ipcn-in-t∑¬ Xq°-
s∏-Sp-∂-bm-fpsS Imep-I-fnepw ssII-fnepw BWn-I-f-Sn®p
Ib-‰s - ∏-SpI ]Xn-hm-Wv. Aßs\ AXn-t∑¬ Xqßn-°n-S∂v
Xo{h-th-Z-\-bm¬ aq¿—n®p acn® \ne-bn¬ Bbn-Øo-cp-∂-
bmƒ B sImSpw-bm-X-\bv°ptijw t_m[whoWp ]q¿∆m-
h-ÿ-{]m-]n-°p∂ ]£w, "Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂‰p h∂p' F∂v
Abm-sf-∏‰n ]db-s∏-Sp-∂Xp AXn-i-tbm-‡n-bm-bn-cn-°n√
Xs∂. Aß-s\-bp≈ Hcp sImSpw-bm-X\ A\p-`-hn-®-Xn-\p-
tijw aninlm c£-s∏-´Xp Hcp km[m-cW kw`-ha - √
- , Hcp
A¤p-X-Zr-jvSm-¥-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p \n w-ibw ]d-bmw. F
∂m¬, A-t±lw ac-Øn-t∑¬ {]mW≥ hn´p arX-\mbn F∂p
]d-bp-∂sXmcn-°epw icn-b-√. AØcw {]kvXm-h\ kphn-
ti-jmZn ]pXnb \nb-ah - n-`m-KØ - n¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂p sh∂Xp
hmkvXhwXs∂. F∂m¬, CXm-Is´ B ]pkvX-I-ß-fpsS
cN-bn-Xm-°ƒ°p ]‰nb ]ni-Im-Ip-∂p. a‰-t\Iw Ncn{X hr
Øm-¥ß - ƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ hnj-bØ - n¬ Ah¿°p ]‰nb
A_-≤-ß-fpsS amXncn Hc-_≤w! thZ-]-tcy-j-I-∑m-cmb
kphn-tij hymJym-Xm-°ƒ kΩ-Xn®p ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xm-
Wv, D≈-S° - sØ ASn-ÿm-\a - m°n kphn-ti-jsØ c≠pXc-
Øn-em°n IW-°m-°s - ∏-Sm-sa∂p. H∂p, aninlm-bn¬\n∂p
injy-K-W-Øn\p e`n® aXt_m[-\hpw [¿tam-]-tZ-ihpw
Dƒs°m≠ `mKw. CXp hmkvXh - Ø
- n¬ kphn-ti-jØ - ns‚
Poh-\s - {X. at‰Xp {InkvXp-hns‚ hwi-]m-cº - c- yw, At±lw
]nSn-°s - ∏-Sp-Ibpw a¿±-\ß - ƒ°p e£o-`h - n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-
∂-Xp, At±-l-Øns‚ Ime-Øp≈ Hc-¤p-X-°p-f-Øns‚
hnhcw CXymZn Ncn-{X-hr-Øm-¥-ß-f-S-ßnb hn`m-Kw. C
sX√mw B teJ-\I - m-c∑- m¿ kzb-ambn Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≈h - b - mWv;
ssZh-\n-iz-kn-Xs - am-∂p-a√ - . tIhew B teJ-I∑ - m-cpsS kz¥-
amb A`n-{]m-bhpw t_m[yhpw A\p-k-cn®p Fgp-X-s∏-ń-´p-
≈-Xm-sW∂p ]dbmw. Nnte-SØv Ah¿ AXncpIhn™

AXyp-‡nbpw AXn-h¿Æ-\-Ifpw sNbvXp ImWp-∂p-ap-≠v.
DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, tbip-a-ninlm {]h¿Øn® Imcy-ßfpw
ImWn® A¤pXZrjvSm-¥ß - fpw Hmtcm-∂mbn ]pkvXI- ß
- -
fn¬ FgpXn dn°m¿Um-°p∂ ]£w B ]pkvXI - ß
- ƒ hniz-
Øn-seßpw HXp-ßp-I-bn-s√∂pIqSnbpw Hcn-SØp ]d™p
ImWp-∂p. CsX-s¥mcp amXncn AXn-itbm-‡n-bm-Wmthm!
CXn\p ]pd-sa, {InkvXp-hn\p kw`-hn® Xc-Øn-ep≈
sImSpw-bm-X-\sb HcpXcw ac-Wm-\p-`-h-ambn hnh-cn-°p∂
]£w AsXm-cn-°epw `mjm-ssi-en°p hncp-≤a - m-Ib
- n-√. C
Ø-c-Øn-ep≈ {]tbmKw an°-hm-dp-sa√m cmPy-°m-cp-sSbpw
`mj-°m-cp-sSbpw CS-bn¬ kpe-`-ambn ImWmw. amc-I-amb
hn]-Øn\v ASn-s∏-´-tijw Hcmƒ AXn¬\n∂v HSp-hn-embn
c£-s∏-Sp∂]£w Abmƒ ]pXp-Xmbn Dbn¿sØ-gp--t∂-‰p-h-
∂p-sh∂p \mw ]d-bm-dp-≠t- √m. Hcp cmPy-°m-cp-tSbpw `mjm-
ssi-en-bn¬ CØcw {]tbmKw Ir{Xn-aa - mbn Icp-Xs- ∏-Sp-∂n-√.
_¿W-_m-kns‚ kphn-tijw
as‰mcp kwKXn Ku\n-°-Ø-°-Xm-bn-´p-≈-Xp, "_¿W-
_m-kns‚ kphn-tij'(The Gospel of Bernabas)Ønse Hcp {]kvXm-
h-\-bm-Wv. AXm-b-Xv, {InkvXp-hns\ {Iq-in®p sIm∂n-ń-s√-
∂pw At±lw Ipcn-in-t∑¬ {]mW≥ hnń-cp-∂n-s√∂pw
AXn¬ Fgp-X-s∏´p Im◊m-\p-≠v. Cu kphn-ti-jw e≠-
\nse ayqknbw {KŸ-im-e-bnepw D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. Cu
]pkvXIw \ne-hn-ep≈ kphn-tij kwln-X-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-
Ø-s∏-ń-ń-s√-∂Xv icn-X-s∂. F¶n-epw, AX-ßs\ kzoIm-
cy-a-√m-Ø-hn-[w X≈-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂Xv \ymb-amb Hcp hn[n-
{]-Im-c-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. GXm-bmepw AXv a‰p kphn-ti-j-ß-
fpsS cN-\m-Im-e-Øp-Xs∂ hnc-Nn-X-am-bn-´p≈ Hcp ]ucm-
WnI IrXn-bm-sW-∂Xp A\n-tj-[y-am-Wv. Cu ÿnXn-°v,
Cu ]gb ]pkvX-IsØ ]pcm-X\ Ncn-{X-tc-J-bmbn Icp-Xp-

hm\pw AXn≥{]Imcw AXns\ {]tbm-P\ - s
- ∏-Sp-Øp-hm\pw
\ap-°-h-Im-i-ant√? Cu kphn-ti-j-Ønse ap≥]-d™ {]
kvXm-h-\-bn¬\n∂v, Ipd™]£w anin-lm-bpsS Ipcnip
kw`-h-Im-esØsb√m-hcpw At±lw Ipcn-in-t∑¬ acn-®p-
sh∂p hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂ns√∂v A\p-am-\n-°m-hp-∂-Xt√?
Xs∂-bp-a√ - , \ne-hn-ep≈ \mep kphn-ti-jß - f - nepw acn-®p-
t]mb Hcm-fn-s\-°p-dn®p Abmƒ acn-®n-ń-√, Dd-ßp-I-bmWv
F∂p ]d-b-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-ep≈ Ae-¶m-tcm-‡n-Iƒ
ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p-aps≠∂n-cn-s°, aq¿—n®p InS-∂b - m-sf-°p-dn®p
acn-®-h-s\∂p ]d-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ AXn¬ bp‡n-`w-
Ktam Akmw-K-Xytam C√Xs∂.
F∂m¬, Hcp {]hm-NI - s‚ hN-\Ø - n¬ AkXyw kw`-
hn®p IqSm-Ø-Xm-sW∂p aptº {]kvXm-hn-®n-´p-≠-t√m.
AXn≥{]Imcw, aninlm I√-db - nse Xs‚ aq∂p Znh-ksØ
Xma-ksØ at’ym-Z-c-Ønse tbm\m-bpsS aq∂p Znh-k-
tØmSp kmZriy-s∏-SpØn ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂Xp kXy-ambn ]pe-
cpIXs∂ thWw. Cu D]-ab - n¬\n∂p, tbm\m aq∂p Znhkw
a’y-Øns‚ hb-‰n¬ Poh-t\m-Sn-cp∂{]Imcw anin-lmbpw
aq∂v hmkcw I√-d-bn¬ Poh-t\m-Sn-cp-∂n-cn-°-W-sa-∂mWv
kn≤n-°p-∂X - v. A°m-esØ blq-Z∑ - m-cpsS ih-Ip-So-cß
- ƒ
C°m-esØ I√-dI - f
- psS amXncn Bbn-cp-∂n-s√-∂Xv {]tXy
Iw {]kvXm-hy-am-Wv. Ah hnim-ea - mb Adt]mse [mcmfw
ÿe-ku-I-cy-ap-≈-hbpw Hcp `mKØv henb ine sIm≠v
AS-®n-Sm-hp∂ Xc-Øn¬ {]thi\Zzmc-tØmSp IqSn-b-h-bp-
am-bn-cp-∂p. Iivao-cn¬ {io\-K¿ F∂ ÿeØp ASpØp
Xs∂ Is≠-Øs - ∏´ Cukm-ak - o-lns‚ inem-Ip-Socw aq¿—n-
Xm-h-ÿ-bn¬ At±lw sh°-s∏-ń-cp∂ B I√d t]mep-
≈Xp Xs∂-bm-W.v Cu kwKXn {]Ir-X] - p-kX
v I
- Ø
- n¬ bYm-
k-µ¿`w sXfn-bn-°p-∂X - m-bn-cn-°pw.
Rm≥ aptº D≤-cn® kphn-ti-jh - N- \ - Ø

- n¬\n∂v, anin
lm I√d hn´p ]pd-Øp-h-∂-]mSv Keo-e-bv°mWv ]pd-s∏-´p-
t]m-bs - X∂v kphy-‡a - m-bn-cn°p∂p. am¿t°m-kns‚ kphn-
ti-j-Øn-epw, I√-d-bn¬\n∂p ]pd-Øp-h-∂-Xn-\p-tijw
{InkvXp Keo-eb - v°p≈ \nc-Øn-eqsS t]mIp-∂X - mbn ImW-
s∏-´p-sh-∂pw, HSp-hn¬, At±lw Xs‚ injy-∑m-cmb ]Xn-
s\m∂p At∏mkvXe∑m¿ `£Ww Ign-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-
bm-bn-cp-∂t- ∏mƒ Ah-cp-ambn ImWp-Ib - p-≠m-sb∂pw {]kvXm-
5
hn®p Imäm-\p-≠v. Xs∂-bp-a√ Ah¿°p At±lw Xs‚
{hW-s∏´ ssIIm-ep-Iƒ Imń-s°m-Sp-Øp-sh∂pw Ah¿ At±-
lsØ `qX-sa∂v i¶n®p `b-s∏-´p-sh∂pw At∏mƒ, "\nßƒ
Fs∂ sXm´p-t\m-°p-hn≥; F∂n¬ ImWp-∂X - p-t]mse t{]X-
Øn\v amwkhpw Aÿnbpw C√t√m' F∂v At±lw ]d-
™p-sh∂pw ]ns∂ "Ah-tcmSv hdpØ ao\pw tX≥I-´bpw
hmßn Ah¿ Im¨sI Xn∂p'-sh∂pw a‰pw eqt°m-kns‚
kphn-ti-j-Øn¬ {]kvXm-hn®p ImWp-∂p-ap≠v6. Cu hN-
\-ßf- n¬\n∂p, aninlm BIm-iØ - n-te°v Itc-dn-t∏m-bn-t´-
bn-s√∂pw I√-d-bn¬\n∂p ]pdØph∂n´v t\sc Keo-e-bv
°mWv t]mbsX∂pw At±lw At∏mƒ a\pjy km[m-c-
W-amb ar◊-b-i-co-c-tØmSpw km[m-c-W-h-kv{X-[m-c-W-
tØmSpw IqSn-bm-bn-cp∂psh∂pw kv]jvSa - m-Ip-∂p-≠.v AYhm
At±lw acn-®X - n-\p-tijw Dbn¿Øp h∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬
B t{]X-Øns‚ kq£vai - c
- o-cØ
- n¬ Ipcn-ins‚ {hW-ßƒ
Ah-ti-jn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂-sX-ßs\? B Bflm-hn\p A∏w
Xnt∂-≠p∂ Bh-iy-sa¥v? At∏mƒ Bflm-hp-am-{X-amb
At±-l-Øn\v Blm-c-Øns‚ Bh-iy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬
Ct∏mgpw At±-lØ - n\v Blm-cØ - ns‚ Bh-iy-ap-≠m-bn-cn-
°-Wa - t√m!
5. am¿t°m-kv, 16:14.
6. eqt°mkv, 24:39˛42 (tPm-k^v ]pen-°p-t∂-ens‚ G‰hpw ]pXnb kphn-
tijhnh¿Ø-\Ø - n¬ tX≥I´ F∂ hm°v FSpØp If-™n-cn-°p∂p ˛ hnh:)
{Iqin∏v: c£-s∏-Sm≥ km≤yX

A\p-hm-NI - ¿°p sX‰p-[m-cW - b
- n-√m-Xn-cn-°p-∂X - n\v Hcp
kwK-Xn-IqSn {]kvXm-hn-®p-sIm-≈-s´. A°m-esØ blq-Z-
cpsS "kzeo_v' (Ip-cn-iv) C∂sØ Xq°p-in-£t- ]mse c£-
s∏-Sm≥ Akm-≤y-amb Xc-Øn-ep-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂n-√. Ib¿
sIm≠v Ipcp°v IgpØn-en-Sp-Itbm ]e-IX - ´- n-hogvØn Xq°n-
en-Sp-Itbm Bbn-cp-∂n√ B {Iqin-∏v. A∂m-Is´ Ipcn-ip-ac - -
Øn-t∑¬ Ip‰-hm-fnsbh®p-sIń ssIIm-ep-If - n¬ BWn-I-
f-Sn®p Ib-‰p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p ]Xn-hv. Aßs\ Ipcn-in-te‰n
BWn-bS- n-®X - n-\p-tijw Ht∂m ct≠m Znh-kØ - n-\Iw Ip‰-
°m-c\v am∏v sImSpØv Ahs\ c£n-°p-∂-Xn\v Xocp-am-\n-
°p-∂] - £- w, A\p-`h - n-®nStØmfw in£-sIm≠p aXn-bm°n
F√p-IsfmSn-°msX Abmsf Poh-t\msS Xmsg-bn-d-°p-∂-
Xm-bn-cn-°pw. AYhm sIm√m≥Xs∂ Xocp-am-\n-®p-sh-¶n¬
Ipd-™m¬ aq∂p Znh-ks - a-¶nepw icocw Ipcn-in-t∑¬ Xd®
\ne-bn¬Øs∂ \ndpØp-∂X - mWv. Aßs\ Blm-c] - m-\o-
b-ß-sfm∂pw ASp-sØßpw sIm≠psN√m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°m
sX aqt∂m AXn-e[ - n-Itam Znh-kß-tfmfw ico-csØ shbn-
eØp s]mcn-™p-sIm≠p InS-∂p-sIm-≈m≥ hnt´-b° v p-Ibpw
AXn-\p-tijw F√p-Iƒ HSn-®n-Sp-IbpamWv ]Xn-hv. CØcw
bmX-\I - f
- p-sS-sb√mw ê-ambn Abmƒ acn®pt]mIp-∂p.
F∂m¬, ssZhm-\p-{K-l-Øm¬ lZvdØv aninlm(-A)
CØcw Zb-\o-b-amb ac-WØn\v Imc-W-am-°p∂ Xo{h-bm-
X-\b- n¬\n∂p c£-s∏´psh∂-XmWv hmkvXh - w. k
- p-hn-tij-
ßƒ k{i≤w hmbn®p t\m°p∂ Gh¿°pw kp{Km-ly-am-
Ip∂ Hcp hkvXp-X-bm-Wv, anin-lm(-A) aq∂p Znhkwhsc
Ipcn-in-t∑-en-cn-°p-Itbm aq∂p Znh-kt- Ømfw ss]Zm-lß - ƒ
kln-t°≠nhcn-Itbm At±-lØ - ns‚ F√p-Iƒ HSn-°s - ∏-
Sp-Itbm D≠m-bn√ F∂-X.v kpamdp c≠p aWn-°qdp am{Xta
At±lw Ipcn-in-t∑¬ InS∂ncp-∂p-≈q. ssZh-Im-cpWyw
sIm≠p, ]I-ens‚ A¥y-bm-aØ - n-emWv At±-lsØ {Iqin-

°m≥ Xocpam\sa-Sp-°m-\p≈ kml-N-cy-ap-≠m-b-Xv. A∂p
sh≈nbmgvN Znh-ka - m-bn-cp∂p. ]I¬ Ipd-™t- \cw am{Xta
tijn-®n-cp-∂p-≈q. ]nt‰-Zn-hkw i∫Øpw blq-Zc - psS s]k
l s]cp-∂mƒ IqSn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. i∫Øv \mfntem Xte
cm{Xn-bntem Bsc-¶nepw kzeo_-bn-t∑¬ Xd-°-s∏´ \ne-
bn¬ InS-∂p-sIm-≈m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂Xv PqZcpsS ]°¬
\njn-≤hpw in£m¿l-hp-amb Hcp Ip‰-am-bn-cp-∂p. PqZcpw
apkvenw-Is - f-t∏mse Nm{µ-am-ks - Ø-bmWv BN-cn®pt]m∂-
Xv. Xte-cm-{Xnsb ASpØ ]I-en-t\mSp tN¿ØmWv Ah¿
Znhkw IW-°m-°n-bn-cp-∂X - pw. anin-lm-bpsS c£-bv°mbn
Hcp`mKØp CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ ùan-I-amb A\p-Iqe kml-
Ncyßfp-≠m-bn-Øo¿∂p-sh-¶n¬ adp-`m-KØp ssZhn-Ia - mb
a‰p Nne A\p-Iq-e-km-l-N-cy-ßfpw kwPm-X-ambn `hn-®p.
AXm-b-Xv, Bdmw aWn- t\c-am-b-t∏mƒ \mSmsI A‘-Im-
cm-hr-X-ambn. `b-¶-c-amb sImSp-¶m-‰p-≠m-bn. aq∂p aWn-°q-
tdmfw Cu A‘-Imcw \ne-\n-∂p. (am¿t°m-kv, 15:33). Cu
Bdmw aWn, 12 aWn°p tij-ap-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. AXm-b-Xp,
k‘y ASpØ ka-b-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. Cu tLmcm-‘-Im-c-
Øn¬ blq-Z¿ AXoh D¬°-WT v m-Ip-ec
- mbn `hn-®p. i∫Øp
cm{Xn Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw Ipcn-in-t∑¬ icocw Xq°-s∏´p InS-
°p-Ibpw sNbvXI - m-cWw Xßƒ i∫-Øns\ ewLn® Ip‰-
hm-fn-If
- m-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw in£bv°p ]m{Xo-`h - n-°p-Ibpw sN
bvsX-¶ntem F∂p Ah¿ `b-s∏´p! AXn-\m¬ Ah¿ QSn-
Xn-bn¬ {InkvXp-hn-s\bpw IqsS Xd-°-s∏´ c≠p-I-≈-∑m-
scbpw Ipcn-in-t∑¬\n∂p Cd-°p-hm≥ shº¬sIm≠p.
kz]v\Ø
- n¬ D¬t_m-[\w
CtXm-sSm∏w Znhy-amb as‰mcp A\p-Iqe kml-Nc - yhpw
IqSn kwPm-Xa - mbn: ]nem-tØmkv \ymbm-k\- Ø
- n-en-cn-°p-I-
bm-bn-cp-∂t- ∏mƒ, At±-lØ - ns‚ ]Xv\n At±-lØ- ns‚bSp-
°¬ Bf-b-®v, B \oXn-ams‚ Imcy-Øn¬ CS-s]-Sm-Xn-cn-

°m≥, AXm-bXv At±-lsØ sImebv°p hn[n-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥
Adn-bn-®p. Fs¥-∂m¬, Xm≥ Xte-cm-{Xn-bn¬ At±lw \nan
Øw kz]v\Ø - n¬ hfsc IjvSw kln®psh∂pw ]d-bn-®p(-
a-Øm-bn, 27:19). ]nem-tØm-kns‚ `mcy-bpsS Z¿i-\-Øn¬
\n∂p, ssZthm-t±iyw {InkvXp Ipcn-in-t∑¬ acn-°W - s
- a-∂m-
bn-cp-∂n-s√-∂mWv \oXn-t_m-[-ap≈ Gh¿°pw a\- n-em-
°m≥ Ign-bpI. Hcmsf c£n-°p-∂-Xn\p ssZhw B¿s°-
¶nepw t{]cW \evIp-Itbm AXn-te°v C∂ {]Imcw sNø-
W- s a∂p D¬t_m- [ n- ∏ n- ° p- I tbm sNbv X n´v AXp
]ng®pt]mhpIsb ∂Xp temIm-cw`wsXm´p- \m-fn-Xp-hsc
kw`-hn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn-ń-√. DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, aØm-bnbpsS
kphn-ti-jØ - n¬ Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xp {]Im-cw, kz¿§-Zq-X≥
tbmtk-^n\p kz]v\-Øn¬ {]Xy-£-\mbn ]d™p: ""\o
Fgp-t∂‰p inip-hn-s\bpw AΩsbbpw Iqń-s°m≠v an{kn
(Cu- P n- ] v X v ) boante°v HmSn- t ∏mbn, Rm≥ \nt∂mSv
]dbpwhsc AhnsS ]m¿°pI; F s¥-∂m¬ sltcm-Zmhp(-
cm-Pm-hv) inip-hns\ \in∏nt°-≠-Xn\v Ahs\ At\zjn
∏m≥ `mhn-°p∂p'' (a-Ømbn 2:13). At∏mƒ, tbip an{knse
Øn-bm¬ AhnsSh®v sIm√-s∏-t´-°p-sa-∂q-ln-°p-∂Xv icn-
bm-hp-Ib
- n-√t- √m. At∏m-se-Xs∂ ChnsS At±-lØ - ns‚ c£-
bv°m-bp≈ Cu ssZhn-I-X-{¥-hpw˛ AXm-bXv, ]nem-tØm-
kns‚ `mcy I≠ kz]v\-hpw˛ ]ng®pt]mIm-h-X-√. AXn-
\m¬, an{kn-te-°p≈ bm{X-bn¬ inip-hmb tbip-hn\p Poh-
lm\n hcp-I-sb-∂Xp F{]-Imcw ssZh-Øns‚ \nb-X-amb
hmKvZm-\-Øn\v hncp-≤-am-I-bm¬ kw`-mhy-a-√tbm A{]-
ImcwXs∂ Chn-tSbpw Cu Dt±iyw ]ng-bv°pI kw`-mhy-a-
√. Fs¥-∂m¬, ssZh-Øns‚ ZqX≥ (-am-em-J) ]nem-tØm-
kns‚ `mcy°p shfn-s∏-Sp-Ibpw, aninlm Ipcn-in-t∑¬ acn-
°m≥ Imc-W-am-Ip∂ ]£w AXp \nßƒ°p \√-Xn-\m-bn-
cn-°ns√∂p `¿Øm-hns\ Adn-bn-°m≥ kqN\ \evIp-Ibpw
sNbvXn-cp-∂Xp anin-lm-bpsS c£bv°p th≠nbmbn-cp-∂-

t√m. Aßs\ c£ e`n-°msX At±lw Ipcn-in¬ sIm√-
s∏´p t]mhp-Ibpw amem-Jb - psS shfn-]mSp hy¿∞-am-IpIbpw
sNbvXp-sh∂m-sW-¶n¬ CXn-te-°p temIØp Hcp ZrjvSm
¥w FSpØp ImWn°mtam? C√, Hcn°epw ImWn-°m≥
Ign-bpI-bn√! ]nem-tØm-kns‚ `mcy-°p-≠mb Z¿i-\Ø - ns‚
Dt±iyw aninlm-bpsS hnSp-X-en\v hgn-sbm-cp-°pI F∂-Xm-
bn-cp∂psh∂p B kz]v\-sØ-°p-dn®v Adn-bm-dm-Ip∂ G
sXmcp \n¿Ω-e_ - p-≤nbpw km£yw hln-°p-∂X - m-bn-cn-°pw.
Fs¥-∂m¬, hnizm-k] - c
- a- mb ]£-]mXw sImt≠m a’-c-
_p≤n-bmtem {]Xy-£-amb Hcp kXysØ Bsc-¶nepw \n
tj-[n-°p-Itbm kzoI-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Itbm sN øp-∂p-sh-¶n¬
AXp Abm-fpsS CjvShpw Ah-Im-ih - p-am-W,v F¶nepw \oXn-
ZrjvSym ho£n-°p-tºmƒ ]nem-tØm-kns‚ `mcy I≠
kz]v\w Ipcn-ip-ac - W
- Ø
- n¬\n∂p≈ anin-lm-bpsS c£-sb-
°p-dn-°p∂ `mcn® Hcp km£yw Xs∂-bm-sW∂p kΩ-Xn-
t°-≠-Xm-bn-h-cp-∂p. kphn-ti-j-ß-fn¬-h®p H∂mwInS-bn-
ep≈ aØm-bn-bpsS kphn-ti-ja - mWv Cu km£ysØ tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xpw. {]Ir-X-{K-Ÿ-Øn¬ i‡n-bp‡w
hnh-cn-°p∂ CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ At\Iw km£y-ß-fm¬
tbip-hns‚ ssZh-Xzhpw ]m]-]c - n-lm-ck - n-≤m-¥hpw A∏Sn
anYy-bm-sW∂p sXfn-bp- ∂ - X - m-Wv. F∂m¬, kXyw kzoI-cn-
°p∂ hnjbØn¬ kamPØns‚tbm ]mcºcyhnizmk
Øns‚tbm ]cn-KW - \ IqSm-sX-bp≈ \oXn-t_m-[hpw Bflm
¿∞-X-bp-am-bn-cn-°Ww \ap°p t{]c-I-am-bn-cn-t°-≠-Xv.
Bcw`w apX¬ \mfn-Xp-hsc a\p-jy≥ Xs‚ {lkz-_p-≤n-
bm¬ ]c- -l{kw krjvSn-h-kvXp-°-fn¬ ssZhXzw k¶ev
]n®p Ah-sb-sb√mw ]qPn®p hcn-Ib - m-Wv. Ctß-b‰w ]q®-
I-sfbpw ]mºp-I-sfbpw IqSn Ah¿ Bcm-[n®p h∂n-cn-°p-
∂p. F∂m¬, _p≤n-am-∑mcpw ⁄m\n-If - p-am-bp-≈h - ¿ ssZh-
k-lm-b-Øm¬ CØcw _lp-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-ß-fn¬\n∂pw
X÷-\y-amb `‡n-]q-Pm-Zn-I-fn¬\n∂pw kzbw kwc-£n-°-

s∏-´p-h∂
- n-cn-°p-Ib
- m-Wv.
ar◊-bi
- c
- ocw
a¿bw-]p-{X-\mb aninlm Ipcn-ip-ac - W
- Ø
- n¬\n∂v c£-
s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-Xn-te°v C©o-en¬\n∂v \ap°p e`n-°p∂
as‰mcp km£yw, At±lw I√-db - n¬\n∂p ]pd-Øp-h∂ - n´p
Keo-e-bn-te-°p-t]mb B \o≠bm{Xsb kw_-‘n® hnh-
c-Wa - m-W.v Fß-s\-sb-∂m¬, Rmb-dmgvN cmhnse BZy-ambn
At±lw aKvZe - \
- a
- ¿b-bp-ambn I≠p. a¿b-bm-Is´ DS≥Xs∂
aninlm Pohn-®n-cn-∏p-s≠∂p injy-∑m¿°p AdnhpsImSp-
Øp. F∂m¬, Ah¿ AXp hniz-kn-®n-√. ]ns∂ injy-∑m-
cn¬ c≠p-t]¿ {Kma-Øn-te°v t]mhp-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂t- ∏mƒ Ah
¿°p At±lw {]Xy-£-\m-bn. HSp°w ]Xn-s\m-cp-h¿ `£-
W-Øn-\n-cn-°p-tºmƒ Ah-cpsS ASp-°¬ At±lw sN∂p-
\n-∂p. Xm≥ Poh-t\m-Sn-cn-°p-∂X - mbn I≠-hc - psS km£yw
Ah¿ hniz-kn-°m-bvI-bm¬ Ah-cpsS Ahn-izm-k-sØbpw
lrZ-b-Im-Tn-\y-sØbpw At±lw imkn-®p. (am¿t°mkv 16:9
apX¬ 14 hsc hmIy-ßƒ t\m°p-I). AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ in
jy-∑m¿ bcq-i-te-an¬\n∂p GXm≠p Bdp ssa¬kv (33/4
tImkv) AI-se-bp≈ FΩhpkv {Kma-Øn-te°p t]mI-bm-
bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ Ahsc aninlm Is≠-Øn. Ah¿ B {Kma-
Øn-\S- p-sØØn-bt- ∏mƒ Ah-cn¬\n∂p th¿]n-cn™p t]m
Ip-∂X - n-s\-t∂mWw At±lw apt∂m´p IS∂p t]mIp-hm≥
`mhn-®p. At∏mƒ Ah¿ "C∂pcm{Xn \aps°m∂n®p Xma
kn°mw' F∂p ]d™v At±-lsØ XS™p\ndpØn. Aß
s\ At±lw Ah-tcm-sSm∏w Xma-kn-®p. cm{Xn H∂n-®n-cp∂v
`£Ww Ign®p Ah-sc-√m-hcpw aninlm-tbm-sSm∏w Gam-
hqkv F∂ \m´pºp-dØv cm{Xn Ign®pIqń. (eq-t°mkv, A.
24:13 apX¬ 31 hsc hN-\-ßƒ t\m°p-I)
C{XbpwsIm≠p hy‡-am-Ip-∂X
- p, aninlm ac-WØ
- n\p
tijw tIhew tXtPm-cq-]n-bmb Bflm-hm-bn-ń-cn-°p-tºmƒ

At±-lØ - n¬\n∂p ÿqe-tZ-l{- ]-Ir-Xn-°\ - p-cq-]a- mb [¿Ω-
ßƒ kw`-hn®psh∂m-W-t√m. Aß-s\, tXtPm-cq-]n-bm-bn-
cn-°p-tºmƒ Xn∂p-I, IpSn-°p-I, Dd-ßp-I, ]Z-bm-{X- sNøpI
XpS-ßnb imcocnI hyh-lmcw At±-lØ - n¬\n∂p-≠m-hpI
tIhew Akw-`-mhyhpw Akw-K-Xhpw Xs∂-bm-Wv. bmYm
¿∞yw CXmsW¶nepw, hm¿Øm-\n-th-ZI - ∑
- m-cpsS hy‡n-]-
c-amb hnizm-km-`n-{]m-b-ßƒ°p hnt[-b-ambn C©o-ense
IYm-I-Y-\-Ønepw hf-sc-tbsd t`Z-`m-h-ßƒ kw`-hn®p
t]mbn-cn-°-bm-Wv. F∂n-cp-∂mepw Ct∏mƒ \ne-hn-ep≈
C©o-ep-If - nse hnh-cW- ß - f - n¬\n∂pXs∂bpw hy‡-ambn
sØfn-bp-∂X - ,v aninlm Xs‚ injy-cp-ambn I≠-Xpw, \qdn¬
]cw ssa¬kv Zqsc-bp≈ Keo-e-bn-te°p ]Z-bm{X sNbvX
Xpw injy-∑m¿°p Xs‚ ico-cØ - nse {hW-ßƒ Imń-s°m-
Sp-ØXpw Ah-cpsS ASp-°¬\n∂v sdmń Xn∂Xpw AhnsS
cm]m¿ØXpsa√mw \iz-ca - mb Xs‚ Cu ar◊-bi - c- o-ct- Øm-
Sp-Iq-Sn-Øs - ∂-bm-sW-∂s - {X. At±lw Hcp khn-tij te]-
\u-j[w D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv Xs‚ tZl-Øn-ep-≠mb apdn-hp-
Iƒ Icn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Cu hkvXpXsb∏‰n ]nd-tIm´v {]Xn-]m-
Zn-°p-∂X - m-bn-cn-°pw.
\√-t]mse Nn¥n-t°-≠p∂ Hcp kµ¿`-am-Wn-X.v tXtPm-
cq-]a- mb A\-iz-ct- Zlw {]m]n-®X - n\ptij-hpw, AXm-bX - ,v ]m\m-
i-\mZn Bh-iy-ßƒs°m∂pw ASn-s∏-Sm-ØXpw Hcp hn[- £-
Xtam BX-¶tam Zu¿_-eytam _m[n-°m-ØX - pw \nXy-]m-h-
\hp-amb kq£-a v t- Zlw e`n-®X- n¬]ns∂-bpw, anin-lm-bn¬
a¿Øy-ic - o-ck
- m-[m-cW - a
- mb Ah-iX - I
- ƒ tijn-°p-am-dm-b-
sX¥p? ssZh-Øns‚ heXpIc-Øn¬ D]-hn-jT v \m-tI≠n-bn-
cp∂ At±-ls - at¥ At∏mgpw Ipcn-in-s‚bpw BWn-∏g- p-Xn-
s‚bpw apdn-hp-If - mepw NX-hp-If - mepw ]oUn-X\ - m-bn-cp-∂Xp?
c‡w Xpfn-°p-∂Xpw thZ-\n-°p-∂X - p-amb Cu {hW-ßƒ Icn-
°p-∂X - n-\m-bn´p Hcp te]-\u-j[w Xs∂ bpw Xøm¿ sNø-

s∏-ń-cp-∂p. tXtPm-ab - a- mb kq£vat- Zlw {]m]n-®X - n-\p-tijw
\nXy-\n¿Ω-ehpw A\yq-\hpw \n¿t`-Z-hp-amb \ne-bn-en-cn-
t°-≠-Xm-bncp∂n´pw At±lw ]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ ]oU-
Iƒ°pw t¢i-ßƒ°pw hi-K\ - mbn! Xm≥Xs∂ Xs‚ icoc-
Ønse amwkhpw F√p-Ifpw injy¿°p ImWn®p sIm≠p
At±lw At∏mgpw ÿqe-ic - o-cn-bm-sW∂p shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn.
C{X-bp-a√ \iz-ci - c
- o-cØ - ns‚ A\n-hm-cy-kz-`m-ha - \
- p-kc- n®p
]inbpw Zmlhpw At±-lsØ ]oUn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
A√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ At±lw Keo-eb - m-{X-bn¬ A\m-hi - y-
Im-cy-ßƒ Imń-°qń-bs - X-¥n\p? AXm-bX - p, Xn∂p-Ib- pw, IpSn-
°p-Ib - pw, hn{i-an-°p-Ibpw, \n{Z-sIm-≈p-Ibpw a‰pw sNbvXXp!
Cu temIØv a¿Øyicocw kw_-‘n-®n-St- Ømfw £p¬]n-
]m-kI - ƒ Hcp Xcw ]oU Xs∂-bm-Wv. Ah h¿≤n®p AXn¿
I-hn-™m¬ {]mW-l-chpw IqSn Bbn-Øo-cpw.
hnim-ea
- mb I√d
{InkvXp Ipcn-in-t∑¬ acn-°p-Itbm tXtPm-ab - a- mb Hcp
kq£va-tZlw {]m]n-°p-Itbm D≠m-bn-ń-s√-∂Xp \n -tµ-
l-amb Hcp hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. F∂m¬, At±-l-Øn\p Ipcn-
in-t∑¬ ac-WX - p-ey-amb Hcp aq¿—m-hÿ - b - mWv A\p-`h - s - ∏-
ń-cp-∂X - .v A\-¥cw At±lw ssZhm-\p-{K-lØ - m¬ G sXmcp
J_vd- n-emtWm sh°-s∏-ń-cp-∂Xp AXp \ΩpsS cmPy-Ønse
J_vd - p-If - psS amXn-cn-bp-≈X- m-bn-cp-∂n√; hmbpk©m-ca - p-≈
Xpw {]th-i\ - Zzm-ct- ØmSpIqSn-bX
- p-amb Hcp AdIW-s°-bp-
≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. A°m-eØv blq-Z∑ - m-cpsS k{º-Zm-b{- ]-Imcw
J_vd - p-Iƒ AIØp {]th-in-°m-\p≈ Xpd-t∏m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bXpw
Im‰p-I-S-°p-∂-Xp-amb coXn-bn-emWv D≠m-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂-Xp.
CØcw inem-Kr-lß - ƒ BZyta D≠m°n h®n-cn-°pw. Bh
iyw hcp-tºmƒ ihw adhp sNøp-∂-Xn\p Ah D]-tbm-Kn-
°-s∏-Sp-am-bn-cp-∂p. CXn-tebv°v kphn-ti-j-ß-fn¬ \n∂p
Xs∂ km£y-ßƒ e`n-°p-∂p-ap-≠v. eqt°mkv ]d-bp-∂Xp

ImWpI:˛
""Ah¿ Hcp-°nb kpK-‘-h¿§w FSpØv BgvN-h-´-Øn
s‚ H∂mw Znhkw AXn-Im-eØv (C-cp-´p-≈-t∏mƒXs∂) I√-d-
bv°¬ FØn, I√-db - n¬\n∂p I√p-cp-ń-°f
- ™
- X
- mbn I≠p.
AIØp IS-∂msd (C-hnsS kzev]w Nn¥n-t°-≠X - m-bn-´p-≠v) I¿
Øm-hmb tbip-hns‚ icocw I≠n√'' (eqt°m 24: 1˛3).
ChnsS ""AIØp IS-∂msd'' F∂ hm°p-Iƒ {]tXyIw
Nn¥y-am-Wv. CXn¬ \n∂p, B J_v¿ Bfp-Iƒ°v IS∂p
sN√m-hp-∂Xpw Hcp Ad-t]mse {]th-i\-Zzm-c-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-
b-Xp-am-bn-cp-∂psh∂p kn≤n-°p-∂p-≠v. CØ-c-Øn¬ AI-
Øp-I-S-°m-\p≈ Xpd-t∏m-Sp-Iq-Snb Hcp I√-d-bmWv ASp-Ø-
Im-eØp Iivao-cn¬ {io\-K¿ F∂n-SØp Is≠-Øs - ∏-ń-´p≈
lZvdØv Cukm(A)bpsS J_v¿. CsXmcp a¿a{][m-\a - mb
hkvXp-Xb - m-Wv. CXn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ ]cn-Nn-¥\ - hpw ]tcy-j-
Whpw kq£vam-t\z-jn-Isf al-Ømb \nK-a\ - Ø- n-tebv°p
\bn-°p-∂X - m-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂Xv Xo¿®-bm-Wv.
]nem-tØm-kns‚ kwibw
C©o-en¬\n∂p \ap°v e`n-®n-cn-°p∂ km£y-ß-fn¬
C\n-sbm∂v, am¿t°m-kns‚ kphn-ti-jØ - n¬ tcJ-s∏-´p-Im-
Wp∂ ]nem-tØm-kns‚ hN-\a - s
- {X. ""sshIp-t∂-ca
- m-bt- ∏mƒ
i∫-Øns‚ Xte-\m-fmb Hcp-°\ - mƒ BI-sIm≠v t{ijvTa - -
{¥nbpw ssZh-cm-PysØ ImØn-cp-∂h - \- p-amb Acn-aX
- y-bnse
tbmtk^v h∂p ss[cy-tØmsS ]nem-tØm-kns‚ ASp-
°¬sN∂v tbip-hns‚ icocw tNmZn-®p. Ah≥ acn®p I
gnt™m F∂p ]nem-tØmkv B›-cy-s∏´p!'' (am¿t°m-kv,
A. 15: hN\w 42-˛44). CXp hy‡-am-°n-Ø-cp-∂-Xp, Ipcn-ip-
kw-`hw \S∂ B Ime-Øp-Xs∂ tbip hmkvX-h-Øn¬
acn-®pthm F∂ Hcp ktµlw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°-s∏-ń-´p-s≠-
∂m-Wv. Ipcn-in-t∑¬h®p {Iqin-Xs‚ {]mW≥ t]mIm≥

F{X Ime-b-fhv Bh-iy-ambn hcp-sa-∂p-≈n-S-tØmfw \√
]cn-N-b-ap-≈-bm-fmWv Cu ktµlw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®n-´p-≈-
sX∂pw Nn¥y-amWv!
F-s√m-Sn-®n√
kphn-ti-j-Øn¬\n∂p \ap°v e`n-®n-cn-°p∂ km£y-
ß-fn¬ as‰m-∂p, tbml-∂ms‚ C©o-ense Xmsg D≤-cn-
°p∂ hN-\ß - f - mWv:˛ ""A∂p Hcp-°\ - mfpw B i∫-Ø\ v mƒ
hen-bXpw BI-sIm≠v, ico-c-ßƒ i∫-Øn¬ {Iqin-t∑¬
Ccn-°-cpXv F∂p h®p Ah-cpsS Im¬HSn®p FSp-t°Ww
F∂p blq-Z-∑m¿ ]nem-tØm-kn-t\mSv At]-£n-®p. BI-
bm¬, ]S-bm-fn-Iƒ h∂v H∂m-as - ‚bpw Ah-t\mSp IqsS {Iqin-
°-s∏´ a‰-h-t‚bpw Im¬ HSn-®p. Ah¿ tbip-hns‚ ASp-
°¬ h∂p, Ah≥ acn®p t]mbn F∂p ImÏ-bm¬ Ah
s‚ Im¬ HSn-®n√; F¶nepw ]S-bm-fn-If - n¬ Hcp-Ø≥ Ip¥w
sIm≠p Ahs‚ hnem-∏p-dØp IpØn; DSs\ c‡hpw sh
≈hpw ]pd-s∏-´p'' (tbm-l. 19: 31-˛34).
B ImeØp Ipcn-in-t∑¬ Xd-°-s∏´ Hcp-hs‚ Pohn-X-
Øn\p AdpXn hcp-tØ-≠-Xn\v Ahs\ Aßs\-Øs∂
GXm\pw Znh-kß - t- fmfw {Iqin-t∑¬ \ndp-Øp-Ibpw ]ns∂
Ahs‚ F√p-Iƒ X√n DS-bv°p-Ibpw sNøpI ]Xn-hm-bn-
cp∂p sh∂p {]kvXpX hN-\-ß-fn¬\n∂p kphy‡w a\-
n-em-Ip-∂p. F∂m¬, {Iqin-X-\mb {InkvXp-hns‚ Aÿn-
Iƒ a\x-]q¿∆w HSn-°m-Xn-cp-∂X - m-sW∂p a\- n-em-°mw. IqsS-
bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ c≠p I≈-∑m-sc-t∏mseXs∂ At±-lhpw
Poh-t\mSpIqSn-bmWv Cd-°s - ∏-´X
- .v AXp sIm≠p-Xs
- ∂-bmWv
At±-l-Øns‚ hnem-∏pdw Xpf-®-t∏mƒ c‡w Xpfn®p h∂-
Xpw. arXs‚ c‡w Dd-®p-t]m-Ip-∂pht√m.
ChnsS B¥-c-ambn Hcp KqVm-tem-N\ \S-Ø-s∏-ń-´p-
s≠∂p a\- n-em-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ]nem-tØmkv ssZh-`-b-

ap≈ Hcp \√ a\p-jy-\m-bn-cp-∂p. -Xp-d∂\ne-bn¬ anin-lm-
tbmSp B\p-Iqeyw ImWn°p-∂X - n¬ ssIk-dns\ `b-s∏-ń-
cp∂ At± lw Hcp {]Im-cØ - n¬ `mKy-hm-\m-bn-cp-∂p. Fs¥-
∂m¬ At± lw anin-lmsb ImWpI am{X-a√ At±-lØ - n\p
Ipsd-sb√mw B\p-Iqeyw sNbvXp sImSp-°p-Ib - p-ap-≠m-bn.
aninlm {Iqin-°-s∏-S-W-sa∂p ]nem-tØm-kn\v Hcn-°epw
Dt±-iy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. At±lw ]eXhW {InkvXp-hns\
hn´-b°p-hm≥ {ian-®-Xm-bn´p kphn-ti-j-ßƒ hmbn®p
t\m°p-tºmƒ ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. F∂m¬, blq-Z∑ - m¿ hnfn
®p ]d-™Xp, "\o Chs\ hn´-b® - m¬ ssIk-dpsS kvt\ln
X≥ A√; X∂Øm≥ cmPm-hm-°p∂h≥ F√mw ssIk-tcmSp
a’-cn-°p∂pht√m F∂m-bn-cp∂p (tbm-l, 19:12).
]ns∂, ]nem-tØm-kns‚ ]Xv\n I≠ kz]v\hpw At±-
l-Øn\p {InkvXp-hns‚ t\¿°v B\p-Iqeyw `mhn-°p-hm≥
IqSp-X¬ t{]c-Ia- m-bn-Øo¿∂p. AXn-\m¬ Fß-s\-sb-¶nepw
B alm-flm-hns\ Ipcn-in¬ Xd-°msX Ign-°Wsa∂pw
A√m-Ø] - £w AXp X\n°pw `mcy°pw \mi-Ic - a
- m-bn-Øo-
cp-sa-∂pw At±lw Icp-Xn. F∂m¬, blq-Z¿ Hcp \miw-]n-
Sn® P\-X-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿ ssIk-dpsS ASp-°¬ ]nem-
tØm-kn-s\-°p-dn®p cl-ky-ambn Bh-emXns∏Sp-∂-Xn\pw
Xøm-dm-bn-cp-∂-Xm-Wv. AXp-sIm≠p At±lw anin-lmsb
hnSp-hn-°m≥ \tbm-]m-bß - ƒ {]tbm-Kn-°p-Ib
- m-Wp-≠m-bX - v.
H∂m-aX
- m-bn, {InkvXp-hns\ {Iqin-°m-\p≈ Znh-ka - mbn
\n¿Æ-bn-®XpXs∂ sh≈n-bm-gvNb - m-bn-cp-∂p. AXpw ]I¬
GXm\pw aWn-°q¿ am{Xw _m°n-bm-bn-cn-s°bpw henb
i∫Øv cm{Xn Bk-∂a - m-bn-cn-°bpw sNbvXt- ∏m-gt{X. blq-
Z-cpsS [¿a-im-kv{X-hn-[n-{]-Imcw {Iqin-Xs\ A∂p kmbw-
k-‘y-hsc am{Xta Ipcn-in¬ hbv°m≥ ]mSp-≈qsh∂p ]n
em-tØm-kn\v \√-t]mse Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p.
Kq-Vm-tem-N\
k‘y-bm-Ip-∂X - n\p aptº tbip-hns\ Ipcn-in¬\n∂p
Xmsg-bn-d-°n. tbip-hn-t\m-sSm∏w {Iqin-°-s∏´ c≠p I≈-
∑m¿ Poh-t\mSpIqSn-Ø-s∂-bn-cns° c≠p aWn-°q-dn-\Iw
tbip acn®pt]mbn F∂p hcnI kw`m-hy-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Im
semSn-°p∂ {]{In-bb - n¬\n∂p tbip-hns\ Hgn-hm-°m-\p≈
Hcp Hgn-I-gnhv am{X-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. c≠pI≈-∑mcpw Ipcn-
in¬\n∂p Poh-t\msSbmWv Xmsg-bn-d-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂-sX∂
hkvXp-XX - s∂ _p≤n-am-\mb Hcmƒ°v th≠p-thmfw sXfn-
hm-bn-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. Ipcn-in¬\n∂p {Iqin-°-s∏-´-hsc Poh-
t\msS Xmsg-bn-d° - p-∂Xp A°m-eØp \S-∏p-≠m-bn-cp-∂X - p-
a-s{X. Fs√m-Sn-°s - ∏-ń-cp-s∂-¶n¬ am{X-ta, AY-hm, Znh-kß-
tfmfw Blm-ctam sh≈tam Ign-°msX Ipcn-in¬ Xqßn-
°n-S∂- n-cp-s∂¶n¬ am{X-ta, acWw Dd-∏p-hc - p-am-bn-cp-∂p-≈q.
F∂m¬, Cu c≠\p`h-ßfpw tbip-hn-∂p-≠m-bn-ń-√. tbip
Ipcn-in¬ Znh-k-ß-tfmfw Xqßn-°n-S-∂n-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.
At±-l-Øns‚ F√p-Iƒ HSn-®n-cp-∂n-√. F∂m¬, At±lw
Ipcn-in-t∑¬ acn®pt]mb{]Imcw ImW-s∏-Sp-I-bm¬ blq-
Z¿ kI-eXpw ad-∂p. c≠p I≈-∑m-scbpw thKw sIm∂p.
Ah-cpsS Imep-Iƒ X√n-sbm-Sn-°p-Ib - p-ap-≠m-bn. acn-®p-t]m-
sb∂pw Fs√m-Sn-t°-≠-Xn-s√∂pw I≈-∑m-cn¬ Hcp-h-s\-∏-
‰n-°qSn ]d-bs - ∏-ń-cp-s∂-¶n¬ kw`hw as‰m-∂m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p.
tbmtk^v F∂pt]cmb Hcmƒ˛ ]nem-tØm-kns‚ hniz-kX v -
kp-lrØpw Xt±isØ Hcp {]apJ hy‡nbpw tbip-hns‚
Hcp cl-ky-in-jy\pw Bbn-cp∂ Ct±-lw, X°-k-a-b-Øp-
Xs∂ AhnsSsbØn ]nem-tØm-kns‚ \n¿t±-i-{]-Imcw
At±-lsØ hnfn-∏n-®-Xm-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂mWv Rm≥ Duln-
°p-∂-Xv. tbip acn® {]Imcw ImW-s∏-Sp-I-bm¬ At±-l-
Øns‚ icocw tbmtk-^ns\ Gev]n-®p. {]ap-J-\mb Hcm-
sf∂ \ne-bn¬ icocw At±-lsØ Gev]n-°p-∂-Xn¬ PqZ-
∑m¿°v X¿°-ap-≠m-Im\nS-bn-√m-bn-cp-∂p. B cw-KØv hs∂-

Ønb tbmtk^v shdp-samcp PUsa-t∂mWw tbip-hns\
FSp-Øp-sIm≠pt]mbn. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ tbip XnI®pw Hcp
aq¿—m-hÿ - b - n-em-bn-cp-∂p. At∏mƒ AhnsS kao-]Ø - p-Xs∂
A°m-esØ \S-∏-\p-k-cn®v ]Wn-bn-®p-h-∂n-cp-∂Xpw Hcp
Ihm-St- Øm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bX - p-amb `h\w t]mep≈ Hcp I√d D≠m-
bn-cp-∂p. PqX∑m¿°v H∂pw sNøm-\m-ImØ Hcp ÿ-eØ - mWv
AXp ÿnXn-sN-bvXn-cp-∂-Xpw. ]nem-tØm-kn-s‚-Xs∂ \n¿
t±i{]Imcw Cu `h-\Ø - n¬ tbipsh InS-Øn. tami-bpsS
ac-WØ - n\ptijw ]Xn-\mep \q‰m≠p Ign-™mWv CsX√mw
kw`-hn-®-Xv. ]Xn-\memw \q‰m-≠n¬ Ah-X-cn-t°≠ hmKvZ-
Ø-an-inlmsb blq-Z¿ ImØn-cn-°b - m-bn-cp-∂p. ap≥I-gn™
{]hm-N-I-∑m-cp-sS-sb√mw Zo¿L-Z¿i-\-a-\p-k-cn®p At±lw
{]Xy-£s - ∏-tS≠ Imehpw AXp-Xs - ∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬,
IjvSw! PqZ-∑m-cpsS B sIm≈-cp-XmØ ]ptcm-ln-X∑ - m¿ B
ImesØ Xncn-®d - n-™n-√. hmKvZØ
- aninlmsb Ah¿ I]-
S-hm-Zn-bmbn X≈n-∏-d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. A{X-bp-a-√, Ah¿
At±-lsØ Im^n¿˛ kXy\ntj[n F∂p hn[n-°p-Ibpw
h[-in-£b - v°p≈ Ip‰w NpaØn tImSXn Ib-‰p-Ib - p-ap-≠m-
bn. P\-ß-fpsS lrZbw kzm¿∞ PSn-e-am-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw
]ptcm-ln-X-∑m¿ euIn-Icpw Ipcp-Scpw kXy-hn-tcm-[n-I-fp-
ambn Na-bp-Ibpw sNøp-am-dp≈ hnhn[Xcw Zp zm-[o-\ß - ƒ
]Xn-\memw \q‰m≠n¬ ssZhw Hcp-an®pIqń.
ChnsS tamsi-bpsS ]Xn-\memw \q‰m≠pw tamsi-bpsS
{]Xn-_nw-_a - mb \_n-(k) Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ]Xn-\memw \q‰m
≠pw XΩn¬ Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp∂]£w c≠p ]Xn-\memw
\q‰m-≠p-If
- nepw hmKvZØ akolv F∂p hmZn® c≠p hy‡n-
Isf ImWm-hp-∂X - m-Wv. c≠p-t]cpw kXy-hm-Zn-Ifpw ssZh-
Øn¬ \n∂p-≈-hcpambn-cp-∂p. CXn\p]pdsa ]ptcm-ln-X-
h¿§w Im^n-sd∂p ap{Z-Ip-Øp-I-bpw, I‰p-sI-´p-Im-sc∂pw
Z÷m-se∂pw Ccp-h¿°pw t]cn-Sp-Ibpw c≠m-sfbpw sIme

bv°v hn[n-°p-Ibpw Ccp-hs - cbpw tImSXn Ib-‰p-Ib - p-ap-≠m-
bn; Hcmsf tdma≥ tImS-Xn-bnepw as‰-bmsf Cw•ojv tImS-
Xn-bnepw! HSp-hn¬, c≠mfpw c£-s∏-Sp-Ibpw blq-Zcpw apkv
enw-I-fp-amb ]ptcm-ln-X-h¿§-ßƒ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sN
bvXp. c≠p anin-lm-am¿°pw Hmtcm henb A\p-bmbn
kwLsØ krjvSn-°m\pw c≠p-Xcw i{Xp-ka - q-lß - s- fbpw
\ncm-ib- n-em-gvØm\pw ssZhw C—n-®p. aqkm-\_ - n-bpsS ]Xn-
\memw \q‰m≠pw \_n-(k) Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ]Xn-\memw
\q‰m≠pw AXmXp Ime-L-´-ß-fnse aninlm-am¿°v ITn-\-
I-jvS-X-I-fpsS Ime-ß-fmbn A\p-`-h-s∏-´p-sh-¶nepw HSp-]p-
e¿® A\p-Kr-lo-Xa - m-bn-Øo-cp-Ib
- mWv sNbvXX- v.
tbip-hns‚ {]m¿∞\
aninlm Ipcn-in¬\n∂v c£-s∏-´Xv kw_-‘n® sXfn-
hp-If- psS Iq´-Øn¬ as‰m∂v kphn-ti-jØ - n¬ "aØmbn' 26-
˛mw A≤ym-b-Ønse 36 apX¬ 46 hsc-bp≈ hmIy-ß-fn¬
hnh-cn-®n-´p≈ Imcy-ß-fm-Wv. Xm≥ ]nSn-°-s∏-Sp-sa∂ shfn-
]mSp e`n-®-Xns\ØpS¿∂p tbip, cm{Xn apgp-h≥ lrZbw
s]mń-°-c™psIm≠v {]m¿∞n®p Ign-®p-Iq-ń. A{Xbpw
Zo¿L-t\-csØ A{Xbpw Ffnb{]m¿∞\ kzoI-cn-°s - ∏-Sm-
Xn-cn-°m≥ Xc-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p. Fs¥-∂m¬, AXy¥w Akz-
ÿ-amb B Ah-ÿ-bn-ep≈ Hcp hrX-Zm-ks‚ {]m¿∞-\-
Isfmcn-°epw ssZh-k-hn-[-Øn¬ X≈-s∏-Sp-I-bn-s√∂n-cn-
s°, cm{Xn-ap-gp-h≥ Dd-°a- n-f®
- p≈ B {]m¿∞-\I - ƒ, lrZbw
s]mń-\p-dp-ßp-am-dp≈ B {]m¿∞-\-Iƒ, s\mº-c-s∏´ B
flm-hns‚ B A`-b-bm-N-\-Iƒ Fßs\ Xnc-kvI-cn-°-s∏-
Sm-\mWv! kz¿§-ÿ\ - mb ]nXmhv Xs‚ {]m¿∞-\I - ƒ kzoI-
cn-°p∂psh∂p anin-lm-Xs∂ Ah-Im-i-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p.
{]m¿∞-\b - n¬ At±-lØ - n\p Dd®hnizm-ka - m-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-
sIm-≠mWv AdÃv sNø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Ipcn-in-te-‰s - ∏-Sp-Ibpw
sNbvXt- ∏mƒ kml-Nc - y-ßƒ Xs‚ {]Xo-£s - °m-Ø√ cq]-

s∏-ń-´p-≈s - X∂p I≠-bh - k - c
- Ø
- n¬, "Geo, Geo eam k_
‡m\o' (F≥ ssZh-ta, F≥ ssZhta \o Fs∂ ssIhn-´-
sXt¥?) F∂n-ßs\ At±lw \ne-hn-fn-®X - v. F∂p-h® - m¬
CØ-cØ - n¬ kw`-hn-°psa∂p˛Ip-cn-in-t∑¬ Xm≥ acn-°m≥
CS-bm-Ip-sa-∂p˛ At±lsamcn-°epw {]Xo-£n-®n-cp-∂n-
s√∂pXs∂. kphn-ti-j-ß-fn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ Cu c≠p
]cm-a¿i-ßfpw sXfn-bn-®Xv Xs‚ {]m¿∞\ ssZhw tIƒ°p-
sa∂pw kzoI-cn-°p-sa∂pw tbip ]q¿Æ-lr-Zb - t- ØmsS hniz-
kn-®n-cp∂psh∂m-Wv. cm{Xn apgp-h≥ Dd-°-an-f®pw IÆo¿
hm¿Øpw Xm≥ sNbvX kphn-\oX {]m¿∞-\I - sfmcn-°epw
]mgm-bn-t∏m-In-s√∂p At±-lØ - n\p d-∏m-bn-cp-∂p. Xs‚ injy-
∑msc At±lw ssZhn-Ia - mb A[n-Im-ct- ØmSp IqSn-Øs∂
"\nßƒ {]m¿∞n-°p-tºmƒ {]m¿∞-\I - ƒ kzoI-cn-°s - ∏Spw'
F∂p ]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. IqSm-sX, a\p-
jy-s\bpw ssZh-sØbpw `b-s∏-SmØ \ymbm-[n-]s - \-°p-dn-
®p≈ Hc-\ym-]t- Z-ihpw At±lw hnh-cn®p sImSp-Øp. ssZhw
\n›b-ambpw {]m¿∞-\-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p∂psh∂p injy-
∑msc t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ib - m-bn-cp∂p Cu D]am IY-sIm≠p
t±-in-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂-Xv. Hcp henb hn]Øv X\nbv°v XcWw
sNøm-\p-s≠∂p tbip Adn-™n-cp-s∂-¶nepw as‰√m \oXn-
am-∑m-sc-bpw-t]mse At±-lhpw ssZh-tØmSp {]m¿∞n-®p,
ssZh-Øn\p Ign-bm-Ø-Xmbn H∂pwXs∂-bn-s√∂pw GXp
Imcyhpw AXp \S-°W - tam th≠tbm F∂p ssZhw Xs∂-
bmWv \n›-bn-°p-∂s - X∂pw Dd®p hniz-kn®psIm≠p-Xs∂.
AXn\m¬, tbip-hns‚ kz¥w {]m¿∞\ Xnc-kvI-cn-°-s∏-
Sp-∂]
- £w AXp injy-cpsS hnizm-ksØ XI¿Øp Xcn-∏-
W-am-°m≥ Imc-Wa - m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p. injy-cpsS hnizm-ksØ
XI¿°p∂ Hcp DZm-l-cWw Ah-cpsS apºn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-
°pI km[y-am-bn-cp-∂pthm? tbip-hn-s\-t∏m-ep≈ Hcp alm-
{]-hm-NI - ≥ Zpcn-Xl
- r-Zb - t- ØmsS cm{Xn apgp-h≥ Dd-°a - n-f®p
sNbvX {]m¿∞ \Xs∂ kzoI-cn-°s - ∏-ńs√∂ph∂m¬ B

\n¿`m-Ky-Ic
- a
- mb kw`hw injy-KW- Ø - ns‚ hnizm-kØ
- n\p
Hcp henb ]co-£-bm-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v, Icp-Wm-
\n-[n-bmb ssZhw Cu {]m¿∞\ X≈n-°-f-bp-I-bn-√m-bn-cp-
∂p. KXvi-a\ tXm´-Øn¬h®p tbip \S-Ønb {]m¿∞\
ssZhw kzoI-cn®p sh∂-XmWv ]c-am¿∞w.
]pWy-hm-f¿s°-Xnsc
as‰mcp ImcyhpwIqSn ChnsS Hm¿t°-≠-Xp-≠p. tbip-
hns\ sIm√m≥ KqVm-tem-N\ D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xp t]msebpw
apJy-]p-tcm-ln-X∑ - mcpw imkv{Xn-amcpw Iø^m-kv F∂ alm-
]p-tcm-ln-Xs‚ `h-\Ø - n¬ tbip-hns\ sIm√m-\p≈ Bkq-
{X-Wß- ƒ°mbn ktΩ-fn-®n-cp-∂Xpt]msebpw tamisb sIm
√p-hm\pw A{]-ImcwXs∂ \_n-(k - ) Xncp-ta-\nsb h[n-°m≥
a°-bnse Zmdp-∂-Zvh-bn¬h®p KqVm-tem-N-\-Iƒ \S-∂n-´p-
≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬, k¿∆i‡\mb ssZhw almflm
°fmb B c≠p \_namtcbpw B KqVmtemN\bpsS
Zpjvê Øn¬\n∂v c£n®p. tbip-hn-s\-Xnsc \S∂ KqVm-
temN\ -ta¬c≠p {]hm-N-I-∑m-cp-tSbpw ImeØn\nSbn¬
kw`hn® XmWv. Cu c≠v {]hmNI∑mtc°mƒ IqSpX¬
lrZ-bt- h-Z\- t- bmSpIqSn tbip {]m¿∞n-®n-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-cns°
At±lw F¥p-sIm≠p c£-s∏-ń√? Xs‚ hcn-jT v Z- m-kc - psS
{]m¿∞-\I - ƒ kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw t{Zmln-If - psS Bkq-{X-W-
ßƒ ]cm-Pb - s- ∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp∂ ssZhw F¥p-sIm≠p
tbip-hns‚ {]m¿∞\ kzoI-cn-®n√? hnj-an-°p-∂h - c - p-sSbpw
thZ-\n-°p-∂-h-cp-sSbpw {]m¿∞-\-Iƒ ssZhw kzoI-cn-°p
∂psh∂Xp F√m kZr-Ø∑ - m-cp-sSbpw A\p-`h - a- m-Wv. A√,
Hcp kZr-Øs\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw ]co-£-bpsS \mƒ
ZrjvSm-¥-Øns‚ \mfm-Ip-∂p. CØcw F{Xtbm A\p-`-h-
ßƒ F\n-°p-≠m-bn-´p-≠.v ]©m-_n¬ Aar-Xk v d- n¬ ]m¿Øp-
h∂ {InkvXym-\n-bmb tUm. am¿ń≥ ¢m¿°v c≠p-sIm√w
aptº Kp¿Zm-kv]q¿ Pn√m aPn-kvt{S´v tImS-Xn-bn¬ Hcp h[-

{iaw Btcm-]n®p F\n-s°-Xnsc I≈-t°-kp-≠m-°n. tUm
IvSsd sIm√m≥ A_vZp¬ laoZv F∂p t]cmb Hcp-hs\
Rm≥ Ab®psh∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Fs‚ t]cn¬ D∂-bn®
Btcm-]W - w. {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw lnµp-°fpw apkvenw-If - p-amb
aq∂p kap-Zm-b-ß-fn¬s∏´ ]e KqVm-tem-N-\-°mcpw Cu
tI n¬ Fs∂ FXn¿°m≥ HØp-tN¿∂p. F\n-s°-Xnsc
B Ip‰m-tcm-]Ww sXfn-bn-°p-hm≥ Ah¿ sIm≠p-]n-Sn-®p-
t\m-°n. tbip-hn-s\-∏‰n {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ ]pe¿Øp∂ sX
‰mb Bi-b-ß-fn¬\n∂p temIsc c£-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Rm≥
{ian-®p-sIm≠ncp∂p˛ Rm≥ Ct∏mgpw B {ia-Øn¬Øs∂-
bmWv˛ F∂-Xs{X F\n-s°-Xn-cn¬ {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ - °- p-≠m-
bn-cp∂ ]cm-Xn. Ah-cn¬\n∂v F\n-°p-≠mb BZysØ Zpc-
\p-`h
- hpw CXp-Xs - ∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]fin‰v te-Jvdm-ans‚ ac-
W-sØ-∏‰n Rm≥ {]h-Nn®p F∂-Xn-s\-s®m√n lnµp-°fpw
Fs‚ t\sc A\njvSw ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p. teJvdm-ans‚
]q¿Æm-\p-a-Xn-tbm-sS-bmWv Rm≥ B {]h-N\w sNbvXn-cp-
∂-X.v B {]h-N\w \n›n-Xk - a- b
- Øv ]q¿Øn-bm-bn. AsXmcp
òI-c-amb ZnhymS-bm-f-am-bn-cp-∂p. tbm[r-a-lvZn-bpsS BK-a-
\sØ kw_-‘n® Bi-bs - Øbpw Xßƒ [cn-®p-h® - Pnlm-
Zn-s\bpw FXn¿Øp-t]m-∂X - n-\m¬ apkvenw De-am-°fpw F\n-
s°-Xn-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu aq∂p kap-Zm-b-ß-fn-sebpw {]ap-J-
cmb Nne hy‡n-Iƒ F\n-s°-Xn-cm-bp≈ h[-{i-a° - p‰w sXfn-
bn-°m-\pw Aßs\ Xq°n-te-‰p-Itbm Pbn-en-e-S-°p-Itbm
sNøm-\p-ambn ]c-k] v cw KqVm-tem-N\ \S-Øn. ssZh-Øns‚
ZrjvSn-bn¬ Ch¿ Aßs\ A[¿Ωn-I-fm-bn-Øo¿∂p. Ah-
cpsS cl-kym-tem-N-\-Iƒ°v aptº-Xs∂ ssZhw Fs∂ C
°mcyadn-bn-®p. Ip‰-tam-Nn-X\ - mbn hn´-b°
- s
- ∏-Sp-sa∂p ssZhw
F\n°v ap≥Iqń kphm¿Øbpw \evIn. \qdp-I-W-°n-em-fp-
I-fpsS apºmsI ssZh-Øns‚ hnip-≤-sh-fn-]mSp Rm≥
ap≥Iq-ń-Øs∂ {]Jym-]n-®n-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu shfn-]m-Sp-
Iƒ°ptijw "A√tbm \mYm, \o Fs∂ Cu ]co-£b - n¬

\n∂v c£n-t°-Wta' F∂p Rm≥ {]m¿∞n-®t- ∏mƒ Fs∂
c£n-°p-sa∂pw F\n-s°-Xnsc Ah¿ sIm≠p-h∂ Btcm-
]-W-ß-fn¬\n∂p Rm≥ ip≤o-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-sa∂pw ssZhw
F\n-°p shfn-]mSp \evIn. ap∂q-dn-e[ - nIw t]sc Rm≥ Cu
shfn-]mSp t\cn´p tIƒ∏n-®n-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-cn¬ ]ecpw
C∂v Pohn-®n-cn-°p-∂p-ap-≠v. Fs‚ i{Xp-°ƒ tImS-Xn-bn¬
I≈-km£yw \evIn. aq∂p kap-Zm-bß - f - nse {]ap-Jh - y-‡n-
Iƒ F\n-s°-Xnsc samgn \evIn-bt- ∏mƒ Ah¿ tIkv GXm-
s≠ms° sXfn-bn-°p-I-Xs∂ sNbvXn-cp-∂p. Aß-s\-bn-
cns° B tIkns‚ \nP-ÿnXn ]e {]Im-c-Ønepw AXp
hnNm-cW sNøp∂ \ymbm-[n-]-\m-bn-cp∂ Kp¿Zm-kv]q¿
U]yqń IΩo-j-W-dm-bn-cp∂ Iym]v‰≥ Uªyp U•-kn\v
ssZhw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øns°mSpØp. CsXmcp I≈-t°-km-
sW∂v At±-lØ - n\p t_m[y-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. At∏mƒ
Hcp anj-Wd - n-IqSn Bbn-cp∂ tUmIvSsd H´pw Ku\n-°msX
tIkv X≈n°-f-bm≥Xs∂ \oXnt_m[w At±-l-Øn¬
t{]cW sNep-Øn. Aßs\ ssZhn-Is - h-fn-]m-Sp-If - psS ASn-
ÿm-\-Øn¬ Fs‚ hnSpXn kw_-‘n® \qdp-I-W-°n-\m-fp-
I-fpsS apºm-sIbpw s]mXp-tbm-K-ß-fn¬h®pw ap≥Iq-ń-
Øs∂ Rm≥ {]Jym-]n-®n-cp-∂-sXt¥m AsX√mw ]q¿Øn-
bm-bn. A∂sØ B]Xv°c - a
- mb kml-Nc - y-ßf- n-emWv C{]-
Imcw kw`-hn-®n-cp-∂-sX-∂-Xn-\m¬ AXp ]q¿Øn-bm-hm≥
AXp Imc-W-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXp am{X-a√ C{]-Im-c-
ap≈ a‰- t \Iw Ip‰m- t cm- ] - W - ß fpw ta¬ Imc- W - ß -
fm¬Øs∂ F\n-s°-Xn-sc D∂-bn-°s - ∏-Sp-Ibpw tImS-Xn-bn¬
Ah-sb-Øn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tImS-Xn-bn¬ Rm≥ lmP-cm-
°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v aptº-Xs∂ apgp-h≥ Imcy-ß-fp-sSbpw XpS-
°hpw HSp-°-hp-sa√mw A√mlp Fs∂ ap≥Iqń Adn-bn-
°p-Ibpw Hmtcm {][m\ tI nepw hnSp-Xnsb Ipdn-®p≈
kphm¿Ø F\n°p \evIp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p.
tbip {]oX-Zm-k≥
k¿∆-i‡ - \ - mb ssZhw, Ahs‚ hniz-kX v c- mb Zmk¿ a¿±n-
X-cmb \ne-bn¬ hmXn¬°¬sN∂p ap´ptºmƒ Ah-cpsS
A¿∞nXßƒ km[n-∏n-®p-sIm-Sp-°p∂psh∂-Xn¬ kwi-ba - n-
s√-∂mWv C{Xbpw ]d-™X - ns‚ BI- m-cw. Ah≥ Ah-cpsS
]cn-tZ-h-\-ßƒ tIƒ°p-Ibpw A¤p-X-I-cambXc-Øn¬
Ah¿°v klmbw \evIp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. CXn\p Rm≥Xs∂
Hcp km£n-bm-W.v At∏mƒ, C{Xbpw henb Hcp ]co£m-L-
´-Øn¬ tbip \S-Ønb thZ-\\ - n-d™ {]m¿∞\ F¥p-sIm≠v
kzoI-cn-°s- ∏ń√? A√! B {]m¿∞\ kzoI-cn-°s - ∏-SpI Xs∂-
bm-Wp-≠m-bX - .v ssZhw At±-lsØ c£n-®p. At±-lsØ c£-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - n-\p≈ kml-Nc - y-ßƒ `qan-bnepw BIm-iØ - nepw
ssZhw krjvSn-s®m-cp-°n. tbml-∂m≥ AYhm blvbm{]hm-
N-I\p {]m¿∞n-°m≥ th≠{X kabw e`n-®n-cp-∂n-√. At±-l-
Øns‚ kabw FØn-°g- n-™n-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-Xm-\pw, F∂m¬,
tbip-hn\p Hcp cm{Xn apgp-h\pw {]m¿∞n-°m≥ kabw Inń.
At±lw apgp-h≥ cm{Xnbpw ssZh-Øn\p apºn¬ Ipºn´phoWp
{]m¿∞-\I - ƒ \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p. Xs‚ ITn-\b - m-X\- I - ƒ
tbip ssZh-Øn\p apºn¬ hy‡-am-°n-s°m-Sp-°p-Ibpw ssZh-
tØmSv tamN\w tXSp-Ibpw sNøW-sa-∂Xp ssZh-ln-Xa - m-bn-
cp-∂p. ssZh-Øn\p Akm-[y-am-bns´m∂pwXs∂-bn-√. AXp-
sIm≠v, ssZhw k\m-X\ - a
- mb Ahs‚ \oXn-b\ - p-kc - n®p B
{]m¿∞\ kzoI-cn-°p-Ib - p-≠m-bn. tbipsh Ipcn-in-te-‰n-bt- ijw
blq-Z¿ ]d™p, "Abmƒ ssZhw, Xs∂ c£n-°p-sa-∂t√
hoºn-f°- n-bX - .v ssZhw Abmsf c£n-®n-ń-√t√m' F∂p! blq-
Z¿ C°m-cy-Øn¬ Im]Syw ]pe¿Øp-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p. blq-Zc - psS
kIe Bkq-{X-Wß - s
- fbpw ssZhw ]cm-Pb - s- ∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw
Xs‚ {]nb-ap≈ aninlmsb Ipcn-in¬\n∂pw AXns‚ im]-
Øn¬\n∂pw c£-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ib - p-amWv sNbvXX - .v blq-Z¿°m-
Is´, \ncm-i-cm-bn-cn-t°-≠nbpw h∂p.
kphn-ti-j-ß-fn¬\n∂p \ap°p e`n-°p∂ km£y-ß-

fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ as‰m∂p "aØmbn' bnse Xmsg D≤-cn-°p∂
hmN-Iß - f - mWv: ""\oXn-am-\mb lmt_-ens‚ c‡wapX¬
\nßƒ aµn-cØ - n\pw bmK-]o-TØ - n\pw \Sp-hn¬h®p sIm∂-
h-\mb s_sc-Jym-hns‚ aI-\mb skJ-cym-hns‚ c‡whsc
`qan-bn¬ sNmcn-bs - ∏´ \oXn-bp≈ c‡-sa√mw \nß-fpsSta¬
htc-≠X - m-Ip-∂p. CsXm-s°bpw Cu Xe-ap-dt- a¬ hcpsa∂p
Rm≥ kXy-am-bn´p \nß-tfmSp ]d-bp∂p'' (a-Øm-bn,23: 35, 36).
PqX-∑m¿ {]hm-NI - ∑ - msc sIm√p-∂Xp skJcym{]hm-NI - t- \m
sS Ah-km-\n®psh∂p tbip hy‡-ambn {]kvXm-hn-®n-´p-
≈-Xmbn Cu hmIy-ß-fn¬ Nn¥n-°p∂ ]£w \nßƒ°v
a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bpw. AXn-\p-tijw PqX-∑m¿°v Hcp {]hm-
N-Is - \bpw sIm√m≥ Ign-bp-Ib - n-√. tbip Ipcn-in¬ h[n-°-
s∏-ń-ńs√∂p sXfn-bn®p Im´p∂ Hcp alm-{]-hN - \ - a- mWXv.
At±lw Ipcn-in¬\n∂v c£-s∏-Sp-Ib - m-Wp-≠m-bX - v. ]n∂oSv
{]IrXn km[m-cW - a - mb \ne-bn¬ At±lw Nc-aa - S- b
- p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. tbiphpw skJ-cym-hn-s\-t∏mse PqX-∑m-cpsS
ssIbm¬ sIm√-s∏-Sp-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Xs‚ ac-W-sØ-
∏‰n Cu hmN-I-ß-fn¬ kq-N\ \evIn-bn-cn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p.
F∂m¬, aninlm blq-Zn-If - psS ssIbm¬ acn®psh¶nepw
At±-lsØ sIm∂Xv blq-Zsc kw_-‘n-®n-St- Ømfw Hcp
]m]-as - √∂pw ]m]-]c - n-lm-cs
- a-t∂m-Wa - mWv At±lw sIm√-
s∏-´s - X∂pw hcp-Inepw B \nKa\w icn-bm-hp-Ib - n-√. Fs¥-
∂m¬, "tbml-∂m≥' 19-˛mw A≤ymbw 11˛mw hN-\Ø - n¬ anin-
lmsb sIm√p-hm-\p≈ Zpcm-tem-N\ ImcWw blq-Z¿ sImSpw-
]m-]n-If - m-bn-cn-°p-Ib - m-sW∂p anin lmXs∂ hfsc hy‡-
ambn {]kvXm-hn-®n-´p-≠v. C{]-ImcwXs∂ a‰p ]e ÿe-ß-
fnepw C°mcyw kqNn-∏n-°p-I bpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. aninlm-
hns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn® alm-]c - m[w \nanØw ssZh-
Zr-„n-bn¬ b-lq-Z¿ in£m¿l-cm-bn-Øo¿∂n-cp-∂p-sh∂pw
hy‡-ambn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. (a-Ømbn, 26:24).
a\p-jy-]p-{X≥ ho≠pw hcp-tºmƒ

kphn-ti-jß - f - n¬\n∂p≈ km£y-ßf - n¬ as‰m∂p "a
Ømbn'bnse Xmsg]d-bp∂ hN-\ß - f- m-Wv, ""a\p-jy-]p-{X≥
Xs‚ cmPy-Øn¬ hcp-∂Xp ImWp-thmfw acWw Bkz-Zn-
°m-Ø-h¿ Nne¿ Cu \nev°p-∂-h-cn¬ D≠p F∂p Rm≥
kXy-am-bn´p \nß-tfmSp ]d-bp∂p'' (16:28). At∏m-se-Ø-
s∂, "tbml-∂m-'\n¬ C{]-Imcw ImWp∂p: "tbip Ah-
t\mSp: Rm≥ hcp-thmfw Ch≥ (tbm-l-∂m≥) Ccn-t°-W-
sa∂p (b-cq-i-te-an¬) F\n°p CjvS-ap-s≠-¶n¬ AXp
\n\°v F¥v' (tbm-l-∂m≥, 21:22). AXm-b-Xp, Xm\m{K-ln-
°p-Ib - m-sW-¶n¬ Xm≥ ho≠pw hcp-∂X - p-hsc tbml-∂m≥
acn-°p-I-bn-√. Xm≥ ho≠pw hcp-∂-Xp-h-scbpw injy-cn¬
Nne¿ Pohn-®n-cn-°Wsa∂p aninlm hmKvZm\w sNbvXn-cp-
∂-Xm-bn-´mWv ta¬hm-Iy-ß-fn¬\n∂p hy‡-am-Ip-∂-Xv.
Aßs\ Pohn-®n- cn-°p-∂h - c
- n¬ Hcp-h≥ tbml-∂m≥ Bbn-
cn-°pw. AXn-\m¬, Cu hmKvZØw ]pe-tc-≠Xv A\n-hm-cy-
am-bn-cp-∂p. C{]-Imcw Cu {]h-N\w ]pe¿∂-Xmbn Icp-X-
s∏-tS-≠-Xn\p {]h-N\w hmKvZ-Ø-{]-Imcw ]q¿Øn-bm-°m-
\mbn A∂p-≈h - c- n¬ Nne¿ Pohn-®n-cn-°p-tºmƒ tbip htc-
≠Xv Bh-iy-am-bn-cp∂psh∂p {InkvXym-\n-IƒXs∂ kΩ-
Xn-®n-cn-°b- m-Wv. CXmWv tbip Xs‚ hmKvZØ - {- ]-Imcw bcq-
i-te-ans‚ \mi-\m-fn¬ bcq-i-te-an¬ h∂n-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-
sh∂pw At∏mƒ Pohn-®n-cp∂ tbml-∂m≥ At±-lsØ
I≠n-cp-∂p-sh-∂p-ap≈ {InkvXob ]ptcm-ln-X∑ - m-cpsS {]Jym-
]-\Ø- n-\S- n-ÿm\w. F∂m¬, {]h-Nn-°s - ∏´ AS-bmfßtfm-
Sp-IqSn tbip kz¿§-Øn¬ \n∂n-dß - n-h∂psh∂p {InkvXym-
\n-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂n-s√∂ Imcyw {]tXyIw {it≤-b-am-Wv. "a-
Ømbn' 16-˛mw A≤ym-b-Ønse 28-˛mw hN-\-Øn¬ ]d™
hmKv-ZØw ]pe-cp-am-dm-Ip-∂-Xn\p At±lw tbml-∂m\pw
Z¿i-\Ø - n¬ {]Xy-£\ - mbn F∂mWv ]d-bp-∂X - v. F∂m¬,
CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ hchv {]h-N\w ]pe¿∂psh∂p hcp-Øn-

Øo¿°m≥ klm-bI-am-In-s√∂p Rm≥ {]kvXm-hn-®p-sIm-
≈-s´. XnI®pw Zp¿∫-ea - mb Hcp hymJym-\a- mWn-Xv. hna¿i-
I-cn¬\n∂v hn\-b-]q¿∆w Hgn-™p-am-dp∂ Hcp hymJym-\w.
CXp XnI®pw sX‰m-bn-´p-≈Xpw \ne-\nev°m-Ø-Xp-amb
hymJym-\-am-Wv. CXns\ Jfin-t°≠ BhiywXs∂-bn-
√. B¿s°-¶nepw kz]v\Ø - ntem Znhy-Z¿i-\Ø- ntem BWv
tbip {]Xy-£-s∏-tS-≠n-bn-cp-∂-sX-¶n¬, CØ-c-Øn-ep≈
{]h-N\w ]cn-lm-ky-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-tX-bp-≈q.7
C-{]-Imcw tbip hfsc aptº-Xs∂ ]utem-kn\pw {]Xy-
£-\m-bn-cp-∂p-h-t√m. "aØmbn' 16-˛mw A≤ymbw 28-˛mw hN-
\-Øn¬ ]d™ {]h-N\w ]mXn-cn-am¿°n-Sb - n¬ Hcp Bi-b-
°p-g∏ - Ø
- n\p Imc-Wa - m-°n-bn-cn°-bm-Wv. AXn\p Xß-fpsS
hnizm-k-a-\p-k-cn®p bp‡n-bp-‡-amb A¿∞w \evIm≥
Ah¿°p km[n-®n-ń-√. bcq-itew hn\m-iI - m-eØv aninlm
Xs‚ {]Xm-]ß - t- fmsS BIm-iØ - n¬\n∂ndßn h∂n-´p-≠m-
bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw, BIm-iØ - n¬\n∂v D÷z-en-°p∂ an∂¬]n-
W¿ kI-e¿°pw Zriy-am-Ip-∂X - p-t]mse At±-lsØ F√m-
hcpw I≠n-cp-∂p-sh∂pw ]d-bm≥ GXm-bmepw Ah¿°v
km[n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. a\p-jy-]p-{X≥ Xs‚ cmP-Øz-tØmsS
hcp-∂-Xp-hsc ChnsS IqSn-b-h-cn¬ Nne¿ acWw cpNn-®-dn-
bn√ F∂ {]kvXm-h-\bpw Ah-K-Wn®p X≈m≥ Ah¿°v
A{X-thKw km[n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂n√. AXn-\m¬, hfsc {]bm-
7. "aØmbn' 16-˛mw A≤ymbw 28-˛mw hN-\-Øn∂p Nne aue-hn-am¿ {InkvXym-
\n-If
- p-tS-Xn-t\-°mƒ {iam-hl
- a
- mb hymJym-\ß - ƒ \evIn-bn-´p-≈X
- mbn Rm≥
Nne {KŸ-ß-fn¬ ImWp-I-bp-≠m-bn. aninlm hcp∂ Ime-Øns‚ AS-bm-f-
am-bn, B Xe-ap-d-bn¬s]´ Nne¿ A°m-eØv Pohn-®n-cp-∂n-´p-≠m-bn-cn-°p-
sa∂pw akolv {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ Hcp injy≥ IqSnbpw Pohn-®n-cp-∂n-´p-
≠m-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v tbip {]Jym-]n-®n-cp-∂n-´p-≈t- ∏mƒ B injy≥ Ct∂m-fhpw
Pohn-®n-cn-t°-≠-Xm-h-iy-am-sW∂pw Ah¿ ]d-bp-∂p. Fs¥-∂m¬, akolv
C\nbpw {]Xy-£-\m-bn-ń-√. Cu injy≥ ako-ln-s\bpw {]Xo-£n®v GtXm
ae-bn¬ Ct∏mgpw Hfn-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-Ws{X!
k-Ic- a
- mb Hcp hymJym\w \evIn-s°m≠p {]h-N\w Bfl-
Z¿i-\-Øn-eqsS ]q¿Øn-bm-b-Xmbn Ah¿ hniz-kn-®p.
F∂m¬, CXp icn-b-√. \oXn-am-∑m-cmb ssZh-Zm-k¿ hcn-
jvT-∑m¿°v Ft∏mgpw Z¿i-\-Øn¬ shfn-s∏-Sm-dp-≠v. Ah¿
kz]v\Ø - n¬ am{Xsa {]Xy-£c- mIq F∂p-an-√. Pm{K-Øn¬
Xs∂ Ahsc ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. F\n°pXs∂ AØcw
[mcmfw A\p-`-h-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
Rm≥ F{Xtbm XhW Bfl-Z¿i-\-Øn¬ lZvdØv
ako-lns\ ImWp-I-bp-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. a‰p Nne {]hm-N-I-∑m-
cp-ambpw Rm≥ Pm{K-Øn¬Øs∂ A`n-ap-JZ- ¿i\w \S-Øo-
´p-≠v. \ΩpsS bP-am-\cpw t\Xmhpw Fs‚ Cam-ap-amb lZv
dØv apl-ΩZv apkvX^m(k) Xncp-ta-\nsbØs∂bpw Pm{K-
Øn¬ Rm≥ ]e-Xh - W ImWp-Ibpw B Znhym-flmhnt\mSp
kwkm-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-Ib - p-≠m-bn. kz]v\Ø
- n-s‚tbm ab-
°- Ø n- s ‚tbm kqN- \ - t ]mepw C√mØ Ah- ÿ - b n¬
DW¿∂n-cn-°p-tºmƒØs∂ acn-®p-t]mb Nnesc J_v-dp-
Iƒ°-SptØm a‰n-S-ß-fntemh®p Pm{K-Øn¬ ImWp-Ibpw
Ah-cp-ambn kwkm-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≠v. Pm{K-Xm-hÿ- -
bn¬Øs∂ C{]-Imcw acn-®-hsc ImWm≥ km≤y-am-sW-
∂Xp Fs‚ A\p-`-h-am-Wv. ImWpI am{X-a-√, Ah-cp-ambn
kwkm-cn-°p-Ibpw Ah¿°v lkvXZ- m\w sNøp-Ibpw sNøp-
∂Xpt]mepw km≤y-am-Wv. CXpw km[m-cW t_m[m-h-
ÿbpw XΩn¬ A\p-`-h-Øn¬ Hcp hyXym-khpan√; Cu
temI- Ø n¬Øs∂- b m- s W∂ \√ t_m[- t ØmSpIqSn
Øs∂. CtX ImXp-Ifpw CtX IÆp-Ifpw CtX \mhpw
Xs∂! F∂m¬, Bg-Øn¬ Nn¥n-°p-tºmƒ AXp as‰mcp
{]]-©-am-sW∂p shfn-s∏-Spw. Cu temI-Øn\p CØcw
A\p-`-h-ßƒ Adn™p IqSm! CXp ]t£, kz¿§o-b-amb
Hcp kΩm-\a - m-Ip-∂p. \th-{µn-bß
- ƒ {]Zm\w sNø-s∏-´h - ¿
°p≈ khn-ti-jm-\p-`q-Xn-bs{X CXv. CXp Hcp bmYm¿∞y-
am-Wv. kXy-hk - vXp-XbpwXs∂. AXn\m¬, bcq-itew \mi-

Øn\ptijw tbip tbml-∂m\p {]Xy-£\ - m-bt- ∏mƒ At±
lw tbip-hns\ Pm{K-Øn¬ Xs∂-bmWv I≠-sX-¶nepw
Ah¿ XΩn¬ kwkm-cn-°p-Ibpw lkvX-Zm\w sNøp-Ibpw
sNbvXn-cn-°m-sa-¶nepw B kw`-hsØ {]h-N\ - Ø- ns‚ ]pe
¿®-bp-ambn Hcp Xc-Ønepw _‘-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂X - √. CØcw
{]Xn-`m-k-ßƒ ]e-t∏mgpw Cu temIØv kw`-hn-°m-dp-≠v.
Ct∏mƒØs∂, Rm≥ Fs‚ {i≤ Aev]-sam∂p B hi-
tØ°p Xncn-°p∂ ]£w ssZhm-\p-{K-lØ - m¬, Cu Pm{K-
Xmh-ÿ-bn¬Xs∂ tbip-hn-t\tbm at‰-sX-¶nepw ]cn-ip-
≤-{]-hm-N-I-t\tbm F\n°v ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. F∂m¬,
CØcw Hcp ImW¬ "aØmbn' 16-˛mw A≤ymbw 28-˛mw hN-
\-Øn-e-S-ßnb {]h-N-\-Øns‚ ]q¿Øo-I-cWsamcn-°epw
Bhp-Ib - n-√.
Xm≥ Ipcn-in¬\n∂p c£n-°-s∏-Sp-sa∂pw ]n∂oSp
as‰mcp \mń¬ amdn-∏m¿°p-sa∂pw PqZ-∑m-cpsS \miw kz¥w
IÆp-sIm≠p ImWp-thmfw ssZhwXs∂ acn-∏n-°p-Itbm
Cu temIØp\n∂p FSpØpsIm≈p-Itbm sNøp-∂-X-
s√∂pw Bflo-ba - mb Hu∂Xyw {]m]n-®h - ¿°v ssZhw A\p-
{K-ln-®c- p-fnb kz¿§-cm-Py-Ønse ê-kn-≤n-Iƒ km£m¬I-
cn-°s- ∏-Sp-∂Xphsc Xm≥ ac-Wa - S- b
- p-∂X
- s- √∂pw tbip Adn-
™n-cp∂psh∂-XmWv kXyw. X\n-s°-Xnsc hmfp-b¿Øn-b-
h¿ Xs‚ Pohn-XI - m-eØv Xs‚ Iäp-ºn¬h-®p-Xs∂ hmfn-
∂n-c-bm-bn-Øo-cp∂ alm-Zr-„m-¥-ßƒ DS≥ ImWpam-dm-Ip-
sa∂p kzin-jy¿°v Dd∏p \evIp-∂X - n\pth≠n-bmWv tbip
Cu {]h-N\w Acp-fn-bX - .v AXp-sIm≠v sXfn-hp-Iƒ°v Fs¥-
¶nepw hne-bp-s≠-¶n¬, CXn-s\-°mƒ henb as‰mcp sXfnhv
{InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°v D∂-bn-°m-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Xm≥ ho≠pw-
h-cp-tºmƒ, Ah-cn¬ Nne¿ Pohn-®n-cn-°p-∂p-≠m-Ip-sa∂p
tbip Xs‚ kz¥w \mhp-sIm≠p {]h-Nn®psh∂p-≈Xp
Xs∂-bmWv sXfn-hv.
]p\-cm-Ka
- \
- {- ]-hN
- \w
tbip-hns‚ {]Xym-K-a-\-sØ-∏‰n kphn-ti-j-ß-fn¬
c≠p-X-c-Øn-ep≈ {]h-N-\-ß-fp-s≠∂p a\- n-em-°-Ww.
1. A¥y-\m-fnse BK-a\ - s
- Ø-∏‰- n-bp≈ hmKvZm-\w. Cu
hchv Bflo-bk - z-`m-ha
- p-≈Xpw tbip-hns‚ Ime-sØ, {]hm-
N-I-\mb Gen-bm-hns‚ c≠mw hc-hn-t\mSp kmZr-iy-ap-≈-
Xp-as{X. Gen-bm-hn-s\-t∏mse At±lw C°m-eØv {]Xy-
£-s∏-´p. AXp Cu hcn-Is - f-gp-Xp∂ Cubp-≈h - ≥ Xs∂-
bm-W.v tbip-hns‚ \ma-Øn¬ hmKvZ- Øaninlm Bbn Ah-
X-cn® Hcp a\p-jy-hw-i-Zm-k≥. Fs‚ hc-hns\∏‰n kphn-
ti-jß - f
- n¬ tbipXs∂ kphm¿Ø-Iƒ \evIo-´p-≠.v tbip-
hn-t\m-Sp≈ BZcw \nanØw kXy-k-‘-X-tbmSpw B¿÷-
h-tØmSpw Fs‚ hc-hn-s\-∏‰n Nn¥n-°p-Ibpw Imen-S¿®-
bn¬\n∂p kzbw c£-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-h-\mtcm Ah-
\s{X `mKy-hm≥.
2. c≠mw hc-hn-s\-∏‰ - n-bp≈ kphn-ti-jß- f - nse as‰mcp
{]h-N\w bYm¿∞Øn¬, Ipcn-ip-kw-`-h-Ønse A\p-`-h-
ßƒ°n-S-bnepw ssZhm-\p-{K-l-Øm¬ AtX-]Sn \ne\n∂
Pohs‚ e£-W-ambn ]d-b-s∏-ń-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. Cu atlm-∂-
X-Zm-ks\ ssZhw Ct∏mƒ ]d™ {]Imcw {Iqip-a-c-W-
Øn¬\n∂p c£-s∏-Sp-ØpIXs∂ sNbvXp. Cu c≠p kw`-
h-ß-sfbpw Iqń-°p-g-°p-∂-Xn¬ {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°v sX‰p
]‰n-bn-cn-°p-Ib - m-Wv. CXp-aqew Ah¿ henb Ipg-∏Ø - n¬s∏-
ń-cn-°p-∂p. hf-sc-tbsd {]bm-k-ßsf Ah¿°v A`n-ap-Jo-
I-cn-t°-≠nbpw h∂n-cn-°p-∂p, Npcp-°Ø - n¬ aØmbn 16-˛mw
A≤ym-bØ - nse {]kvXp-Xh - m-NIw tbip Ipcn-in¬\n∂v c£-
s∏´psh∂p sXfn-bn®pImWn-°p∂ kp{]-[m-\-amsbmcp
km£y-tc-J-bm-Ip-∂p. \ap°v e`n-®n-´p≈ kphn-ti-j-km-
£y-ßf - n¬ as‰m∂p aØm-bn-bnse Cu hcn-If - m-Wv. ""BIm-
i-Ønse i‡n-Iƒ Cf-In-t∏m-Ipw, ..... At∏mƒ a\p-jy-]p-
{X≥ BIm-i-Ønse taL-ß-fn-t∑¬ alm-i-‡n-tbmSpw

tXP-t mSpwIqsS hcp-∂XpImWpw.'' (24:29) Cu hmN-I-
Øns‚ A¿∞w CXmWv: BIm-i-Øn¬\n∂v, AXm-bXp
ssZhn-Ia - mb CS-s]-S¬ aqew, tbip-hns‚ ssZh-Xz-sØbpw
Ipcn-in-t∑-ep≈ ac-Ws - Øbpw kz¿§m-tcm-lW - s- Ø-bp-w ]p\-
cm-K-a-\-sØbpw kw_-‘n® hnizm-k-ß-sf√mw A¿∞-iq-
\y-ßfpw ASn-ÿm-\c - l- n-Xß
- fpamsW∂v sXfn-bn®p Im´p
∂ Adn-hp-Ifpw \ymb-hm-Z-ßfpw sXfn-hp-Ifpw shfn-s∏-´p-
Xp-Sß- pw. tbip ssZh-Øns‚ kXy-{]-hm-NI - \
- m-sW∂ hkv
XpX \ntj-[n®hcpsS AXm-bX - p, blq-Zc - psS If-hp-Iƒs°-
Xn-cn¬ kz¿§o-b-i-‡n-Iƒ km£yw \evIpw. Fs¥-∂m¬
Ah¿ Ipcn-ip-kw-`hw ImcWw tbipsh i]n-°-s∏´ Hcm-
fmbn Icp-Xn-t∏m-∂p-sh-¶nepw At±lw Ipcn-in-t∑¬ acn-®n-
ń-s√-∂pw i]vX-a-c-W-Øn-∂n-c-bm-bn-ń-s√-∂p-ap≈ bmYm
¿∞yw hy‡-ambpw ÿm]n-°-s∏-ń-cn-°pw. At∏mƒ, `qan-
bnse k-I-e tKm{X-ßfpw F∂ph®m¬ tbip-hns‚ bYm
¿∞\ne a\- n-em-°msX At±-lsØ Aÿm-\Øv Db¿Øn-
°m-Wn-°p-Itbm XmgvØn-s°-´p-Itbm sNbvXn-´p-≈h - s - c√mw
Xßƒ°v ]nW™ ]nghv Hm¿Øv AXy¥w e÷n-X-cm-bn-
Øo-cp-Ib - pw, AtX Ime-L´- Ø - n¬Xs∂, Cu bmYm¿∞yw
ÿm]n-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ tbip {]Xn-cq-]m-fl-I-ambn `qan-bn¬
Ah-X-cn-°p-∂Xp temIw ImWp-Ibpw sNøpw. AXm-b-Xv,
Bflo-bi - ‡
- n-bnepw kz`m-hK - p-WØ - nepw tbip-hn\p kZr-
i-\mb hmKvZØ akolv Xnf-ßp∂ Zr„m-¥-ß-tfmSpw
kz¿§o-b] - n-¥p-Wt- bmSpw A¤p-Xi - ‡- n-tbmSpw aln-am-hn-em-
k-tØmSpw shfn-s∏-Sp-I-bpw, temIw At±-lsØ Xncn-®-dn-
bp-Ibpw sNøp-sa∂pXs∂. ]c-kv]-c-hn-cp-≤-ß-fmb BXy-
¥nI hnizm-k-ßƒ hnhn[ kap-Zm-b-ßƒh®p ]pe¿Øm-
\n-Sb
- mb khn-tij hy‡n-Xzhpw Pohn-Xk - w-`h - ß
- f - p-amWv
tbip-hn¬ ktΩ-fn-®n-cp-∂-sX-∂m-Wv Cu hmNIw a\- n-
em-°n-Ø-cp-∂-Xv. Nne kap-Zm-b-ßƒ At±-l-sØ-∏‰n Hc-‰-
Øp≈ hnizmkw ]pe¿Øn-bt- ∏mƒ a‰p-Nne kap-Zm-bß - ƒ

at‰-A-‰-Øp≈ hnizmkw kzoI-cn-®p. Hcp hn`mKw A-t±-
lsØ am\p-jn-I-amb Ah-ÿ-Iƒs°√mw AXo-X-amb
ÿm\-tØ-°p-b¿Øn-b-t∏mƒ At±lw acn-®n-ń-s√∂pw
At±lw BIm-iØ - n¬ C∂pw Pohn-®n-cn-°p-∂ps≠∂p-t]m
epw Ah-cn¬ Hcp- hn`mKw tLmjn-°p-∂p-˛ as‰mcp hn`mKw
AXn-∂-∏p-dhpw IS∂v At±lw Ipcn-in¬ acn-®-tijw
ho≠pw Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂‰v BIm-i-Øn-te°v Db¿∂p-t]m-
sb∂pw ssZh-Øns‚ F√m A[n-Imc i‡n-Ifpw At±-l-
Øn\v kzmb-Øa - m-sW∂pw F∂-√, At±lw ssZhw Xs∂-
bm-sW∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. as‰mcp `mKØv blq-Zn-Iƒ tLmjn-
°p-∂X - m-Is - ´, tbip Ipcn-in-t∑¬ acn®psh∂pw AXn-\m¬
Imem-Im-et- Ø°pw i]n-°s - ∏-´h
- \pw (ssZ-hØ
- n¬ ic-Ww!)
ssZh-t{Im-[-Øn\v Cc-bm-b-h\pw Bbn-Øo¿∂p-sh ∂pw
As{X. ssZhw At±-lsØ ssIhn-´p. AXr-]X v n-tbmSpw i{Xp-
X-tbmSpw IqSn-bmWv ssZhw At±-lsØ t\m°p-∂X - .v tbip
Hcp I≈-hm-Znbpw I]-S\pw Im^ndpw Ahn-izmkn t\Xmhp
ambXn\m¬ ssZh-Øn¬\n∂p-≈h - \
- s√∂pw Ah¿ tLmjn-
°p-∂p. Cu BXy-¥nI sshcp-≤y-hmZ-ßƒ Atß-b‰w A
\o-Xn-]c
- a
- m-bn-cp-∂X - n-\m¬ Cu Btcm-]W - ß
- f - n¬\n-s∂√mw
Xs‚ kXy-Zq-Xs\ ssZhw tamNn-∏n-t°≠Xp≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
apI-fn¬ D≤-cn® kphn-tij hmNIw Cu bmYm¿∞y-amWv
Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂X - v.
"`qan-bnse F√m tKm{X-ßfpw hne-]n°pw' F∂ {]kvXm-
h-\-sIm≠v hnh-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv, "P\w' F∂ ]Z-Øns‚
A¿∞ hym]vXn-bn¬ Dƒs°m-≈m-hp∂ F√m tKm{X-ßfpw
B \mfn¬ ZpxJn°pw F∂-t{X. "Ah¿ amd-Ø-Sn®p hne-]n-
°pw. Ah-cpsS ZpxJw hepXmb ZpxJw Bbn-cn-°pw.' Cu
hmNIw {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ Aev]-sam∂p {i≤n®p hmbn-t°-
≠-Xm-Wv. P\X apgp-h≥ amd-Ø-Sn®p \ne-hn-fn-°p-∂Xp
kw_-‘n® Hcp {]h-N\ - a- mWv Cu hmN-IØ - n¬ AS-ßn-bn-

cn-°p-∂-Xv. F∂n-cn-t°, {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°v Cu hnem-
]Øn¬\n∂v Hgn™p \nev°m≥ Fßs\ Ignbpw? Ah¿
P\-X-bn¬s∏-Sp-I-bnt√? Ahcpw amd-Ø-Sn®p \ne-hn-fn-°p-
∂-hc- psS Iq´-Øn¬s∏Sp-sa-¶n¬ Ah¿ F¥p-sIm≠v Xß-
fpsS c£-sb-°p-dn®v Nn¥n-°p-∂n√? a\p-jy-]p-{Xs‚ AS-
bmfw BIm-iØ - n¬ hnf-ßp-tºmƒ `qan-bnse kIe tKm{X-
ßfpw hne-]n°psa∂mWv ]d-bs - ∏-ń-´p-≈X- v. Xs‚ tKm{Xw
hne-]n-°n√ F∂v hmZn-°p∂bmƒ tbip-hns\ X≈n-∏d - b
- p-
IbmWv sNøp∂Xv. P\w F∂p ]d-bm≥ A¿l-c√m-Øh - n[w
Ipd-™-h-cm-bn-´p-≈-h¿ CXn¬s∏-Sp-I-bn-√. AXm-Is´
\ΩpsS kwLamWpXm-\pw; A√ \ΩpsS hn`mKw am{Xw!
Fs¥-∂m¬ Cu hn`mKw Ct∏mgpw Hcp P\w F∂p ]d-bm
≥ Ign-bm-Øh - n[w hfsc Ipd™ AwK-kwJy D≈-hc - s
- {X.
BIm-i-Øn¬ Hc-S-bmfw shfn-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ `qan-bn¬ P\w
F∂p hnfn-°-s∏-Sm≥ A¿l-X-bp≈ hn`m-K-sa√mw hne-]n-
°p-sa∂pw P\w F∂ t]cn\v A¿l-c-√m-Ø-hn[w FÆ-
Øn¬ Ipd-™n-cn-°p-∂h - ¿ am{Xw Hgn™ncn-°p-sa∂pamWv
aninlm ssZh-Øn¬\n∂p≈ shfn-]m-Sns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-
Øn¬ ChnsS {]h-N\w sNbvXn-´p-≈X - .v {InkvXym-\n-Iƒt°m
apkvenw-Iƒt°m PqX-∑m¿t°m F∂√ at‰-sX-¶nepw kaq-
l-Ønt\m CXn¬ \n∂v Hgn™p\nev°m\mhn-√. F∂m¬,
\Ω-psS "Pam-AØv' am{Xw F¥m-bmepw CXn\v ]pd-Øm-Wv.
ImcWw, Cu Pam-A-Øns‚ _oPm-hm]w \S-∂n-´p-am-{Xta
D≈q. Hcp \_n-bpsS {]h-N\w Hcn-°epw If-hm-bn-t]m-IpI-
bn-√. `qan-bn-ep≈ kIe P\-ßfpw amd-Ø-Sn®v hne-]n°p
sa∂p {]h-Nn-®n-cns° CXn¬\n∂v GXv hn`m-K-Øn\v Hgn
™p\nev°m≥ Ignbpw? aninlm Cu {]h-N\ - Ø
- n¬ Btc
bpw Hgn-®p\ndpØn-bn-ń-√. F∂m¬, Hcp P\w F∂p ]d-b-
s∏-Sm≥ am{Xw ]mI-Øn-se-Øn-bn-ń-√mØ \ΩpsS Pam-AØv
\n›-ba - mbpw CXn¬\n∂v `n∂-am-Wv. Cu {]h-N\w C°me

Øv hfsc hy‡-amb Xc-Øn¬ ]pe¿∂p Ign-™n-cn-°p∂p.
ako-lns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ ]q¿Øo-Ic - n-°s - ∏´ B kXyw F√m
P\-hn-`m-Kß- fpw hne-]n-°p-am-dm-Ip-∂X - n\v Imc-Wa - m-bn-cn-°p-
I-bm-W.v AXp-hgn F√m-hc - p-sSbpw sX‰v shfn-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p.
tb-ipsh ssZh-am-°m-\p≈ {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS sIm≠p-]n-
Sn® {ia-ß-sf√mw AtXmsS Hc-e-ap-d-bmbn amdn. akolv
BIm-iØv Poh-t\msS Db¿Ø-s∏´psh∂v cm∏-I¬ - {]I-Sn-
∏n®pt]m∂-hc - psS A´-lm-kß - ƒ Zo\-tcm-Z\ - ß
- f
- mbn Iem-
in-®p. blq-Zn-Isf kw_-‘n®v ]d-bp-Ib - m-sW-¶n¬ Ah¿°v
F√mw \jvSs - ∏-Sp-Ib
- mWv sNbvXn-´p-≈X - v.
ta¬ {]h-N-\hmIy-Øn¬ "`qan' F∂v ]d-™n-´p-≈-Xp-
sIm≠v hnh£nXw aq∂p kap-Zm-b-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´
"imw' (]-ek - vXo≥-˛k - n-dnb) tZi-am-Wv. PqZ-∑msc kw_-‘n-
®n-S-tØmfw Ah-cpsS D¤-h-tI-{µhpw Bcm-[-\m-tI-{µ-hp-
am-WX - .v tbip AhnsS P\n-°p-Ibpw BZysØ ss{IkvXh
kaqlw AhnsS DS-se-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXX - n-\m¬ {InkvXym-
\n-If- p-ambpw AhnSw _‘s∏ń-cn-°p-∂p. A¥y-Im-ew-hsc
Cu tZi-Øns‚ Ah-Im-in-Iƒ Bbn-cn-°p-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬
apkvenw-Ifpw Cu tZi-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. C\n
"`qan' F∂-Xn¬ kIe cmPy-ßtfbpw Dƒs∏-SpØp∂psh
¶n¬°q-Snbpw Ipg-∏s - am-∂p-an-√. Fs¥-∂m¬, kXyw {]Xy-
£-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ F√m \ntj-[n-Ifpw Hcp-t]mse A]am-\n-
Xcpw e÷n-Xc - p-am-bn-Øo-cpw.
I√-dI
- f
- nse hnip-≤∑
- m¿
kphn-ti-j-ß-fn¬\n∂p≈ as‰mcp sXfnhv Xmsg Im
Wp∂ {]kvXm-h\ - b
- S- ß
- nb "aØm-bn'-bnse hN-\a
- mWv: ""I√-
d-Iƒ Xpd-∂p. \n{Z {]m]n® hnip-≤∑- m-cpsS ico-cß
- ƒ ]e
Xpw Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂‰p. Ahs‚ (tb-ip-hn-s‚) ]p\-cp-∞m-\-
Øns‚ tijw I√-d-Isf hn´p, hnip≤ \K-c-Øn¬ sN∂p
]e¿°pw {]Xy-£-ambn '' (a-Øm-bn, 27:53). tbip-hns‚

Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂-e] v n-\p-tijw hnip-≤∑ - m¿ I√-dI- f
- n¬\n∂p
]pdØph∂psh∂ kphn-ti-j-IY Ncn{X hkvXp-X-bs√
∂-Xn¬ t\cnb kwibw t]mep-an-√. Bbn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬, Cu
temI-Øp-h®pXs∂ "Jnbm-aØv' (A-¥y-Zn-\w) {]Xy-£a - m
bnØocp-∂X - m-W.v kXy-k‘ - X
- bpw kXy-hn-izm-khpw ]co-£n-
®-dn-bp-∂X- n\p Cu temIØp\n∂v ad®phbv°s - ∏´ B Imcyw
F√m-hc- p-tSbpw apºn¬ Xpd-°s - ∏-SpIbpw kXyhnizmkw kXy-
hn-izm-ka- √- m-Xm-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNøp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Hmtcm kXy-
hn-izm-kn-bp-sSbpw Ahn-izm-kn-bp-sSbpw ZrjvSn-bn¬ hcp-hm-\p
≈ B temIw N{µt\m kqcyt\m Zn\-cm-{X-ßtfm t]mse
{]Xy-£h - k- Xv p-hm-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNøp-am-bn-cp-∂p. At∏mƒ
kXy-hn-izmkw {]Xn-^-e-Øn-∂¿l-amb hne-s∏´ H∂mbn
]cn-K-Wn-°m≥ km≤y-a-√msX hcpw.
Ckmt-b¬ k¥-Xn-If - n¬ {]Xy-£s - ∏´ e£-°W - ° - mb
\_n-amcpw hnip-≤m-flm-°fpw Ipcn-ip-kw-`-h-th-f-bn¬
]p\¿÷o-hn®p hcn-Ibpw Poh-t\mSpIqSn \K-cØ - n¬ {]Xy-
£-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-s∂-¶n¬, aninlm-bpsS kXy-Xbpw
ssZh-Xzhpw ÿm]n-°m-\p≈ Znhy-¤p-Xs - a-t∂mWw bYm¿
∞-Øn¬ C{]-Imcw shfn-s∏-´X - m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬, \qdm-bncw
{]hm-N-I∑mcpw e£-°-W-°n¬ hnip-≤-∑mcpw Hcp ho¿∏n-
S-bn¬ ]p\¿÷o-hn®v h∂n-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Dbn¿sØ-
gp-t∂‰ \_n-am-tcmSpw a‰p hnip-≤-∑m-tcmSpw acn®p t]mbn-
cp∂ Xß-fpsS ]nXm-°∑ - m-tcmSpw aninlmsb∏‰n, ssZh-am-
sW∂p hmZn-°p∂ Cu a\p-jy≥ bYm¿∞-Øn¬ ssZhw
Xs∂-bmtWm AtXm I≈-hm-Zntbm F∂p tNmZn-®d - n-bm≥
blq-Z∑
- m¿°v \s√m-ch- k
- cw e`n-®n-cn°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu Ah-
kcw Ah¿ ]mgm-°n-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂pw Cu a\p-jy≥ Fß-
s\-bp≈ Bfm-sW∂v Ah¿ At\z-jn-®n-cn-°p-sa∂pw I-cp-
Xmt\ \nh¿Øn-bp-≈q. blq-Zc - m-Is
- ´, acn-®p-t]m-bh
- ¿ Pohn
®phcn-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ AsXm-s°bpw tNm-Zn-®-dn-bm≥ D’p-

I-cm-bn-cp-∂p-Xm-\pw! e£-°W - °- n¬ arX-∑m¿ ]p\¿÷o-hn
®p \K-cØ - n¬ {]Xy-£s - ∏-ń-cns° Hmtcm {]tZ-iØpw Bbn-
c-°W - °- n-\m-fp-Iƒ C{]-Imcw Pohn®p hcn-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-
∂n-cns° AØcw Hc-hk - cw blq-Z¿°v ]mgm-°m≥ Ign-bp-
am-bn-cp-∂-sX-ßs\? Ht∂m ct≠m t]tcm-sS-∂-√, Bbn-c-
°-W° - n-\m-fp-It- fm-Sp-Xs∂ Ah¿ tNmZn-®n-´p-≠m-bn-cn-°W - w.
Ch¿ X-ßf - psS hoSp-If - n¬ {]th-in® Ah-kc - Ø
- n¬, e£-
°-W° - mb Bfp-Iƒ C{]-Imcw tem-IØv ho ≠pw Pohn-®p-
h∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ hoSp-ho-Sm-¥cw _lfw kr„n-°-s∏-
Sp-Ibpw Hmtcm hońepw CtX Xc-Øn-ep≈ tNmtZym-Ø-c-
ßfpw kw`-hh - n-hc- W
- ß
- fpw hni-Zo-Ic - W
- ß
- fpw \S-∂p-sIm-
≠n-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbv-Xn´p-≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p. "tbip-an-inlm
F∂p ]d-bp∂ Cu a\p-jy≥ bYm¿∞-Øn¬ ssZhw Xs∂-
sb∂p \nßƒ°-dn-bmtam, Aßs\ hniz-kn-°p-∂pthm'
Fs∂ms° Ah¿ tNmZn-®n-cn-°pw. F∂m¬, blq-Z¿ aninlm-
bn¬ A{]-Imcw ]n∂oSp hniz-kn-®n-ń-√m-Ø-Xn-\mepw Ah-
cp-sS lrZ-bß - ƒ arZpeß-fm-bn-Øo¿∂n-ń-√m- Ø-Xn-\mepw acn-
s®Wo‰ph∂ B hnip-≤m-flm-°ƒ A\p-Iq-eamb km£y-
-a√ \evIn-b-sX∂pw adn®p Xm≥ ssZh-am-sW∂p hmZn®
Cu a\pjy≥ apcØ Iff\msW∂pw ssZhØns‚ta¬
I‰p-sI-ń-∏d - bp-Ib - m-sW∂pw Ah¿ adp-]Sn \evIp-Ib - p-≠m-
sb∂pw Icp-tX-≠n-bn-cp∂p. A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂-bm-bn-cn-
°Ww, B e£-°-W-°n\mfp-Ifpw {]hm-N-I-∑mcpw Znhy-
Zq-X∑
- mcpwIqSn Pohn®p h∂-ti-jhpw blq-Z¿ Xß-fpsS Ip
’nX {]h¿-Øn-bn¬\n∂p ]n¥n-cn-bm-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI-
bp-≠m-b-Xv. lZvdØv aninlmsb sIm∂ tijw Ah¿ a‰p-
≈-h-scbpw IqSn sIm√m≥ ]pd-s∏-Sp-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. B
]pWy-`q-an-bn¬ A¥y-hn-{iaw sIm≈p-I-bm-bn-cp∂ BZ-m
ans‚ Imew-sXm´p tbml-∂m≥ kv\m]-Is‚ Imewhsc-bp
≈ e£-°W - ° - mb ]pWym-hm-f∑ - m-sc√mw I√-dI - f
- n¬\n∂p
FWo‰p h∂p \K-cØ - n-tebv°p \oßp-Ibpw Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw

P\-ß-fpsS apºn¬ tbip-a-ninlm bYm¿∞-Øn¬ ssZh-
]p-{X-\m-sW∂pw A√, ssZhw Xs∂bmsW∂pw Ah-s\-
Øs∂ Bcm-[n®p XpS-ß-W-sa∂pw ap≥hn-izm-k-[m-c-W-I-
sf√mw Isøm-gn-bW - s - a∂pw A√m-Ø] - £w Xßƒ t\cn´p
I≠-dn™ B \c-IØ - n\p A¿l-cm-tI≠nhcp-sa-∂p-sa√mw
km£yw ]d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXn´pw Cu G‰hpw D∂-X°n-Sb - n-
ep≈ km£o-I-c-W-Øn\pw kXy-s∏-Sp-Ø-en\pw tijhpw
blq-Z¿ Xß-fpsS \ntj-[Ø - n¬\n∂v ]n¥n-cn-™n-ń-s√∂p
Fß-s\-bmWv Icp-XpI? Fs‚ a\- m£n CXp kΩ-Xn-
°p-t∂-bn-√. AXpsIm≠v bYm¿∞Øn¬ e£-°W - °- mb
hnip-≤∑- mcpw acn-®p-t]mb {]hm-NI - ∑
- mcpw ssZh-Zq-X∑
- mcpw
a‰pw ]p\¿÷o-hn®p km£yw ]dbm≥ \K-c-Øn¬h∂n-cp-
∂p-sh-¶n¬, Ah¿ FXn¿ km£yw \evIn-b-Xmbn Icp-tX-
≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p, Hcn°epw lZvdØv ako-lns‚ ssZh-XzsØ
Ah¿ kXy-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠mhn√. AXp-sIm-≠m-bn-cn-°Ww
B acn-s®-Wo‰ Bflm-°f - psS km£o-Ic - Ww tI´-dn-™n´pw
blq-Z¿ Xß-fpsS Ahn-izm-k-Øn¬ Xs∂ Dd®p\n∂-Xv.
aninlm Xs‚ ssZh-Xz-Øn¬ Ah-sc-s°m≠p hniz-kn-∏n-
°m≥ B{K-ln-®p-sh-¶nepw Ah¿ B km£o-I-c-W-sØ-
Ø-s∂bpw X≈n-°-f™psh∂p thW-at√m Icp-Xm≥!!
CØcw hnizm-kß- ƒ ac-Ws - ∏´ e£-°W - ° - n-\m-fp-I-
tftbm aptº ac-W-s∏´ Hcm-sf-sb-¶n-eptam tbip ho≠pw
Pohn-∏n®psh∂ hnizmkwXs∂ hf-sc-tbsd t{Zml-Ic - hpw
tZmj-^-e-ßƒ Df-hm-°p-∂-Xp-as{X. F¥psIms≠∂m¬,
B acn®h¿ Pohn®Xn\ptijw Hcp k¬^hpap≠mbn√.
Zqc-tZ-iß
- ƒ kµ¿in®p hf-sc-°m-esØ hn{]-hm-kØ - n-\p-
tijw kz¥w \mń¬ Xncn-s®-Øp∂ Hcmƒ Xs‚ A¤p-X-
I-ca
- mb A\p-`h
- ß
- fpw Xm≥ kµ¿in® cmPy-ßf - nse B›-
cy-I-c-ß-fmb IY-Ifpw hnh-cn®p tIƒ∏n-°m≥ Hu’pIyw
ImWn-°pw. hf-sc-°m-esØ th¿]m-Sn-\p-tijw Bfp-Isf

I≠p-ap-´p-tºmƒ Abmƒ aqI-\mbn Ign-bp-Ib - n√; Hcn-°e- p-
an-√. AØcw Ah-k-c-ß-fn¬ a‰p-≈-h¿ Abm-fpsS ASp-
Øp-IqSn B cmPysØ Imcy-ß-sf√mw At\z-jn-®-dn-bm≥
_≤-s∏-Spw. ]mh-s∏-´h - \pw kphn-\o-X\pw ImgvNb - n¬ Ffn-
b-h\pw F∂m¬, A∂m-ńse cmPm-sh∂p hmZn-°p-∂-bm-
fpw˛ B cmPy-Ønse apJy-]´Ww Ch¿ Np‰n-t°-≠X - m-Wv˛
am{X-a√ - , cmP-Xz-]Z- h
- n-bn¬ a‰p ]e cmPm-°∑ - m-sc-°m-sf√mw
Db¿∂-Xm-sW∂p Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂bmfpw kµ¿`-h-im¬
Ch-cpsS ASp-°¬ h∂m¬, Xß-fpsS \mń¬ A°m-eØv
Aßs\ Np‰n-Øn-cn™ AØ-c-sam-cmƒ A∂m-ńse cmPm-
hp-Xs - ∂tbm F∂pw Ah-tcmSp P\-ßƒ tNmZn-°m-Xn-cn-°n-
√. At∏mƒ B bm{Xn-I¿ AØcw tNm-Zy-ßƒ°v Xßƒ
I≠-dn-™t- ]m-se-sb√mw adp-]Sn \evIp-Ibpw sNøpw. Aß-
s\-bn-cn-s°, acn-®h - t- cmSp tNmZn-®n-´p-≠m-bn-cn-°m-hp∂ tNmZy-
ßsf (Cu tNmZy-ßƒ kzm`m-hnIw am{X-am-W-v) Bkv]-Z-
am-°nb sXfn-hp-Iƒ {]tbm-P\ - I
- c
- a
- mb êw Df-hm-°n-bn-´p-
≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ am{Xsa Rm≥ t\csØ ]d-™-Xp-t]m-
se, tbip acn-®-hsc Pohn-∏n®psh∂-Xn¬ hniz-kn-°p-∂-
Xp-sIm≠p Fs¥-¶nepw Imcy-ap-≈q. F∂m¬, ChnsS Aß-
s\-sbm-∂p-am-bn-cp-∂n√ ]d-s™m-∏n-®n-´p-≈-Xp. acn-®-hsc
Pohn-∏n®psh∂p Icp-Xp-∂-Xm-bm¬Xs∂ B acn-®-h-cmcpw
kXy-Øn¬ hniz-kn-°m≥ t{]c-I-amb Xc-Øn¬ At±l-
Øn\p A\p-Iq-e-amb sXfn-hp-I-sfm∂pw \evIn-bn-cp-∂n-
s√∂pw Icp-tX-≠n-hc - pw. Ipg∏w IqSp-Xe - m-°p-am-dp≈ sXfn-
hp-If- m-Wh - ¿ \evIn-bXv. a\p-jy-Po-hn-Isf Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂
ev∏n-°p-∂-Xn\p]Icw Iptd P¥p-°sf ho≠pw Pohn-∏n®p
F∂p {]Jym-]n-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ sIm≈m-am-bn-cp-∂p.
AXp ]e {]iv\ß - ƒ°pw ]cn-lm-ca - m-tb-s\. Bbncw Fcp-
Xp-Isf tbip ]p\¿÷o-hn-∏n®p sh∂mWv {]kvXm-hn-°-
s∏-ń-cp-∂s - X-¶n¬ AXp Iptd-sbms° bp‡n-]q¿∆w BIp-
am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu Dbn¿sØ-Wo‰ P¥p-°ƒ F¥p-sX-fn-hp-I-

fmWv \evIn-bs - X∂p tNmZn-°s - ∏-s´-¶n¬ Ah-sb√mw Imf-
I-fm-sW∂pw Ahbv°\p-Iq-etam {]Xn-Iq-etam Bb sXfn-
hp-Is - fm∂pw \evIm≥ Ign-bp-∂X - s
- √∂pw ]d-s™m-gn-bm-am-
bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬, tbip Pohn-∏n-®Xp a\p-jy-sc-bm-bn-t∏mbn;
e£-°W - ° - n¬ a\p-jy-sc, acn-®p-t]mb ]q¿∆-]n-Xm-°f - n¬
]tØm Ccp-]tXm t]¿ Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂‰p Cu temI-tØ°v
Xncn-®p-hc - n-Ibpw C∂n-∂a- X
- ß
- ƒ kXy-aX - ß
- f- m-sW∂p Ah¿
km£yw \evIp-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ B aX-ßf - psS kXy-Xs - b-
∏‰n kwi-bn-°ptam F∂p GXm\pw lnµp-°t- fmSp tNmZn-®m¬
Ah¿ \ntj-[c - q-]Ø
- n¬ adp-]Sn \evIp-Ib - n-s√∂p ImWmw.
Cu Xc-Øn-se√mw hkvXp-XI - ƒ hy‡-am-bn-°g- n™ tij
hpw Ahn-izm-kØ - nepw \ntj-[Ø - nepw Hń-\nev°p∂ Hcmfpw
Cu temIØp≠m-I-bn-s√∂p Dd-∏n ®psIm≈pI.
I„w! CØcw IY-Iƒ ]S-®p-≠m-°p∂ Imcy-Øn¬
\ΩpsS cmPysØ kn°vJm¬k Cu {InkvXym-\n-Is - f-°mƒ
F{X _p≤n-im-en-Iƒ. sI´p-IY - I
- ƒ \n¿an-°p-∂X
- n¬ Ah¿
IqSp-X¬ kma¿∞yw ImWn-®n-´p-≠.v Kpcp-_m-_m-\m-\°v Hcn-
°¬ Hcp NØ B\sb Pohn-∏n-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn Ah¿ ]d-bp-
∂p. apI-fn¬ ]d™ Xc-Øn-ep≈ Hcp Bt£]w ]pd-s∏-
Sp-hn-°p-hm≥ km[n-°mØ Hcp A¤pXIrXy-am-Wn-Xv. _m
_m-\m-\m-°ns\ kXy-s∏-Sp-Øp-Itbm I≈-\m-°p-Itbm sN
øp-∂X - n\p B\-s°¥m kwkm-cn-°m-\m-hptam F∂p kn°p-
Im¿°v tNmZn-°m-a-t√m. km[m-c-W-°m¿ Xß-fpsS sNdnb
_p≤n-bn¬ CØcw A¤p-XI - r-Xy-ßƒ tI´p B\µw sIm
≈p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw _p≤n-am-∑m¿ a‰p kap-Zm-b-°m-cpsS B
t£-]-ßƒ°n-c-bm-Ip-∂Xp ImcWw Akz-ÿ-cm-bn-Øo-cp-
∂p. CØcw \nc¿∞I IY-Iƒ hnh-cn-°p∂ kZ- p-If - n¬
Ah¿ kzbw e÷n-Xc - m-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. F\nbv°p
anin-lm-tbmSp {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°p≈t]mse-Xs∂ kvt\l-
_-lp-am-\hpw Bflm¿∞-amb hnizm-k-hn-Im-c-ß-fpap-≠v.

F∂-√, {InkvXym-\n-I-sf-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ At±-l-tØmSv
F\nbv°v _‘-ap-≠.v {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°v Xßƒ {]Io¿Øn-
°p∂ Bsf Adn-bp-Ib - n√. F∂m¬, {]Io¿Øn-°p∂ Bsf
F\n°p \√-t]mse Adn-bmw. Rm≥ At±lsØ I≠n-cn
°p∂p. AXn\m¬, Ipcnip kw`-ht- h-fb
- n¬, ac-Ws - ∏´ F√m
]pWym-flm-°fpw \K-c-Øn¬ ho≠pw Dbn¿Øp-h∂psh∂
kphn-tij hnh-cW
- Ø
- ns‚ icn-bmb hkvXp-Xs - b-¥m-sW
∂p Rm\n-t∏mƒ shfn-s∏-Sp-Ømw.
kz]v\Ø
- ns‚ ]pe¿®
Ipcn-ip-kw-`h - Ø - n-\p-tijw Nne ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-°ƒ kz]v
\-cq-]Ø- n¬ I≠n-cp∂ Z¿i-\w(-Ii - ^ v )v Bbn-cp∂p AsX∂p
hy‡-ambn a\- n-em-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. hnip-≤-cmb Bfp-Iƒ
]p\¿÷o-hn®p ]´-W-Øn¬ hcn-Ibpw P\-ß-fp-ambn A`n-
ap-J-Z¿i\w \S-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xmbn I≠m¬ kz]v\-
ßƒ°v ]pWy-{K-Ÿß - f - n¬ \evIs - ∏-´Xc-Øn-ep≈ A¿∞w
{]kvXpX Z¿i-\-Øn\p \evtI-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. B kz]v\-
Øns‚ A¿∞w aninlm Ipcn-in¬ acn-®n-ń-s√∂pw Ipcn-ip-
a-c-W-Øn¬\n∂p At±-l-Øn\p tamN\w e`n®p sh∂p-a-
s{X. Cu A¿∞w Fhn-sS-\n-∂p-Inńsb∂p tNmZn-®m¬,
kz]v\h - ym-Jym-Xm-°f - mb alm-]fi - n-X∑- m¿ A{]-Im-ca- mWv
Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂s - X∂pw Ahsc√mw-Xs∂ Xß-fpsS A\p-
`-hß- ƒ aptJ\ CXns\ km£o-Ic - n-®n´p-s≠∂pamWv Fs‚
adp-]S- n. ]pcm-X\- I- m-esØ Hcp kz]v\h - ym-Jym-Xm-hm-bn-cp∂
XAv-Øo-dp¬ A\mw F∂ kz]v\-im-kv{X-{K-Ÿ-Øns‚
I¿Ømhv \evIn-bn-´p≈ hnh-cWw A ¬ hmN-IØ - n¬ Rm-
\n-hnsS D≤-cn-°s´
""acn-®h - ¿ J_vd- n¬\n∂v FWo-‰p-hc - n-Ibpw Xß-fpsS hoSp-

I-fn-te°v Xncn-®p-t]m-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂X - mbn Bsc-¶nepw
kz]v\w ImWp-Itbm Iiv^˛v Pm{KZ¿i\ cq]-Øn¬ ImWp-
Itbm sNøp-Ib - m-sW-¶n¬ Hcp XS-hp-Im-c≥ XS-hn¬ \n∂p
tamN\w {]m]n-°p-Ibpw A{I-an-I-fpsS ssII-fn-¬\n∂p
Abmƒ c£n-°s - ∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøpsa∂m-W¿∞w.'' B XS-hp-
Im-c≥ kap-∂X - \pw henb alm\pw Bbn-cn-°p-sa-∂mWv hnh-
c-Wc - o-Xn-sIm≠v a\- n-em-hp-∂X - .v Cu hymJym\w F{X bp‡n-
bp-‡a- mbpw kXy-am-bp-amWv ako-ln¬ ]pe¿∂n-cn-°p-∂s - X∂p
t\m°p-I. CtX bmYm¿∞y-Øn-te°v kqN\ \evIn-s°m-≠m
Wv ac-Wa - S- ™ kZr-Ø∑ - m¿ I√-dI - f
- n¬\n∂p FWo‰p \K-
c-Øn¬ {]th-in-®X - mbn Nne¿ Z¿in-®s - X-∂pw, lZvdØv ako-
lv(A
- ) Ipcn-ip-ac - W- Ø
- n¬ \n∂p c£n-°s - ∏-ń-cn-°p∂psh
∂ kXyw Adn-hp-≈-h¿ a\- n-em-°n-s°m-≈p-∂-Xn-\p-th-
≠n-bmWv Cu Z¿i\w ImWn-°-s∏-´-sX∂pw hy‡-am-Wv.
tbip Ipcn-in¬ acn-®n-ń-s√∂p kphn-ti-jß
- f- nse th
sdbpw [mcmfw {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ hy‡-ambn sXfn-bn-®p-Im-
´p-∂p-≠.v tbip Ipcn-ip-ac
- W
- Ø
- n¬\n∂p c£n-°s- ∏-´t- ijw
as‰mcp cmPy-tØ°v amdn-∏m¿Øp. F∂m¬, C{X-tØmfw
{]Xn-]m-Zn® kwK-Xn-IƒXs∂ \njv]£ Nn¥-I¿°v aXn-
bmb sXfn-hp-I-fm-sW∂p F\n°p tXm∂p-∂p.
tbip Ipcn-in¬h®p acn®psh∂pw ]n∂oSv Dbn¿sØ-
gp-t∂-‰t- XmsS BIm-im-tcm-lWw sNbvXp-sh∂pw kphn-ti-
j-ß-fn¬ Bh¿Øn-®m-h¿Øn®p ]d-bp-∂p-≠t√m F∂p
Nne-cpsS lrZ-b-ß-fn¬ Hcp kwibw \ne-\nev°p-∂p-≠m-
hmw. Cu kwi-bØ - n\v Rm≥ apI-fn¬ kw£n-]vXa - mbn adp-
]Sn \evIn-°g- n-™n-´p-≠v. Ipcn-ip-kw-`h- Ø
- n-\p-tijw tbip
injy-∑msc I≠p-ap-ń-bXpw Keo-eb - n-te°v bm{X \S-Øn-b
Xpw A∏hpw amwkhpw `£n-®Xpw Xs‚ ico-cØ - nse {hW-
ßƒ injy¿°v ImWn-®p-sIm-Sp-ØXpw FΩm-hp- n¬ injy-
tcm-sSm∏w Hcp cm{Xn Ign-®p-Iq-ń-bXpw ]nem-tØm-kns‚ A[n-
Im-cm-Xn¿Øn-bn¬\n∂p Hfn-t®m-Sn-t∏m-bXpw {]hm-NI

- ∑
- m-cpsS
Ncy-s°m-Øv Ahn-sS-\n∂v amdn-∏m¿ØXpw `bm-{Im-¥\ - mb
\ne-bn¬ k©-cn-®Xpsa√mw-Xs∂ At±lw Ipcn-in¬ acn-
®n-ń-s√∂pw At±-lØ- ns‚ icocw At∏mgpw ar◊bw Xs∂-
bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw At±-l-Øn¬ Hcp ùXn-I-am-‰hpw kw`-
hn-®n-cp-∂n-s√∂pw hy‡-ambn sXfn-bn®pIm´p-∂p-≠v.
BIm-im-tcm-lWw anYy
tbip BIm-iØ - n-te°v Db¿∂p-t]m-Ip-∂Xv Bsc-¶nepw
I≠-Xmbn kphn-ti-jß - f - n¬ {]kvXm-hn-°s - ∏-ń-ń√8. AXn-
te°v sXfn-hp-If - p-s≠-¶n¬Øs∂ AXp hniz-k\ - o-ba
- m-bn-
cp-∂n-√. Fs¥-∂m¬, aÏ-´sb ama-eb - m-°n-am-‰p∂ AXn-
h¿Æ\ kphn-ti-jI - ¿Øm-°f - psS coXn-bm-Wp. tbip ssZh-
]p-{X-\m-sW∂p Bsc-¶nepw ]d™psh∂ph∂m¬, as‰m-
cmƒ At±-lsØ ssZhw Xs∂-bm°n am‰m≥ ]pd-s∏-Sp-∂p.
aq∂m-as- Ø-bmƒ kIe {]]-©ß - ƒ°p-taepw k¿∆m-[n-Im
cw Btcm-]n®p XpS-ßp-∂p. \mem-a-sØ-bm-fm-I-s´, Ah≥
Xs∂-bmWv F√m-sa∂pw Ahs\°qSmsX as‰mcp ssZh-an-
s√∂pw Xń-hn-Sp-∂p. Npcp-°Ø - n¬, AXn-h¿Æ-\I - ƒ Ahsc
Ftßm-sIm-s≠-Øn-°p-∂p. acn-®h - ¿ I√-dI - f- n-¬\n∂v ]pd-
Øp-h∂p \K-c-Øn-te°v ]pd-s∏-Sp-∂-Xmbn°≠ Hcp Z¿i-
\-sØ-∏‰n Nn¥n-°pI. B kz]v\-Øn\v {]Xy-£m¿∞w
\evIp-Ibpw arX-ic - o-cß
- ƒ I√-dI - f- n¬\n∂p {]Xy-£Ø - n¬
Øs∂ ]p\¿÷o-hn®p ]pd-Øp-h-∂-Xmbpw bcq-itew \K-
c-Øn-te°v \S-∂p-h∂ - X - mbpw Ah¿ P\-ßsf I≠-Xmbpw
hymJym-\n®p XpS-ßp-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. t\m°-Ww, Hcp
Xqh¬ ChnsS Im°-bmbn amdn-b-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v. AXpw
Hcp Im°-b-√, At\-I-e£w Im°-Iƒ. kwK-Xn-Iƒ C{]-
Imcw h¿Æn®p ]d-bm≥ XpS-ßn-bm¬ kXyw Is≠-Øm≥
8. tbip BIm-i-Øn-te°v Itc-dn-t∏m-bn-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw Xm≥ C°m-
cy-Øn¬ km£n-bm-sW∂pw BcpwXs∂ ]d-bp-∂n-s√∂p Hm¿t°-≠X - m-Wv.
\ΩpsS apºn¬ am¿§-sam-∂p-an-√. ssZhnI {KŸßsf∂p

]d-bs - ∏-Sp∂ Cu kphn-ti-jß - ƒ \nc¿∞-Ia - mb Ah-Imi
hmZ-ßf - mWv D∂-bn-°p-∂s - X∂pw ChnsS Nn¥y-am-W.v tbip
sNbvXn-´p≈ Imcy-ßƒ Hmtcm-∂mbn Fgp-Xn-bm¬ Fgp-Xnb
]pkvX-I-ßƒ temI-Øn¬X-s∂bpw HXp-ßp-I-bn-√s{X!
CØcw Abp-‡n-Iƒ hniz-kvXX - bpw kXy-k‘ - X - bpw B
tWm shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv? tbip-hns‚ {]h¿Øn-Iƒ A{]-
Imcw A‰-an-√m-Ø-Xm-sW-¶n¬, AXv Fgp-Xn-sh-°m≥ Ign-
bm-Ø{X A[n-Ia - m-sW-¶n¬, AXv aq∂p-sIm-√t- Ø°p am{Xw
]cn-an-X-am-bn-cn-°m≥ Imc-W-sa¥v? ap≥{K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬\n∂v
sX‰mb D≤-c-W-nIƒ tN¿Øn-´p-s≠-∂-XmWv kphn-ti-j-
ßsf kw_-‘n-®n-St- Øm-fa - p≈ as‰mcp \yq\-X. tbip-hns‚
hwi-]m-cº - c - yw-t]mepw icn-bm-bn-´√ hnh-cn-®n-´p-≈X - v. kphn-
tijw Fgp-Xn-b-h¿ Imcy-{K-lWw Ipd-™-h-cm-sW-∂mWv
a\- n-em-Ip-∂-Xv. Ah-cn¬ Nne¿ tbip-hns\ I≠-t∏mƒ
t{]X-am-sW∂v sX‰p[-cn-®nt√? aqe-tc-Jb - psS ]cn-ip≤n \ne-
\ndpØm≥ Ign-™n-ń-s√∂ Bt£]Øn\v BZy-Imew
apX¬°p-Xs∂ kphn-ti-jß - ƒ hnt[-bß - f - m-bn-cp-∂p9. kp
hn-ti-jß - ƒ F∂-dn-bs - ∏-Sp∂ thsdbpw {KŸ-ßf - p-≈t- ∏mƒ
B kphn-tij ]pkvXI - ß
- f - nse {]kvXm-h\ - I - s - f√mw X≈n-
°-fb - m≥ \ymb-amb F¥p Imc-Wa - m-Wp-≈X - v? kphn-ti-j-
ßsf∂p s]mXpsh Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Cu ]pkvX-I-ß-fnse
{]kvXm-h\ - I- ƒ kXy-ßf - mbn AwKo-Ic - n-°W - s - a-∂Xv F¥v?
\mev kphn-ti-jß - f - nepw ImW-s∏-Sp∂ ASn-ÿm\ cln-X-
ß-fmb AXn-h¿Æ-\-Iƒ a‰p kphn-ti-j-]p-kvX-I-ß-fnep
s≠∂v B¿°pw Dd-∏n®p]d-bm≥ Ign-bn-√. tbip hfsc
kmØzn-I\ - mb Hcm-fm-sW∂pw At±-lØ - ns‚ kz`mhw If-
¶-a-‰-Xm-sW∂pw Hcp-`m-KØv ]d-bp-tºmƒ as‰mcp `mKØv
kmØzn-I\ - mb Hcm-sf-°p-dn®v ]d-bm≥ ]mSn-√mØ Imcy-ßƒ
kphn-ti-j-ßƒØs∂ B ]pWym-flm-hn¬ Btcm-]n-®n-cn-
°p-∂p. Xudm-Øns‚ ]mT-a\ - p-kc- n®v C{km-tben {]hm-NI - -
∑m-cn¬ Nne ¿°v Htc Ah-k-c-Øn¬ \qdp-I-W-°n\v `mcy-

am-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p; AXp-hgn kmØzn-Ic - psS Xe-ap-dsb s]cp-
∏n-°m≥ th≠n-Xs∂. F∂m¬, GsX-¶nepw Hcp {]hm-N-
I≥ Aip-≤bpw hy`n-Nm-cn-Wn-bp-amb Hcp kv{Xosb, \K-c-
Ønse FÆ-s∏´ Hcp ]mwkp-e-sb, Xs‚ tZlw Ah-fpsS
ssIsIm≠v kv]¿in-°m\pw Xs‚ Xe-bn¬ Ah-fpsS Akm-
∑m¿KnI{] h¿Øn-I-fpsS Iem-kn≤n Ft∂mWw FÆ-]p-
c-´m-\pw, Ah-fpsS NnIp-c`- m-cØ
- m¬ Imep-Iƒ XpS-bv°m\pw
A\p-h-Zn-®p-sIm≠v kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-amb Hcp
amXrI aptºm´p h®-Xmbn \nßƒ tIń-cn-°n-√. C{]-Im-c-
9. kz¿Km-tcm-l-W-sØ-∏‰n am¿t°mkpw eqt°mkpw am{Xta ]cm-a¿in-°p-
∂p-≈q. aØm-bnbpw tbml-∂m\pw C°m-cy-Øn¬ au\-ah - e - w-_n-°p-Ib - mWv
sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xv. am¿t°m-kn¬ ]d-bp-∂p. "Ah-tcmSp kwkm-cn®p Ign-™-
tijw I¿Øm-hmb tbip kz¿K-Øn-tebv°v FSp-°s - ∏-´p. ssZh-Øns‚ he-
Xp-`m-KØv Ccp∂p' (am¿t°mkv 16:19). eqt°mkv ]d-bp-∂Xp Cß-s\-bmWv:
"Ahsc Bin¿h-Zn-®p-sIm-≠n-cns° Ah≥ Ahsc hn´p-]n-cn™v kz¿K-Øn-
te°p FSp-°-s∏-´p' (eq-t°mkv 24:51).
eqt°m-kns‚ ta¬tN¿Ø hmN-I-sØ-∏‰n tPmk^v ]pen-°p-t∂-ens‚
G‰hpw ]pXnb ss__nƒ]-cn-`m-j-bn¬ ]d-bp-∂-Xv, kz¿K-Øn-tebv°v FSp-
°-s∏´psh∂p Nne Isø-gp-Øp-{]-Xn-I-fn¬ ImWp-∂n√ F∂-s{X. ]pcm-X-\-
I-sø-gpØp {]Xn-I-fnen√mØ Cu hmNIw eqt°m-kn¬ ]n∂oSv Fßs\
IS-∂p-IqSn? am¿t°m-knse ]cm-arjvS hmN-IsØ kw_-‘n-®m-sW-¶n¬ AXp
X¿°-hn-t[-b-amb HSp-hn-esØ ]{¥≠p hN-\-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-´-Xm-sW∂p
Hm¿t°-≠X - m-Wv. Ah an°-hmdpw c≠mw \q-‰m-≠ns‚ Xe-bv°¬ \jvSs - ∏-´p-
t]m-btXm Ip‰-ap-≈-Xmbn Icp-X-s∏-´tXm Bb HSp-hn-esØ hmN-I-ßƒ°v
]I-c-ambn ]n∂oSp aqe-Ir-Xn-tbmSv Iqń-t®¿°-s∏-ń-´p-≈-XmsW∂pw F≥
sskt¢m-]o-Unb {_n´m-\n-°-bn¬ ]d-™n-´p-≠v. (Ency. Britt. Ed. II Vol 17 p.
730).{InkvXp-aX
- Ø
- ns‚ ASn-ÿm\ hnizmk kn≤m-¥ß - f - nsem∂mb tbip-
hns‚ ""kz¿§m-tcm-l-W-''sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ kphn-tij {]am-W-ßsf kw_-‘n-
®n-St- Ømfw \mep kphn-ti-jß - f- n¬ aØm-bnbpw tbml-∂m\pw au\-ah - e
- w-
_n-°p-tºmƒ a¿t°m-kn-sebpw eqt°m-kn-sebpw {]kvXm-h\ - I
- ƒ Iqń-t®¿
Øh AYhm {]£n-]X v ß- f - m-sW∂v hy‡-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. F∂n-
cns° {InkvXob hnizm-kß - f - psS ASn-ÿm-\ß - ƒ F{X Zp¿∫-eß - f- m-sW∂v
\ap°v a\- n-em-°mw. PqX∑mcpw {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw ssZh-hN - \ - ß- f- n¬ Itø‰w
\S-Øn-sb-∂p≈ Jp¿-Bs‚ {]kvXm-h\ kXy-am-sW∂v sXfn-™n-cn-°-bm-
Wv. HØp-t\m-°m-\m-sW-¶n¬ kphn-ti-j-ß-fpsS aqe-cq]w Cu temI-sØ-
hn-sSbpw ÿnXn sNøp-∂n-√-Xm-\pw. CXn-s∂-Xn-cn¬ h≈n-]p≈n hyXymkw
hcmsX Znhy-hm-KvZØ- {- ]-Imcw kpc-£n-Xa - mbn \ne-sIm-≈p∂ Htc Hcp Znhy-
{K-Ÿ-ambn Jp¿-B≥ C∂pw ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p. ˛ hn-h:
sa√mw sNøp-hm≥ Nmcn-{X-iq-\y-bmb Hcp s]Æns\ A\p-

h-Zn-°p-Ibpw Ah-tfmSv AcpXv F∂v ]d-bm-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw
sNøp-∂p. CØcw Imcy-ßƒ kzm`m-hn-Ia - mbpw Db¿Øp∂
kwi-b-ß-fm¬ hgn-sX‰n t]mIp-∂-Xn¬\n∂v tbip-hns‚
\∑-bn-ep≈ hnizm-k-Øm¬am-{Xta B¿°pw c£-s∏-Sm≥
Ign-s™-∂p-h-cq. GXm-bm-epw, CXv a‰m¿°pw A\p-h-Zn-®p-
Iq-Sm-Ø-Xm-Wv. kphn-ti-j-ßƒ aqe-cq-]-Øn¬ kwc-£n-®p-
t]m-cm≥ Ign-™n-ń-s√t∂m AY-hm, Ah-bpsS I¿Øm-°ƒ
tbip-hns‚ injy-cn¬s∏-SmØ a‰m-sc-√mtam BsWt∂m
hy‡-am-°n-Ø-cp∂ ]eXpw Ah-bn¬ ImWmhp∂Xm-Wv.
""Cu IY C∂p-hsc blq-Z-∑m-cpsS CS-bn¬ ]cs° \S-∏m-
°n-bn-cn-°p∂p'' F∂p≈ "aØmbn'bnse {]kvXm-h\ Hcp-
Zm-lc- W
- a- s
- {X. aØm-bn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂X - mtWm
Cu hmNIw? aØmbnkphn-ti-j-sa-gp-Xnb Bƒ hnip≤
aØmbn acn®p F{Xtbm \mƒ Ign™v Pohn® Btcm Bbn-
cp-∂p-sh∂p CXv sXfn-bn®pXcp-∂nt√? CtX aØmbnkphn-
tijwXs∂ ]d-bp∂p: ""Ah¿ H∂n-®p-IqSn aq∏-∑m-cp-ambn
Btem-N\ Ign-®n´v ]S-bm-fn-Iƒ°v th≠p-thmfw ]Ww
sImSp-Øp. Ahs‚ injy-∑m¿ cm{Xn-bn¬ h∂v Rßƒ Dd-
ßp-tºmƒ Ahs\ I´p-sIm-≠p-t]mbn F∂p ]d-hn≥''. Cu
{]kvXm-h\ - I
- ƒ F{X-am{Xw hniz-kn-°m≥ sIm≈m-ØXpw
bp‡n-cl - n-Xhpw BsW∂p t\m°p-I. acn-®h - c
- n¬\n∂v Db
¿sØ-gp-t∂‰ tbip-sh Hfn-∏n-°m≥ blq-Z¿ {ian®psh∂pw
Cu G‰hpw henb Znhym-¤pXw P\-ß-sf√mw Adn-™p-
t]m-Im-Xn-cn-°m-\mbn Ah¿ ]S-bm-fn-Iƒ°v ssI°qen sImSp-
Øn-´p-≠m-bn-cp∂psh∂p-amWv C∏-d™ - X
- ns‚ A¿∞-sa-¶n¬
Cu Znhym-¤pXw blq-Z-cn¬ tLmjn-°m≥ I¿Ø-hy-_-≤-
\m-bn-cp∂ tbip AsXmcp cl-ky-am-°n-h-®-sX-t¥? AXp-
a-√, AXp ]pdØp ]d-bp-∂-Xn¬\n∂v At±lw a‰p-≈-hsc
hne-°p-I-t]mepw sNbvX-t√m? ho≠pw ]nSn-°-s∏-Sp-sa∂p
t]Sn-®mWv Cßs\ sNbvXs - X∂v ]d-bp-Ib - m-sW-¶n¬ At±-
l-Øns‚ta¬ ssZh-hn[n Cd-ßp-Ibpw AX-\p-k-cn®v ac-

W-Øn\ptijw ssNX-\yam-{X-amb kq£vaico-ct- Øm-Sp-IqSn
Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂ev°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-cns° PqX
∑msc°pdn®v At±lw `b-s∏-tS-≠n-bn-cp-∂pthm F∂mWv
F\n°v tNmZn-°p-hm-\p-≈-Xv. \n›-b-ambpw At∏mƒ PqX-
∑m¿°v At±-lØ - ns‚ta¬ Hcp i‡n bpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.
At±lw At∏mƒ ùXn-I-Øn¬\n∂v XnI®pw AXo-X-\m-
bn-cp-∂t- √m? Hcp `mK-Øv At±lw Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂-e° v p-Ibpw
kq£vaicocw ssIs°m-≈p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sh∂pw injy-
∑msc I≠p-ap-´p-Ibpw Keo-ebv°v Kan-°p-Ibpw Ahn-sS-\n∂v
kz¿§-tØbv°v Itcdnt∏m-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp-sh∂pw At±lw
\n mc Imcy-ßƒ°p-t]mepw PqX-∑msc t]Sn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-
°p-Ibpw al-Øz-]q¿W-amb tZl-Øns‚ DS-a-ÿ-\m-bn-cp-
∂n´pw PqX-∑m-cm¬ I≠p-]n-Sn-°-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°m≥th≠n
\mń¬\n∂v Hfn-t®m-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp-sh∂pw {]kvXm-hn-®p-
Im-Wp-tºmƒ ZpxJn-°mt\ \nh¿Øn-bp-≈q. kzc-£m¿∞w
At±lw Fgp-]Xv \mgn-Ib - I
- se Keo-eb - n-temfw bm{X sNøp-
Ibpw C°mcyw BtcmSpw ]d-b-cp-sX∂p \n¿t±iw \evIp-
Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ssNX-\y-am-{X-amb ]pXp-ic - o-cØ
- ns‚ e£-
Whpw kz`m-hhpw BtWm CXv? \n›-ba - mbpw AXv ssNX-
\y-am-{X-am-bn-cp∂ s]mXp-ic - o-ca
- m-bn-cp-∂n-√. ac-WØ - n¬\n∂p
c£-s∏´ {hW-∏m-Sp-If - p≈ AtX a¿ØricocwXs∂. PqX-
∑m-sc-°p-dn-®p≈ `bw At∏mgpw At±-l-Øn¬ Ah-ti-jn-
®n-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂X- n-\m¬ F√m {]Xn-tcm[ \S-]S- n-Ifpw kzoI-
cn-®p-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ At±lw \mSp-hn-´p. CXn-s\-Xn-cm-bn-´p≈
F√m {]kvXm-h-\-Ifpw A_-≤-ß-fm-Wv. ]S-bm-fn-Iƒ Dd-
ßn-°n-S-°p-tºmƒ tbip-hns‚ injy-∑m¿ At±-l-Øns‚
icocw I´p-sIm-≠p-t]mbn F∂v Ah-sc-s°m≠p ]d-bn-°p-
∂-Xn\v Ah¿°v ssI°qen sImSpØpsh∂ {]kvXm-h\ - bpw
A{]-ImcwXs∂. ]S-bm-fn-Iƒ Dd-ßp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬
tbip-hns‚ arX-tZlw I´psIm-≠p-t]m-bX - mbn Dd-°Ø - n¬
a\- n-em-°n-bs - X-ßs - \-sb∂v Ah-tcmSv tNmZn-°m-am-bn-cp∂p!

tbip I√-d-bn¬ Cs√∂ Hscm‰ Imc-W-Øm¬ At±lw
kz¿§-Øn-te°v Itc-dn-t∏m-sb∂v hniz-kn-°m-\mhp-∂s - X-ß
s\? I√d Hgn-™n-cn-°m≥ a‰p Imc-W-ß-fp-≠m-bn-°qtS?
kz¿§-tØ°v Itc-dn-t∏m-Ip-∂X - n-\n-Sb- n¬ GXm-\pw Bbncw
PqX-∑m-scbpw ]nem-tØm-kn-t\bpw At±lw ImtW-≠X - m-
bn-cp-∂nt√. ssNX-\y-am-{X-amb icocw kzoI-cn® tbip-hn\v
Bsc-bmWv t]Sn-°m-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. FXn-cm-fn-Isf°≠v
Xs‚ kXy-Øn-te-°p≈ sNdn-sbmcp sXfn-sh-¶nepw \ev
Im≥ At±lw sa\-s°-ń-√. adn-®,v At±lw `b-]c - h
- i- \ - mbn
Keo-e-bn-te°v HmSn-t∏m-hpI-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. AXp-sIm
≠pXs∂ I√-dh - n´p F∂Xv icn-Xs - ∂-sb-¶nepw˛ {]th-i\ -
Zzm-ct- Øm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bp- ≈ `h-\X- p-ey-amb sIń-Sa - mWv Cu I√-
d˛ At±lw cl-ky-Øn¬ injy-∑msc I≠p-ap-ń-bX - v icn-X-
s∂-sb-¶nepw At±-l-Øn\v ssNX-\y-am¿∂ Hcp ]pXnb
icocw \evI-s∏´psh∂v ]d-bp-∂Xv Hcn-°epw icn-bs√∂v
Rßƒ Jfin-Xa - mbn hniz-kn-°p-∂p. At±-lØ - ns‚ icocw
tbip-hns‚ AtX icocw Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AtX {hW-
ßfpwXs∂. i]n-°-s∏´ PqX-P\w ho≠pwXs∂ ]nSn-Iq-Sp-
sa∂ AtX `bhpw At±-l-Øn¬ IqSn-s°m≠ncp∂p. a
Ømbn 28-˛mw A≤ymbw Ggp apX¬ ]Øphsc hmIy-ßƒ
{i≤m-]q¿∆w hmbn-°p-I. tbip Poh-t\msS Ds≠∂pw Keo-
ebv°v t]mI-bm-sW∂pw Btcm ]d-™-dn™ kv{XoIƒ
C°mcyw injy∑msc Adn-bn-°-W-sa∂v \n¿t±-in-°-s∏-´-
t∏mƒ D≈n¬ \n w-ibw Bizmkw sIm≈p-Ibpw BÀm-
Zn-°p-Ibpw D≠m-sb-¶nepw `bm-{Im-¥c - m-bn-cp-∂p. D]-{Z-hI - m-
cn-bmb GsX-¶nepw Hcp PqX≥ tbipsh ho≠pw ]nSn-Iq-Sp-
sa∂ `b-amWv Ahsc Ae-ń-s°m-≠n-cp-∂X - .v Cu kv{XoIƒ
hnhcw injy-∑msc Adn-bn-°m-\m-bn [ - r-Xn-bn¬ \S∂pt]mIp-
tºmƒ tbip Ahsc I≠v hµn®psh∂v HºXmw hmIy-
Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂p. "t]Sn-t°≠' F∂v tbip kv{XoI-tfmSv
]d-™X - mbn ]Ømw hmIy-Øn¬ ImWp-∂p. F∂p-h® - m¬,

PqX-∑m¿ Xs∂ ho≠pw ]nSn-Iq-Sp-sa∂v H´pw t]Sn-t°≠
F∂p-Xs - ∂. Keo-ebv°v hc-Ws - a∂pw10 Ahn-sS-h®v XΩn¬
ImWm-sa∂pw F√m ktlm-Zc - ∑
- m-scbpw Adn-bn-°W - s
- a∂pw
tbip \n¿t±-in-®p. PqX-∑m-sc-°pdn®p≈ `bw \nanØw
X\n°v AhnsS Iptd-t\cw Xßm≥ Xc-s∏-Sp-I-bn-s√∂pw
Ah-tcmSv ]d-™p. Npcp-°-Øn¬, tbip acn-®-h-cn¬\n∂v
Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂ev°p-Ibpw ssNX-\y-ab-amb ]pXnsbmcp
icocw kzoI-cn-°p-IbpamWv sNbvXn-cp-∂s - X-¶n¬ AØcw
Hcp ]pXp-Po-h≥ X\n°v e`n-®-Xmbn PqX∑m¿°v ImWn-®p-
sIm-Sp-°m≥ At±lw _m≤y-ÿ\ - m-bn-cp-∂p. CXt±lw sNbv
Xn-ń-s√∂v \ap-°d- n-bm-sa-∂n-cns° tbip Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂‰p
F∂-Xn-te-°p≈ sXfn-hp-Iƒ Ifhm-°m≥ PqX-∑m¿ {ian-®-
Xm-bp≈ Btcm-]Ww \nc¿∞--am-Ip-∂p. Xm≥ Dbn¿sØ-gp-
t∂‰-Xn-te-°p≈ sNdn-sbmcp sXfn-hp-t]mepw tbip Xs∂
bpw \evIn-bn-ń-√. adn®v cl-ky-amb Hfn-t®m-´-Øn-eq-sSbpw
Blmcw Ign®pw Dd-ßnbpw ssII-fnse BWn-∏-gp-Xp-Iƒ
F√m-h¿°pw ImWn-®p-sIm-SpØpw Xm≥ Ipcn-in-t∑¬ acn-
®n-ń-s√∂v F√m-h-scbpw t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ tbip {ian-
°p-Ibpw A{]-Imcw sXfn-bn®p Im´p-Ib - p-amWv D≠m-bX - v.
10. ssNX-\y-a-b-amb ]pXnb icocw Xm≥ B¿÷n-®n-cn-°-bm-sW∂pw C\n-

bm¿°pw Xs‚-ta¬ Iøn-Sm≥ Ign-bn-s√∂pw ]d-™√ tbip ChnsS kv{XoIsf
kao-]n-®-Xv. kv{XoI-fpsS Nm]-ey-ßƒ I≠-dn™p km[m-cW ]pcp-j-∑m¿
Ahsc km¥z-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw kam-iz-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ coXn-bn¬
At±lw Ah-tcmSv kwkm-cn-®p. ssNX-\y-a-b-amb ]pXnb icocw Ah¿°v
ImWn-®p-sIm-Sp-Øn-√. adn®v amwkhpw F√pw tXmep-ap≈ Xs‚ icocw ImWn-
®p-sIm-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v AXv km[m-cW\ne-bn-ep≈ a¿Øyicocw Xs∂-sb∂v
Ah¿°v Dd∏v hcp-Øn-s°m-Sp-°p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv.
A[ymbw 2
(lZvdØv akolv(A) c£s∏´Xns\ kw_‘n®v hnip≤Jp¿
B\n¬\n∂pw lZoYpIfn¬\n∂pw \ap°v Inńb sXfnhpIƒ)
Cukm-\_n
Ipcnipkw`-hØ
- n\p tijw
Jp¿-B\pw lZoYpw C°m-cy-Øn¬ F¥p-]d - b
- p-∂pthm
AXp kzoI-cn-°m≥ {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ _m≤y-ÿ-c-√m-Ø-Xn-
\m¬, Rm\n-t∏mƒ hnh-cn-°m≥ t]mIp∂ Imcy-ßƒ Ahsc
kw_-‘n-®n-St- Ømfw \njv{]-tbm-P\Ic-am-bn-cn-°m-sa-¶nepw
\ΩpsS Jp¿-B-s‚bpw Xncp-\-_n-bp-sSbpw Hcp Znhym-¤p-
XsØ∏‰n {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ Adn-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-
bmWv Rm≥ CXn-s\-°p-dn®v ChnsS {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂X - ;v hnip-
≤\_nbpw ]cn-ip≤ Jp¿-B\pw \q‰n-°-W-°mb sIm√-
ßƒ°p-aptºXs∂ {]Jym-]n® kXy-amWv Ct∏mƒ I≠p-
]n-Sn-°s
- ∏-ń-cn-°p-∂sX∂v Ahsc [cn-∏n-°m≥th≠n am{Xw.
AXp-sIm≠v, Ah-bn¬ NneXv Rm\n-hnsS hnh-cn®psIm
≈mw. Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp∂p:
""ham JXeqlp ham kze-_qlp hem°n≥ ip∫n
lelqw... ham- J-X-eqlp bJo\m''
""Ah¿ (blq-Z∑ - m¿) At±-lsØ (Cukm-\_
- n-sb) h[n-
®n-ń√; Ah¿ At±-lsØ {Iqin®p sIm∂n-´p-an-√. ]t£,
Ipcn-in-t∑¬ acn-®X
- p-t]mse Ah¿°v ImW-s∏-´p. At±lw
Ipcn-in-t∑¬ acn®psh∂v t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Hcp sXfnhpw
Ah-cpsS ]°en√ (4:158).
Cukm-\-_nsb Ipcn-in-t∑¬ {]Xy-£-Øn¬Øs∂
Xd®psh∂Xpw At±-lsØ sIm√p-hm≥ blq-Z∑ - m¿ Xo¿®-
s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠m-bn-cp∂psh∂Xpw kXy-am-sW-¶nepw At±
lw Ipcn-in¬h®v bYm¿∞-Øn¬ acn®psh∂v PqXcpw {In

kvXym-\n-Ifpw tLmjn-°p∂Xv sX‰msW∂m-Wv Cu hm
Iy-ßf- n¬ ssZhw ]d-bp-∂X - .v Ipcn-ip-ac
- W
- Ø - n¬\n∂v tbip-
hns\ c£-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - n-\p≈ am¿§-sam-cp-°p-Ib - mWv ssZ
hw sNbvXX - v. PqZ-∑m¿°pw {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°p-sa-Xnsc Jp¿-
B≥ ]d-™-sXt¥m AXv HSp-hn¬ kXy-ambn ]pe¿∂p
sh∂v \oXn-am-\mb GsXm-cmƒ°pw Ct∏mƒ kΩ-Xn®p ]d-
tb-≠n-h-∂n-cn-°p-∂p. Ipcn-ip-a-c-W-Øn¬\n∂v tbip bYm
¿∞-Øn¬ c£-s∏ń´p≠m-bn-cp∂psh∂v hfsc Db¿∂\ne-
hm-c-Ønep≈ B[p-\nI Kth-j-W-ßƒhgn kpÿm-]n-X-
ambnØocp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. tbip-hns‚ F√p-Is - fm
∂pw HSn-°s - ∏-ń-ń-√m-bn-cp-∂n-cn-s°, At±lw Ht∂m ct≠m
aWn-°q-dn-\p-≈n¬ acn-®p-t]m-b-sX-ßs\? F∂ tNmZy-Øn
∂p PqX∑m¿°v Hcn-°epw DØcw ]d-bm≥ Ign-™n-ń-s√-
∂mWv Ncn-{X-tc-JI - ƒ a\- n-em-°n-Øc - p-∂X- v.
as‰mcp \ymbw ]S-®p-≠m-°m≥ Cu ÿnXn hn]-cybw
PqX∑m¿°p t{]cW \evIn; tbip-hns\ Xßƒ hmƒ sIm
≠v shń-s°m-∂p-sh∂p! F∂m¬, tbip hmƒsIm≠p h[n-
°-s∏-Sp-Ib- m-Wp-≠m-bs
- X∂v {]m‡\ PqX-Nc - n{Xw sXfn-bn-
°p-∂n-√. tbiphns\ c£-s∏-Sp-Øm≥th≠n ssZhw Ahs‚
{]Xm] i‡n-Iƒ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ib - m-Wp-≠m-bX - v. Ahn-sS-
sb√mw Ccp´p hym]n-®n-cp-∂p. At∏mƒØs∂ Hcp `qIº
ap≠m-bn. ]nem-tØm-kns‚ `mcy Hcp Znhykz]v\w Z¿in-®p.
i∫Øp cm{Xn ASp-°m-dm-bn-cp-∂p. i∫Øp\mfn¬ Ipcn-
in¬ Hcp icocw Xqßn-°n-S° - p-∂Xv Ah-e£ - W - a- m-bn-´mWv
PqX¿ Icp-Xn-t∏m-∂n-cp-∂X- v. t]Sn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ kz]v\w Imc
Ww \ymbm-[n-]≥ tbip-hns\ hn´-b-bv°m≥ _≤-s∏-ń-cp-
∂p. tbip-hns\ c£-s∏-Sp-Øm≥th≠n ssZhw C°m-cy-sa
√mw Hcp-an®p kw`-hn-°p-am-dm-°n. acn-®p-t]m-sb∂p a‰p-≈-
h¿°v tXm∂p-amdv tbip Xm\pw At∏mƒ Ipcn-in-t∑¬ tam
lm-ek - y-s∏-´p-t]m-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. `qIºw XpS-ßnb `b-

¶c ZrjvSm-¥-ßƒhgn PqX-cn¬ òcp-Xzhpw òXnbpw ssZh-
in£m `bhpw DS-se-Sp-°p-Ib - m-Wp-≠m-bXv. i∫Øp cm{Xn-
bn¬ arX-ic - ocw Ipcn-in-t∑¬ Xqßn-°n-S° - p-am-dm-Iptam F∂
òXnbpw blq-Zn-I-fn¬ A¶p-cn-®p. tbiphns\ aq¿—n-Xm-h-
ÿ-bn¬ I≠-t∏mƒ, At±lw acn-®-Xp-Xs∂sb∂p PqX¿
a\- n-em-°p-Ib - p-≠m-bn. Fßpw A‘-Imcw hym]n-®n-´p-≠m-
bn-cp-∂p. `qN-e\w ImcWw k¿∆{X ]cn-{`m-¥nbpw ]c-∂n-
´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. kz¥w `h-\ß - f- nse ÿnXn-KX - n-Is- f-°p-dn®pw
Ah-cn¬ D¬°WvT P\n-®n-cp-∂n-cn-°-Ww. B A‘-Im-c-
Ønepw `qI-ºØ - nepw Xß-fpsS Ip™p-Ip-ń-If - psS ÿnXn-
sb-¥m-bncn°pw, Ah-sc√mw F{X-h-enb kw{`-a-Øn-em-bn-
cn°pw Fs∂√mw Ah¿ Nn¥n-®p-Xp-S-ßn. Xßƒ Icp-Xn-b-
Xp-{]-Imcw Cu a\p-jy≥ ˛ tbip ˛ Hcp I≈-hm-Zntbm A
hn-izm-kntbm BsW-¶n¬ At±-l-Øns‚ Cu I„m-\p-`-h-
th-fb- n¬ Ft¥ aptºsbm-cn-°e - p-ap-≠m-bn-ń-√m-Øh - n[w C
{]-Im-c-ap≈ i‡n-a-Ømb A¤p-X-m-S-bm-f-ßƒ shfn-s∏-Sp-
am-dm-bXv? Cßs\-bp≈ \m\m-Xcw Nn¥m-K-Xn-I-fm¬ aYn-
X-Nn-Øc - mbn Xo¿∂n-cp∂ blq-Z¿ At∏mƒ, tbip bYm¿∞-
Øn¬ acn-®pthm Ct√, At±-lØ - ns‚ icn-bmb ÿnXn-sb
¥v Fs∂m∂pw Jfin-Xa - mbn Adn-bm≥ sa\-s°-´p-an-√. F
∂m¬, tbip-hns\ c£-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ Hcp
Znhy-]≤- Xn {]mh¿Øn-Ia - m-°s - ∏-Sp-Ib - mWv bYm¿∞-Øn¬
D≠m-bX - .v AXm-W,v ""blq-Z¿ At±-lsØ sIm∂n-ń√'' F∂
hmIy-Øn¬ {]kq-Nn-Xa - m-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. Xßƒ tbipsh sIm
∂p-sh∂p Icp-Xm≥ blq-Z¿ t{]cn-X-cm-bn-Øo-cp∂ kw`-h-
hn-Im-kß - ƒ ssZhap≠m-°n. ssZhw Ahs‚ hcn-jvT∑ - msc
GXp k∂n-Kv≤L-´Ø - n¬\n∂pw c£n-°m≥ t]mcp-∂h - \
- m-
sW∂ kpZr-Va - mb hnizmkw Dd-∏n-°p-∂X - n\v kmØzn-Isc
t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p∂ kw`h hnIm-k-ß-fm-Wn-sX-√mw. Jp¿-
B-\n¬ C{]-Im-chpw ]d-bp∂p: ""At±-l-Øns‚ t]cv
akolp Cuk_v\p-a¿bw F∂m-bn-cn-°pw. Cu temIØpw

]c-tem-IØpw At±lw kam-Zr-X\pw ssZh-Øns‚ kmao]yw
kn≤n-®-bm-fp--am-bn-cn°pw''(3:46)
`qan-bnepw BZcw
Cukm-\_ - nbv°v Cu temIØv BZ-chpw Hu∂-Xyhpw
kn≤n-°p-Ibpw At±lw _lp-P-\-ß-fm¬ alØzo-I-cn-°-
s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-sa∂p am{X-a√ - , ]c-tem-IØpw A{]-Imcw
Xs∂-bm-bn-cn-°p-sa∂pamWv Cu hN\w a\- n-em-°n-Øc - p-
∂-Xv. F∂m¬, sltcm-Zm-hn-s‚bpw ]nem-tØm-kn-s‚bpw
\mń¬ tbip-hn\p BZcw e`n-®n-cp-∂n√ F∂Xp hy‡am
Wt√m. adn-®p, At±lw Ah-tl-fn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibm-Wp-≠m-b-
Xv. At±lw Xs‚ c≠mw hc-hn¬ `qan-bn¬ BZ-cn-°-s∏-Sp-
sa-∂m-Wn-Xns‚ A¿∞-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂Xp ASn-ÿm-\-c-ln-
X-am-W.v ssZh-hN - \- ß- ƒ°pw ssZh-Øns‚ imiz-Xa- mb {]Ir-
Xn-\n-b-a-ßƒ°pw \nc-°m-Ø-Xp-as{X CXv. F√m-‰n-\pw-]p-d-
sa, AXn-te°v Hcp sXfn-hp-an-√. F∂m¬, B i]n-°-s∏´
P\-Øn¬\n∂p tamNn-X\ - m-bt- ijw tbip ]©m-_n¬ hcn-
Ibpw Xs‚ kµ¿i-\Ø - m¬ ]©-\Z- sØ ]cym-Zc - n-°p-Ibpw
sNbvX-tXm-Sp-IqSn ssZhw At±-l-Øn\p AXyp-Zm-c-amb
ÿm\w \evIp-Ibpw ChnsSh®v At±-lØ - n\p C{km-tb¬
Krl-Ønse ImWm-sX-t]mb ]Øv tKm{X-ßsf I≠p-ap-´p-
hm≥ CS-h-cp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu C{kmt-b¬°m-cn¬
hfsct]¿ _p≤-aXw kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw Nne¿ XmW-Xcw
hn{K-lm-cm-[-I-cm-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-
∂mWv tXm∂p-∂X - .v F∂m¬, tbip-hns‚ hc-thm-Sp-IqSn Ah-
cn¬ `qcn-`m-Khpw k∑m¿§-Øn-te°v Xncn-®p-h-∂p. tbip-
hns‚ {]t_m-[-\-ß-fn¬, hcp-hm-\p≈ B {]hm-N-I-\n¬
hniz-kn-°W - s- a∂ ]mThpw IqSn-bp≠m-bn-cp∂-Xn-\m¬, Cu
{]tZ-iØ - v, A^vKm-\n-Is - f∂pw Iivao-cn-Is - f∂pap≈ t]cp-
I-fn¬ B ]Øv C{km-tb¬ tKm{X-°mcpw HSp-hn¬ apkvenw-
I-fmbnØocp-Ibpw Aßs\ CkvemwaX-Øn¬ ebn-°p-I-

bp-amWv sNbvX-Xv. tbip C{]-Imcw henb _lp-am-\m-Z-c-
ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv Cu cmPyØv h∂-Xv. Cu ]©m-_n¬
Xs∂, CubnsS "]men' A£-c-ß-fn¬ tbip-hns‚ t]¿
sImØnb \mWbw I≠p-In-ń-bn-cp-∂p. Cu \mWbw tbip-
hns‚ Ime-Øp-≈-Xm-Wp-Xm-\pw. tbip Cu cmPyØv hcn-
Ibpw At±lw cmtPm-NnXw kzoI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpap≠mbn
F∂m-WnXp sXfn-bn-°p-∂X - .v tbip-hns‚ A\p-Nc - \
- m-bn-Øo
¿∂ Hcp cmPmhv ASn-®n-d° - n-bn-cp-∂X - m-bn-cn-°Ww AXv. Hcp
bn{kmt-b¬°mcs‚ cq]-ap≈ as‰mcp \mW-bhpw Is≠-Sp-
Øn-´p-≠v. CXv tbip-hns‚ cq]-am-sW-∂mWv tXm∂p-∂-Xv.
Cukm-\-_n(-A) t]mbn-S-sØm-s°bpw ssZh-Øm¬ A\p-
{K-ln-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-sX∂v At±lw ]d-™n-´p-≈-
Xns\ Jp¿-B≥ FSp-Øp-≤-cn-°p∂p: ""Rm≥ Fhn-sS-bm-bn-
cp-∂mepw Fs∂ ssZhw A\p-{K-ln-®p'' (19:32). AXp-sIm≠v
Cukm-\-_n°v ssZh-Øn¬\n∂v hep-Xmb _lp-am-\hpw
A\p-{K-lß - fpw e`n-®n-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw cmP-Io-ba - mb
_lp-aXn e`n-°p-thmfw At±lw Pohn-®n-cp-∂n-´p-s≠-∂p-
amWv Cu \mW-bß - ƒ sXfn-bn-®p-Xc - p-∂X
- .v C{]-ImcwXs∂
Jp¿-B-\n¬ as‰mcp hN\w IqSn-bp-≠v. ""A√tbm Cukm,
F√m Ip‰m-tcm-]-W-ß-fn¬\n∂pw Rm≥ \ns∂ ip≤-\m
°pw'' (3:56). AXm-bX- v, Rm≥ \ns‚ \nc-]c - m-[nXzw sXfn-bn-
°p-Ibpw PqX-∑mcpw {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw \n\-s°-Xn-cmbn sIm
≠p-h∂ - n-´p≈ Btcm-]W - ß - s - f-sb√mw \o°p-Ibpw sNøpw.
CXp Hcp al-Ømb {]h-N\ - a - s
- {X. {Iqin¬ Xd-®p-sIm-√s - ∏-
Sp-I-bm¬ tbip Hcp i]vX≥ Bbn-Øo¿∂p (a-B-Z-√m-lv)
F∂mWv blq-Zn-Iƒ Btcm-]n-®X - v. i]n-°s - ∏-´h- \- m-Ib- m¬
At±lw ssZh-Øns‚ kvt\l-Øn\p A\¿l-\pw! "im]w'
F∂ ]Z-Øns‚ A\n-hm-cy-amb A¿∞-a\ - p-kc - n®p At±-l-
Øns‚ lrZbw ssZh-Øn¬\n∂v Zqc-s∏-´Xpambn-cp-∂p-
sh∂p PqX¿ ]d-™p. F∂p-h-®m¬, At±lw ssZhsØ
shdpØp: At±-lØ - ns‚ lrZbw A‘-Im-cØ - ns‚ Iń-ad

- -
bm¬ B—m-Z\w sNø-s∏-ń-cp∂p; AXp Xn∑sb kvt\ln-
°p-Ibpw \∑-bpsS t\sc Npfp-ßp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXp
ssZh-Øn¬\n∂v th¿s]-´p-t]m-hpIbpw ]nim-Nns‚ ]nSn-
bn¬ AI-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp; At±-lØ - n\pw ssZh-Øn\pw
XΩn¬ henb i{Xp-Xb - m-bn-cp∂p; Fs∂m-s°-Øs∂! tbip
i]vX-\m-sW∂ CtX Btcm-]Ww Xs∂-bm-Wt√m {Inkv
Xym-\n-Ifpw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®X - .v F∂m¬, {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ, CXn-
\p-]p-ds
- a, a≠-Øcw sIm≠v, ]c-kv]c - h
- n-cp-≤ß- f
- mb c≠p
FXn¿\ym-b-ßsf Iqń-L-Sn-∏n-°m\pw {ian-®n-´p-≠v. tbip
ssZh-]p-{X-\m-sW∂p Ah¿ ]d-bp-∂p. F∂m¬, AtXbh-
k-c-Øn¬Øs∂ At±lw i]vX-\m-sW∂pw Ah¿ ]d-bp
∂p! i]vX\ - mb Hcmƒ A‘-Im-cØ - n-s‚bpw Zp„m-flm-hn-s‚
bpw k¥-Xnbpw Zp„m-flmhpXs∂bpw BsW∂p Ah¿
kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p-≠.v CsX-√m-amWv tbip-hn-s∂-Xns-c Ch¿ sIm
≠p-h∂ - n-´p≈ \oN-amb Btcm-]W - ß- ƒ. Cu F√m Btcm-
]-W-ß-fn¬\n∂pw ssZhw tbipsh ip≤o-I-cn-°p∂ \mfp-
Iƒ hcp-sa-∂mWv Jp¿-B-\nse "apXz-lvln-dp°' F∂
ssZh-hN - \
- Ø- n-eS- ßnb {]h-N\ - Ø - nse kqN\. B Imew
CXp-Xs - ∂-bm-Wv!
tbip hnip-≤o-Ic
- n-°s
- ∏-Sp∂p
\ΩpsS Xncp-\_ - n-bpsS km£yw-ap-tJ\ Nn¥-I∑ - m-cpsS
IÆn¬ tbip-hns‚ \n¿t±m-jnXzw kpÿm-]n-X-am-bn-°-gn-
™n-´p-s≠-∂X - n¬ kwi-bt- a-Xp-an-√. Cukm-\_ - n-bpsS t]cn
¬ sIm≠p-h∂ - n-´p≈ F√m Btcm-]W - ß- fpw ASn-ÿm-\c - -
ln-X-ß-fm-sW∂p Xncp-\-_nbpw Xncp-Jp¿-B\pw km£yw
hln-®n-cn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬, B ZrjvSm-¥ß - ƒ Xptemw kq£v
ahpw kmam-\y-P-\-ß-fn¬ ZrV-t_m≤yw hcp-Øm≥ hnj-a-
I-ca
- m-bn-´p-≈X- p-as
- {X. AXn\m¬, tbip-hns‚ {Iqivkw-`hw
{]Xy-£hpw {]kn-≤h - p-amb Hcp kw`-ha - m-bn-cp-∂X- p-t]m-se-
X-s∂, F√m-h¿°pw ImW-Ø° - \ - n-eb

- n¬ tbip-hns‚ ]cn-
ip-≤X - bpw {]Xy-£a - m-°s - ∏-tS-≠Xp Znhy-\o-Xn-bpsS Hcm-h-
iy-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. AXp-Xs - ∂-bmWv kw`-hn-®X - pw. tbip-hns‚
\n¿t±m-jnXzw \ymb-hm-Zß - f - psS ASnÿm-\Ø - n¬ ÿm]n-
°-s∏´psh∂p am{X-a√ G‰hpw {]Xy-£a - mb \ne-bn¬ sXfn-
bn®p ImWn-°s - ∏-Sp-Ib - p-ap-≠m-bn. Fs¥-∂m¬, e£-°W - -
°mb P\-ßƒ Xß-fpsS kz¥w IÆp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Iivao-
cnse {io\-K-dn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ Cukm-\-_n-bpsS I√d
t\m°n-°≠ - p. At±lw tKmevtKm-Ym-bn¬ AXm-bXv ""{io''
F∂ ÿeØvh®p {Iqin-°-s∏-´-Xp-t]mseXs∂ At±-l-
Øns‚ J_vdpw ""{io'' F∂ ÿeØv AXm-bXv {io\-K-dn
¬ Is≠-Øs - ∏-ń-cn-°p-Ib - m-W.v c≠p ÿe-ßf - p-sSbpw ""{io''
i_vZw hfsc kmZr-iy-ap-≈X - s - {X. tbip-hns\ {Iqin® ÿe-
Øn∂p Kn¬KnØv AYhm ""{io'' F∂mWv t]cm-bn-cp-∂-Xv.
]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ A]-cm¿≤-Øn¬ tbip-hns‚
J_v¿ I≠p-]n-Sn-°-s∏´ ÿe-Øn\pw Kn¬KnØv AYhm
""{io'' F∂p Xs∂-bmWv ]d-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v. Iivao-cnse "Kn¬
KnØv' F∂p hnfn-°s - ∏-Sp∂ ÿew ""{io'' F∂ i_vZsØ
°pdn-®p≈ kqN\ \evIp-∂p-≠v. tbip-hns‚ Ime-Øm-bn-cn-
°Ww Cu \Kcw ]Wn-Xn-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Ipcnip kw`-h-
Øns‚ kvac-Wsb \ne-\ndpØp∂ Hcp ÿe-sa∂ \ne-
bn¬ AXn\p "Kn¬KnØv' AYhm ""{io'' F∂p \ma-Ic - Ww
sNbvXn-cp-∂X - mhmw.11 ""Bcm-[y-amb \Kcw'' F∂¿∞-ap≈
""em m'' F∂ \maw t]mse CXpw Hcp A{_m\n ]Z-am-Wv.
CXpw tbip-hns‚ ImeØv cq]-s∏-´p-h∂ Hcp \K-c-am-bn-cn-
°-Ww.
Cukm-\_ - n(-A) 125 hb- p-hsc Pohn-®n-cp-∂n-´p-s≠∂v
\ΩpsS \ - _n(-k) Acp-fn-bn-´p-≈X - mbn hnizm-kt- bm-Ky-amb
lZo-Yp-\n-th-Z\-ßƒ sXfn-bn-°p-∂p. CXn-\p-]p-ds - a, Cukm-
\_n°v c≠p {]tXy-IX - I
- f
- p-s≠-∂X- mbn Ckvem-anse F√m
I£n-Ifpw Hcpt]mse hniz-kn-°p-∂p-ap-≠v. B {]tXy-IX - -

Iƒ as‰mcp {]hm-NI - c
- nepw ImWm-ØX - p-as- {X. Ah(1) hfsc
hb- m-thmfw AXm-bXv 125 hb- p-hsc At±lw Pohn-®n-
cp-∂p-sh-∂pw, (2) temI-Øns‚ ]e-`m-K-ß-fnepw At±lw
k©-cn-®n-cp-∂X - n-\m¬ ""k©mcn {]hm-NI - ≥'' F∂pw At±
lw hnfn-°s - ∏-ń-cp∂psh∂p-ap-≈X - s
- {X. At±lw 33-˛mw hb-
n¬Øs∂ BIm-it- Ø°v FSp-Øp-sIm-≈s - ∏-´p-sh-¶n¬
125 hb v kw_-‘n® \nth-Z\w kXy-am-Im≥ \nh¿-Øn-
bn-√t√m! 33 hb- p-≈t- ∏mƒ A{Xbpw henb bm{X-Iƒ \S-
Øn-bn-cn-°m\pw \n¿∆m-l-an-√. Cu \nth-Z-\-ßƒ G‰hpw
hnizm-kt- bm-Ky-amb lZo-Yp-{K-Ÿß- f - n¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂X - n\p
]pd-sa, hn`n∂ apkvenw hn`m-K-ß-fn-se√mw tIƒhn-s∏-´-Xp-
as{X. C{Xbpw hn]p-e-ambn Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ as‰mcp \nth-
Z\w Cu hyXykvX I£n-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ {]Nm-c-s∏-ń-´p-
s≠∂p Icp-Xm≥Xs∂ {]bm-kw. ""I≥kp¬ DΩm¬'' F∂
_rl-Zvl-ZoYv {KŸ-Øns‚ 34-˛mw t]Pn¬ (2˛mw hmeyw)
A_q-lp-dbvd (d) cnhm-bØv sNbvXn-´p≈ lZoYv ImWmw.
ssZhw Cukmbv°v C{]-Imcw shfn-]m-Sn-d°n: ""A√tbm
Cukm! Hcp ÿe-Øp-\n∂v as‰mcp ÿe-tØ°v amdn
]m¿Øp-sIm-≠n-cn-°pI (AXmbXv, Hcp cmPyØp\n∂v
as‰mcp cmPyØnte°v t]mIpI.)˛ Xncn-®-dn-b-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-
°m\pw a¿±-\-taev°m-Xn-cn-°m\pwth≠n.'' hnhn[ cmPy-ß-
fn¬ bm{X-sN-bvXp-sIm≠n-cn-°-W-sa∂v ssZhw Iev]n®p
sh∂p-Xs- ∂-bm-Wn-Xns‚ A¿∞w.
CtX {KŸ-Øn¬Øs∂ Pm_n-dns‚ \nth-Z\
- a
- \
- p-kc
- n-
®p≈ thsdmcp lZo-Yp-ap-≠v.
11. tKmevtKm-Ybv°v (Kn¬Kn-Øv) Xe-tbm-SnSw F∂mWv kphn-ti-j-Øn¬

A¿∞w \evIn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. k¿ F∂-Xn\v Xe-sb-∂m-Wt√m A¿∞w. k¿
\K-c-amWv {io\-K-c-am-b-Xv. Xe-\-Kcw AYhm Xe-tbm-SnSw ˛ hnh:
""Cukm-\_n Ft∏mgpw k©-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. At±

lw Hcp \mń¬\n∂v as‰mcp \mń-te°v bm{X-sN-bvXp-sIm-
≠n-cn-°p-Ibpw cm{Xn-bm-bm¬ FØn-bnSw hn{i-an-°p-Ibpw
Im´p-sN-Sn-Iƒ `£n®pw tNme-sh≈w IpSn®pw Ign-®p-Iq-´p-
Ibpw sNbvXp.'' (hmeyw 2, t].71)
CtX {KŸ-Øn¬Xs∂ lZvdØv A_vZp√mlv _n≥ Da-
dns‚ \nth-Z-\sØ ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ as‰mcp
lZoYpw ImWmw. AXn-{]-Im-c-am-Wv.
""\-_n(-k) ]d™p: ""ssZh-Zr-„n-bn¬ G‰hpw A\pKr-
lo-X≥ "Kco_v' BIp-∂p. "Kco_v' F∂m¬ Bsc-bmWv
Ipdn-°p-∂sX∂p tNmZn-°s - ∏-´p. Cukm-ak
- o-ln-s\-t]mse
Xß-fpsS \mń¬\n∂v hnizm-ksØ c£n-°m≥ HmSn-t∏m-
Ip-∂-h¿'' (hmeyw 6. t].51)
A[ymbw˛ 3
(sshZyimkv{X{KŸßfn¬\ns∂SpØn´p≈ sXfnhpIƒ)
a¿lsa Cukm
{Iqin¬\n∂p c£n-°s - ∏´ tbip-hns‚
{hW-ßf - n¬ ]pc-´m-\p-]t- bm-Kn® Iq´p-ac
- p∂v
tbip Ipcn-in¬\n∂p c£-s∏-´Xp kw_-‘n-®p≈ AXn-

{]-[m-\hpw A\n-tj-[y-hp-amb as‰mcp sXfnhv "a¿lsa
Cukm' AYhm "tbip-hns‚ te]\w' (Ointment of Jesus)
F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-bs - ∏-Sp∂ Hcp Iq´pacp-∂m-Ip-∂p. iX-°-
W-°n-\p≈ sshZy-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬ CXn-s\-°p-dn®p {]Xn-]m-
Zn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. Cu {KŸ-ß-fn¬ NneXp {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ
Xøm-dm-°n-bXpw a‰p NneXp aPq-kn-It- fm PqXtcm cNn-®Xpw
NneXp apkvenw-Iƒ Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≈-Xp-a-s{X. Ch-bn¬ an°
Xpw Nnc-]p-cm-X-\-ß-fm-Wv. BZy-am-Zyw, ]c-º-cbm ]d-™-
Xp-tI-´mWv Cu Iq´p-ac - p-∂n-s\-∏‰ - n-bp≈ Adnhv e£-°W - -
°n-\m-fp-If- n¬ {]N-cn-°p-am-dm-bs - X∂v Kth-jW - ß - ƒ sXfn-
bn-°p-∂p. ]n∂oSv Ah-cXv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-h® - p. Ipcnip kw`
hw Ign-™p-S-s\, tbip-hns‚ Ime-Øp-Xs∂ Cu Iq´p-a-cp-
∂n-s\-∏‰n-bp≈ ]cm-a¿i-aS- ß - nb Hcp Huj-[n-{KŸw eØo
≥ `mj-bn¬ hnc-Nn-Xa - m-bn. Cu Iq´p-ac - p∂v tbip-hns‚ {hW-
ß-fn¬ ]pc-´m≥th≠n Xøm-dm-°-s∏-ń-´p-≈-Xm-sW∂pw
AXn¬ {]kvXm-hn-°s - ∏-ń-´p-≠v. ]n∂oSv Cu IrXn \nc-h[n
`mj-If - n¬ hnh¿Ø\w sNø-s∏-´p. HSp-hn¬, amaq-≥ A¬ d-
io-Zns‚ ImeØv Ad_n`mj-bnepw AXns‚ Hcp X¿÷-a-
bp-≠m-bn. {InkvXycpw PqXcpw aPq-kn-Ifpw apkvenw-If - p-amb
F√m aX-°m-cn-ep-ws]´ sshZy-im-kv{X-tIm-hn-Z∑ - m¿ Xß-fp-
sS {KŸ-ß-fn¬ Cu Huj-[-sØ-∏‰n {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-Ibpw
CXv tbip-hn\pth≠n A-t±-l-Øns‚ injy-∑m¿ Xøm-dm-
°n-bn-cp-∂X - m-sW∂v {]kvXm-hn-°p-Ibpw sNø-s∏-ń-´p-≈Xv

ssZh-Øns‚ A¤p-X-{]-h¿Øn-b-√msX as‰m-∂p-a-√. ASn-
tb‰pw hogvN] - ‰- nbpw D≠mIp∂ ]cn-°p-If - n¬ \n∂p≈ c‡-
{kmhw \ndpØp-∂-Xn\v Cu Iq´p-a-cp∂v hfsc ê-{]-Z-am-
sW∂v Huj-[\ - n¿ΩmW imkv{X-{K-Ÿß - f - n¬ \n∂v sXfn-
bp-∂p-≠v. ""aqdpw'' (Myrrh) tN¿∂n-´p-≈-Xn-\m¬ {hWw hnj-
a-b-am-Im-sX-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Cu te]\w tπKn\pw hfsc ê-
{]-Z-am-Wv. F√m-X-c-Øn-ep≈ s]m≈-ep-Iƒ°pw ]pÆp-
Iƒ°pw CXp AXyp-Øa - a
- s
- {X. Cu te]\w ssZhn-Is - h-fn-
]m-Sp-I-f-\p-k-cn®p tbip-Xs∂ {Iqiv kw`-h-Øn-\p-tijw
Xøm-dm-°n-bX - m-tWm, `nj-Kz-c∑ - m-cpsS D]-tZ-i{- ]-Imcw Xøm-
dm-°s - ∏-´X - mtWm Fs∂m∂pw hy‡-a√ - . Iq´p-ac - p-∂nse Nne
LS-Iß - ƒ H‰-aq-en-It- ]m-ep-≈X - mWv; hnti-jn®pw aqdv! AXn-
s\-°p-dn®p Xudm-Ønepw (]-gb - \ - n-ba
- w) ]d-bs - ∏-ń-´p-≠t- √m.
AsX-¥m-bmepw tbip-hns‚ {hW-ßƒ Cu te]\w aqew
GXm\pw Znh-kß - ƒ°-Iw-Xs∂ DW-ßn. aq∂p Znh-kØ - n-
\Iw bcq-it- e-an¬\n∂v Keo-eh - sc 70 \mgnI \S-°p-hm-\m-
Ip-thmfw At±l-Øns‚ thZ-\-Iƒ°p ia\w Inń. Cu
Iq´p-ac - p-∂ns‚ ê-kn-≤nsb kw_-‘n-®n-St- Øm-fw, ""tbip
a‰p-≈-hsc kpJ-s∏-Sp-Øn, Cu acp∂p tbipsh kpJ-s∏-
SpØn'' F∂p \ap°v ]dbmw! Cu Huj-[s - Ø-∏‰n {]Xn-]m-
Zn-°p∂ {KŸ-ßƒ Hcm-bn-c-Øn-e-[n-Iw-h-cpw. Ah-bp-sS-
sb√mw t]cp-≤-cn-®m¬Øs∂ hfsc hfsc \o≠p-t]m-Ip-
∂-Xm-W.v bq\m\n sshZy-im-k{v X-⁄∑ - m¿°n-Sb - n¬ Cu Iq´p-
a-cp∂p kp⁄m-Xa - s
- {X. B {KŸ-ßf - p-sS-sb√mw t]cp-Iƒ
D≤-cnt°≠Xp-s≠∂p tXm∂p-∂n-√. Chn-sS-bp≈ GXm\pw
{KŸ-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ Rm≥ NphsS Ipdn°mw:
Jm\q≥˛ tibvJp¿d-Cukv _q Aen ko\m, hmeyw 3, t]Pv
133.
id-lvJm-\q≥ ˛ A√mam JpXzv_p-±o≥ iodm-kn, hmeyw 3.
Iman-ep- z-\mAx ˛ Aen- _n≥ A¬ A∫mkv A¬ aPq-

kn, hmeyw 2, t]Pv 602.
InXm_v aPvaq-Ax _Jmbn ˛ alvaqZv apl-ΩZv Ckvam-bo¬,
apJm-Øn_v Akv JmJm≥ _Jn-Xzm_v ]nZv¿ apl-
ΩZv _Jm Jm≥, hmeyw 2, t]Pv 497.
InXm_v XZv°n-dsb Dep¬ A¬_m_v ˛ tibvJv Zm-hq-Zv
A±co¿ A¬ A¥zm-°o, t]Pv 303.
Jdm-_m-Zo≥ dqan˛ tbip-hn-\p-tijw sXm´-Sp-ØI
- m-eØv cNn-
°-s∏-´Xpw amaq≥ d-io-Zns‚ `c-W-Im-eØv Ad-
_n-bn¬ hnh¿Ø\w sNø-s∏-´-Xp-am-Wn-Xv. N¿Ω-
tcm-K-ßƒ F∂ `mKw t\m°p-I.
DwZ-Øp¬ aplvXmPv ˛ AlvaZv _n≥ lk≥ A¿d-ioZo
A¬l°nw. \qtdm-fw, Hcp]t£ \qdn-e-[nIw
]pkvX-I-ß-fn¬\n∂v ""a¿lsa Cukm''bpw a‰p
Iq´p-a-cp-∂p-Ifpw kw_-‘n® hnh-c-W-ßƒ Cu
{KŸ-Øn¬ tN¿Øn-´p-≠.v Cu ]pkvXI - ß
- s
- f√mw
{^©v `mj-bn-ep-≈X - p-am-Wv.
Jdm-_m-Zo≥ ˛ (t]¿ky≥) l°ow apl-ΩZv AIv_¿ Ad-
km-\n˛ N¿ΩtcmK-ßƒ.
in^mD¬ AkvJmw ˛ hmeyw 2, t]Pv 230
an¿-A-Øp-»n^m ˛ l°ow \tYmimlv (ssI-sbgpØp
tcJ)˛ N¿ΩtcmK-ßƒ
ZJo-dsb Jzm¿kw imln ˛ N¿Ω-tcm-K-ßƒ
idlv Jm\q≥ Poem\n ˛ hmeyw 3
idlv Jm\q≥ J¿io ˛ hmeyw 3
Jdm-_m-Zo≥ ˛ D¬ho-Jm≥; N¿Ω tcmK-ßƒ
Cem-Pp¬ Awdm-Zv˛ l°ow apl-ΩZv ico-^vJm≥ kmln-_v,

t]Pv 893.
Jdm-_m-Zo≥, (bq-\m-\n) ˛ N¿Ω-tcm-K-ßƒ
Xplv^-Øp¬ apAv-an-\o≥ ˛ aJvk-\p¬ AZ-hn-b-bpsS
am¿Pn-\n¬, t]Pv 713.
aploXzv ^nØzn∫v ˛ t]Pv 367
AIvkosd AAvZzw ˛ hmeyw 4, l°ow apl-ΩZv AAv-Zzw-
Jm≥ kmln- _ v , A¬ap- J m- X z_v _\m- Z znsa
Plm≥, t]Pv 331
Jdm-_m-Zo≥ aAv-kzqan ˛ A¬aAvkzqw _n≥ Ico-ap-±o≥
A¬iqkv{Xo iodm-kn.
DPm-esb \m^nb ˛ apl-ΩZv ico^v Zlve-hn, t]Pv 410.
Xzns∫ in_vco (_¬hm-an-Av in_vcnøx F∂pw t]cp-≠v)
˛ kønZv lpkbv≥ in_v¿ ImZzn-an, t]Pv.471)
aJvks\ kpebva
- m\n (A-Ik
v o¿ Ad_n F∂ {KŸ-Øns‚
hnh¿Ø-\w) ˛apl-ΩZv iwkp-±o≥ kmln_v
`mh¬]p-cn, t]Pv 599.
in^mD¬AwdmZv ˛ auem\m A¬ l°ow apl-ΩZv \p¿Icow,
t]Pv 282.
InXm_v AXzn∫v Zmdm-i-t°mln ˛ \qdp-±o≥ apl-ΩZv
A_vZp¬ l°ow sF\p¬ap¬°v A»o-dm-kn,
t]Pv 360.
an≥lm-Pp-±p-Im≥ _ ZkvXq-dp¬-AA
- vb
- m≥ ô AAva
- m¬
h X¿°o-_n-∂m-^nAx en¬ A_vZm≥ ˛ A^vem-
Øqs\ kam\ hd-bosk Ahm\m A_p¬an∂m
_n≥ A_o-\-kzvdn¬-AXzm A¬ Ckvdm-boen
A¬lm-dq\o (Pq-Z≥) t]Pv 86.
kp_-ZvØp-Øzn∫v ˛ køn-Zp¬-Camw A_p C_vdmlow

Ckvam-bo¬ _n≥ lk-\p¬lp-kbv\n A¬
P¿Pm\o t]Pv 182.
Xzns∫ AIv_¿ ˛ apl-ΩZv AIv_¿ A¿km-\o, t]Pv 242.
aokm-\p-Øzn∫v ˛ apl-ΩZv AIv_¿ A¿km-\o, t]Pv 152.
kZoZo ˛ dbo-kp¬ap-X-I-√n-ao≥ Cam-ap¬ apl-JvJn-
Jo≥ A -Zo-Zp¬ ImZvdq-\n, hmeyw 2, t]Pv 283.
lmho ˛ I_o¿ C_v\p kI-cnø ˛ N¿Ω-tcm-K-ßƒ
Jdm-_m-Zn≥ ˛ C_v\p X¬aoZv ˛ N¿ΩtcmK-ßƒ
Jdm-_m-Zn≥ ˛ C_v\p A_o-kzm-ZnJv ˛ N¿Ω-tcm-K-ßƒ
DZm-l-c-Wm¿∞w am{X-amWv Cu {KŸ-ß-fp-sS-sb√mw
t]cp-Iƒ ChnsS Ipdn-®n-´p-≈X - v. ]
- ≠ - p-Im-eß - f- n¬ apkvenw-
`-cW
- Ø- n≥ Iogn-ep≈ {][m\ hn⁄m-\t- I-{µ-ßf - n-se√mw
Cu {KŸ- ß ƒ ]Tn- ∏ n- ® p- h - ∂ n- c p- ∂ p- s h∂p ]fin- X -
∑m¿s°√mw hnin-jy, sshZy-hn-Zzm-∑m¿°v Adn-hp-≈X - m-Wv.
bqtdm-]y≥ hnZzm-∑m¿t]mepw Ah ]Tn-®n-´p-≠v. Cu {KŸ-
ßƒ ]Tn-®d- n™ e£-°W - °- n-\m-fp-Iƒ Hmtcm \q‰m-≠nepw
D≠m-bn-´p-s≠∂p ]d-™m¬ AsXm-cX - n-itbm-‡n-b√; Hcp
]c-am¿∞w am{X-am-Ip-∂p. Ah-cn¬ e£-°W - °- n-\m-fp-Iƒ
Ah Baq-em{Kw ]mcm-bWw sNbvXn-´p-≈-h-cp-a-s{X. ta¬
tN¿Ø enÃn¬ GXm\pw ]pkvX-I-ßsf Ipdn-s®-¶nepw
Adn-™p-Iq-Sm-Ø-h-cmbn bqtdm-∏n-sebpw Gjy-bn-sebpw
hnZzm-∑m-cn¬ Hcmfpw D≠m-bn-cn-°n-s√∂pw F\nbv°p Xd-
∏n®p ]d-bm≥ Ign-bpw. kvs]bn-\nepw Jkvt- Xm-Wn-bb - nepw
12
im≥{Xo-\nepw k¿∆-Ie - m-im-eI - f- p-≠m-bn-cp-∂t- ∏mƒ Ahn-
sS-\n∂p bqtdm-]y-∑m¿ _qAen ko\m-bpsS "Jm\q≥' F∂
al-Zv{K-Ÿh - pw˛ "a¿l-sa-Cukm' F∂ te]\w Xøm-dm-°p-
∂-Xn-\p≈ Nm¿Øv CXn¬ ImWmw˛ ùXn-I-im-kv{Xw,
tPymXn-im-kv{Xw, XØz-⁄m\w Ch kw_-‘n® in^m,

_nim-dØv XpS-ßnb {KŸ-ßfpw kIu-XpIw ]Tn-°p-Ibpw
]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp t]m∂n-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. C{]-Im-cw-
X-s∂, A_p-\kzv¿ ^mdm-_n, A_q-sd-lm≥, Ckvdm-bo¬,
Ym_nXv _n≥ Jp¿d, lp\bv≥ _n≥ CkvlmJv XpS-ßn-b-
h-cp-sS˛ hn⁄m-\-tX-P-]p-RvP-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p Ch-sc√mw!˛
IrXn-I-fpw, {Ko°n¬\n∂v Ah¿ hnh¿Ø\w sNbvX a‰p
IrXn-If - p-sa√mw ]Tn-∏n-°s - ∏-ń-cp-∂p. Ah-cpsS {KŸ-ßf - psS
X¿÷-a-Iƒ bqtdm-∏n¬ C∂pw {]Nm-c-Øn-ep-≠v. apkvenw
`c-W-I¿Øm-°ƒ, sshZy-im-kv{X-Øn¬ henb X¬]-c-cm-
bn-cp-∂X- n-\m¬, Ah¿ [mcmfw {Ko°v IrXn-If - psS hnh¿Ø-
\-ßƒ Xøm-dm-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. km{am-Py-hn-]p-eo-I-c-W-Øn-
tesd hn⁄m-\h - n-Xc
- W
- Ø
- n¬ ZØ-{i-≤c - m-bn-cp∂ cmPm-°-
∑m-cn-emWv Jnem-^Ø - ns‚ k¿∆m-[n-Imcw Gdn-bI - mew ka
¿∏n-Xa- m-bn-cp-∂X- p. C°m-cW - Ø- m-emWv Ah¿ {Ko°v {KŸ-
ß-fpsS Ad_n hnh¿Ø-\-ßƒ Xøm-dm-°n-b-Xn-\p-]p-d-sa,
C¥y-bn¬\n∂p henb henb lnµp-]-fin-X-∑msc £Wn-
®p-sIm-≠p-t]mbn òa-amb XpI-Iƒ {]Xn-^-e-ambn \evIn-
s°m≠v Ah-cp-sSbpw sshZy-im-kv{X-{K-Ÿß - fpw a‰p IrXn-
Ifpw X¿÷a sNøn-°p-Ibp-ap-≠m-bn- . BI-bm¬, bYm¿∞-
amb ⁄m\w tXSp-∂-h¿°v Ah-tcm-Sp≈ henb IS-∏m-Sp-
I-fn-sem∂p Ah¿ ""tbip-hns‚ te]\'' sØ∏‰n {]Xn-]m-
Zn-°p∂ eØo≥-˛-{Ko°v sshZy-im-kv{X-{K-Ÿ-ß-fpsS hnh
¿Ø-\-ßƒ Xøm-dm°n F∂p-≈-X-s{X. Cu te]-\u-j[w
tbip-hns‚ {hW-ß-fn¬ ]pc-´m≥th≠n Xøm-dm-°-s∏-ń-cp-
∂-Xm-sW∂ bmYm¿∞yw, sImØn-sh-®X - p-t]mse Ah-bn¬
tcJ-s∏-´p-In-S-°p-∂p-≠v. sshZy-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øn-\p-]p-dsa
ùXn-I-im-kv{X-Ønepw XØz-Nn-¥-bnepw AKm[ ]fin-X-
∑m-cm-bn-cp∂ Ym_n-Xv _n≥ Jp¿d, lpkbv≥ _n≥ Ckvlm
12. ^nkv]m-\nb AYhm A¥-eqkv; sIk-vat\m AYhm JkvX-tam-Wnb;
kXvte¿\w AYhm im≥{Xo≥. ˛ hnh:
Jv XpS-ßnb Ckvem-ans‚ ]gb {]Xm-]-Im-esØ hnZz¬

intcm-aW
- n-Iƒ "a¿lsa Cukm'sb Ipdn-®p≈ hnh-cW - a
- S- -
ßnb Jdm-_m-Zn≥ X¿÷a sNbvX-t∏mƒ {Ko°v `mj-bn-
ep≈ Jdm-_m-Zn≥ F∂ Huj[n \n¿ΩmW imkv{X-{K-Ÿ-
Øn¬ \n∂m-WXp hnh¿Ø\w sNbvX-sX∂ kqN-\sb
imiz¬°-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n "«oJm' F∂ {Ko°vi_vZw
AtX-]Sn Ad-_n-bn¬ \ne-\ndpØn-bXp _p≤n-]q¿∆-I-am-
bn-cn-°p-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠-s{X, an°-hmdpw F√m {KŸ-ß-fn
epw "«oJm' F∂ ]Zhpw ImW-s∏-Sp-am-dm-b-Xv.
CXn-s\-√mw-]p-dsa Ncn-{X-Ønse cl-ky-hk - vXp-XI - sf
]pd-Øp-sIm-≠p-hc - p-∂X- n¬ ]pcm-X\- \ - m-Wy-ßfpw a‰pw hne-
s∏´ sXfn-hp-If - m-bn-cn-°p-∂p-s≠-¶n-epw, Zi-e£ - ° - W - ° - n¬
P\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ hnhn[ Ime-ß-fn-embn Adn-b-s∏-´p-t]m-
∂Xpw henb henb hn⁄m-\-tI-{µ-ß-fn¬ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-
ß-fmbn AwKo-Ic - n-°s - ∏-Sp-Ibpw Ct∏mgpw Aßs\ XpS¿∂p-
h-cn-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xp-amb B {]mNo\ {KŸ-ßƒ, \mWy-
ß-tf-°mfpw sImsØ-gp-Øp-Itf-°mfpw BbncwaSßv hne-
tb-dn-bX
- m-sW∂p a\- n-em-t°-≠X - p-≠v. \mWy-ßf - p-sSbpw
sImsØ-gp-Øp-If - p-sSbpw Imcy-Øn¬ Ir{Xn-aß - ƒ°v km≤y-
X-bp-≠v. cN-\m-Imew apXev°p- {]kvXpX hn⁄m\{K-Ÿ-
ßƒ e£-°-W-°n-\m-fp-I-fn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-am-dm-IpI-bpw,
F√m P\-X-Ifpw Ct∂-hsc kq£n®pw kwc-£n®pw hcn-
Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≈-XpX-s∂ \mW-b-ßƒ°pw sImsØ-gp-
Øp-Iƒ°pw AXn-t\mSp Hcp Xmc-Xa - y-hp-an-s√-∂X- n-tebv°p
ZrjvSm-¥a- m-bn-cn-°p-∂p-≠.v _qA-en- ko-\m-bpsS (Avicenna) "Jm
\q≥' F∂ {KŸ-tØ°mfpw {]kn-≤nbpw {]am-Wyhp ap≈
GsX-¶nepw \mW-btØtbm sImsØ-gp-Øn-t\tbm Ipdn-
®p, Ign-bp-sa-¶n¬ Bsc-¶nepw ]d™pXcs´! Npcp-°Ø - n¬,
"tbip-hns‚ te]\w kXymt\zjIsc kw_‘n ®nStØm
fw AXn{][m\amsbmcp sXfn-hm-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Cu
km£ysØ Ahn-iz-kn-°m-sa¶n¬, Ncn-{X-]-c-amb F√m

km£y-ß-sfbpw A∏Sn Xt≈-≠n-h-cpw. Fs¥-∂m¬ "a¿
lsa Cukm' sb°pdn-®p≈ ]cm-a¿i-a-S-ßnb AØcw
{KŸ-ßf - psS FÆw Bbn-cØ - n-ep-a[
- nIw hcp-sa∂ hkvXp-
X-bv°p-]p-dsa B {KŸßfpw Ah-bpsS cN-bn-Xm-°fpw
Zi-e-£-°-W-°n-\m-fp-I-fn¬ ]pIƒs]-‰-h-cp-a-s{X. DZm-Ø
amb, efn-Xa - m-b, kpi-‡a - mb Cu sXfn-hns\ \ncm-Ic - n-°p-
∂-bmƒ°v Ncn-{X-]-cmb F√m sXfn-hp-Itfbpw X≈n-°-f-
tb-≠n-hc - p-∂X - m-Wv. C{Xbpw {]_-ea - mb Cu km£ysØ
Ifh-m-°m≥ Hcmƒ°v Ign-bptam? bqtdm-∏nepw Gjy-bn-ep-
sa√mw {]N-cn®p Ign-™X - pw, PqXcpw {InkvXycpw aPq-kn-I
fpw apkvenw-If - p-amb FÆ-s∏´ XØz-Nn-¥I - ∑
- m-cpsS {]kvXm-
h-\I- sf Bkv]Z- a - m-°n-bn-´p-≈X- p-amb Cu I\Ø km£y-
Øn¬ \ap°v kwibw {]I-Sn-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-sX-ßs\?
kpa-\- p-I-fmb Kth-j-I-∑m¿ H∂n-hnsS {i≤n-°s´:
Cu DZm-Øa- mb ZrjvSm-¥Ø - n-tebv°v Ah¿ HmSn-bS- p-°p-Ibpw
AXn-s\-°p-dn®p ]cn-Nn-¥n-°p-Ibpw sNøs´! C{Xbpw Pm÷z-
ey-am-\-amb Hcp km£ysØ Ah¿°v Ah-K-Wn-°m-s\m-
°ptam? Cu kXy-Øns‚ "kqcy-'\n¬\n∂p \mw "Poh≥'
Dƒs°m-t≈-≠-Xs√? ZuXy-Øn\p aptº tbip-hn\p Nne
]cn-°p-Iƒ G‰n-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°m-sa∂pw AY-hm, ZuXy-
Im-eØp Ft∏mtgm ]‰nb Nne apdn-hp-If - m-bn-cn°mw AsX
∂pw {Iqip-kw-`h
- Ø
- n-ep-≠mb {hW-ßƒ As√-∂pw, At±l-
Øn\p hogvN ]‰n-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°m-sa∂pw Cu hogvNb - nep≠mb
]cn-°p-Iƒ°pth≠n {]kvXpX te]\w Xøm-dm-°n-bn-cp-∂-
Xm-hm-sa∂pw a‰pw Xń-aq-fn-°p-∂Xp Akw-_‘ - a - s
- {X. Fs¥-
∂m¬, ZuXy-Øn-\p-aptº At±-l-Øn\p injy-∑m-cmcpw
D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√; Cu te]-\s - Ø-°p-dn-®p≈ ]cm-a¿i-Øn¬
Øs∂ At∏m-kvXe∑msc∏‰nbpw ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. Cu {KŸ-
ß-fn-se√mw "«oJm' F∂ {Ko°v ]Zw ImWmw. CXn-s\√mw
]pd-sa, tbip-hns‚ Pohn-X-kw-`-h-ß-sf√mw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-

bn-cn-°p-amdv At±lw ZuXy-Øn-\p-aptº Hcp {]kn≤ hy‡n-
bmbn Icp-Xs - ∏-ń-cp-∂p-an√. aq∂-cs - °m-√sØ At±l-Øns‚
ZuXy-Im-eØ - n-\n-Sb - n-em-Is
- ´, Ipcn-ip-kw-`h - a- √
- msX as‰-s¥-
¶nepw A]-IS- Ø - n¬ At±lw AI-s∏-Sp-Itbm NX-thev°p-
Itbm sNbvXX - mbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øs - ∏-ń-ń-√X- m-\pw. C\n, as‰-
s¥-¶nepw Imc-WØ - m-emWv tbip-hn\p B {hW-ßƒ D≠m-
b-sX∂p Bsc-¶nepw A`n-{]m-bs - ∏-Sp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ A°mcyw
sXfn-bn-t°≠ `mcw Ah¿°m-Wt√m! F∂m¬, Rßƒ ]d-
bp∂ kw`-ha - m-Is
- ´, PqX∑m¿t°m {InkvXym-\n-Iƒt°m \n
tj-[n-°m≥ km[n-°mØhn[w kpÿm-]n-Xhpw kpk-ΩX - -
hp-at- {X. AXm-bXp {Iqip kw`hw! tbip-hn\p at‰-sX-¶nepw
hn[-Øn¬ ]cn-°p-It- f-‰n-´p-s≠∂ kwKXn GXm-bmepw Ncn-
{X-tc-J-IƒsIm≠v Dd-∏n-°-s∏-ń-ń-√. AXpsIm≠v, CØ-c-
samcp Zp¿\ymbw sIm≠p-hc - p-∂Xp t_m [-]q¿∆w Adn™p
sIm≠pXs∂, kXy-am¿K-Øn¬\n∂p hyXn-N-en-°-em-Wv.
GXmZr-i-amb Pev]-\-ßsf ap≥\ndpØn X≈n-°-f-bm≥
am{Xw \n m-c-a√ ChnsS D∂-bn-°-s∏-ń-´p≈ sXfn-sh∂p
Hm¿t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
Ct∏mgpw {]mNo-\-{K-Ÿ-ß-fpsS Isø-gp-Øp-{]-Xn-Iƒ
ImWmw. _qA-en- ko-\m-bpsS "Jm\q≥' F∂ {KŸ-Øns‚
Hcp Isø-gp-Øp-{]Xn A°m-e-sØ-gp-Xn-bXp Fs‚ ]°-ep-
ap-≠v. AXn\m¬, C{Xbpw kv^Sn-Ikam-\a - mb sXfn-hns\
hen-s®-dn-bp-∂Xp Atß-b‰ - sØ A\o-Xn-bm-bn-cn°pw; A√,
kXysØ sR°n-s°m-√p-∂-Xn\p Xpey-a-t{X. CXn-s\-°p-
dn®p ho≠pw ho≠pw Btem-Nn-°p-hn≥; Kl-\-ambn Nn¥n-
°p-hn≥! Cu {KŸ-ßƒ PqX∑m-cp-sSbpw aPq-kn-If - p-sSbpw
{InkvXym-\n-If- p-sSbpw Ad-_n-If
- p-sSbpw t]¿ky°m-cp-sSbpw
{Ko°p-Im-cp-sSbpw tdma-°m-cp-sSbpw P¿a≥Im-cp-sSbpw {^
©pIm-cp-sSbpw ]°epw At∏m-se-Xs∂ a‰p bqtdm-]y≥
cmPy-ß-fn-sebpw Gjybn-sebpw ]pcm-X-\-{K-Ÿm-e-b-ß-fn
epw Ct∏mgpw ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Hcp \n-tj-[n-bpsS IÆ-

©n-∏n-°p-amdv HfnNnX-dp∂ Cu km£y-Øn¬\n∂v apJw
Xncn-®p-I-f-bp-∂Xp HuNn-Xy-amtWm? Cu {KŸ-ß-sf√mw
apkvenw-If - m¬ am{Xw hnc-Nn-Xß - f - m-sW-¶n¬, Ckvemw-aX - m-
\p-bm-bn-Iƒ am{X-amWv Ch kq£n-®p-t]m-∂n-´p-≈s - X-¶n¬,
{InkvXp-aX-Øn-s\-Xn-sc D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm≥th≠n Ah-
sb√mw apkvenw-Iƒ Ir{Xn-aa - mbn \n¿Ωn® tcJ-If - m-sW∂p
]d-™p-X≈ - m≥ Xøm-dm- I - p-∂h - s - cbpw It≠-b° v p-am-bn-cp-∂p.
F∂m¬, Rm≥ hgnsb hnh-cn-°m≥ t]mIp∂ Imc-Wß - ƒ
s°√mw ]pd-sa, AØcw Hcp Ir{Xn-at- c-Jm-\n¿Ωm-W° - p‰w
apkvenw-I-fn¬ Btcm-]n-®p-Iq-Sm-Ø-Xm-sW∂ bmYm¿∞y
sØ ]cn-KW - n-°p-tºmgpw AXp ASn-ÿm-\c - l
- n-Xa - m-sW∂p
]d-bmsX \nh¿Øn-bn-√. Fs¥-∂m¬ {InkvXym-\n-Is - f-t∏m
se apkvenw-Ifpw hniz-kn-®p-t]m-∂n-´p-≈Xv Ipcn-ip-kw-`-h-
Øn-\p-tijw DS≥Xs∂ tbip AYhm Cukm-\-_n(A)
BIm-i-tØbv°pb¿∂p-t]m-sb-∂s{X! CXn-\pw-]p-d-sa,
tbip-hns\ Ipcn-in¬ Xd-®X - mtbm Ipcn-ip-kw-`h - sØ XpS
¿∂p AØcw ]cn-°p-Iƒ tbip-hn-\p-≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xmtbm
apkvenw-Iƒ hniz-kn-°p-∂p-an-√. F∂n-cn-s°, Xß-fpsS
hnizm-k-Øn\p hn]-co-X-ambn Adn-™p-sIm≠p Ah¿°v
B kwK-Xn-Iƒ I‰p-sI-ń-bp-≠m-°m≥ Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂-sX-
ßs\? C{X-bp-a√ - , "tbip-hns‚ te]\w' kw_-‘n® Nm¿
Øpw Cu te]\w tbip-hn\p-th≠n At∏m-kX v e- ∑- m¿ Xøm-
dm-°n-bn-cp-∂X - m-sW∂ hnh-cW - hpaS-ßnb Cu sshZy-{KŸ-
ßƒ eØo-\nepw {Ko°nepw cNn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw e£-°-W-
°n-\m-fp-Iƒ°n-Sb - n¬ {]N-cn-Xa - m-IpIbpw sNbvXp-Xp-Sß - nb
ImeØp Ckvemw-aXw temIØp Bhn¿-`h - n-®n-´p-Xs∂ D≠m-
bn-cp-∂n-√. PqX-∑mcpw {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw apkvenw-Ifpw aPq-
kn-If - p-am-Is´ aX-]c - a
- mb At\ym\yw FXn¿Øp-t]m-∂n-´p-
≈-hc - p-as- {X. BI-bm¬, Ah¿ Xß-fpsS {KŸ-ßf - n¬ Cu
te]-\s - Ø-∏‰n {]kvXm-hn®psh∂ hkvXp-Xbpw kz¥w aX-
hn-izm-kß - s - f-t∏mepw Ah¿ C°m-cy-Øn¬ KWyam-°p-∂n-

s√∂ bmYm¿∞yhpw hy‡-ambn sXfn-bn-®p-Xc - p-∂Xp Cu
te]-\-Øns‚ Xøm-dn∏v Hcp kap-Zm-b-Øn\pw P\-Xbv°pw
\ntj-[n-°m-\m-hm-Øh - n[w A{X-tbsd kp{]-kn-≤a - msbmcp
kXy-hk - vXp-Xb - mbn AwKo-Ic - n-°s- ∏-ń-cp-∂p-sh-∂t- {X. \q‰p-
°W-°mb {KŸ-ßf - n¬ {]kvXm-hn-°s - ∏-ń-´p-≈Xpw hnhn[
cmjv{S-ßf - nse e£-°W - ° - n-\m-fp-Iƒ°n-Sb - n¬ Adn-bs - ∏-
ń-´p-≈-Xp-amb Cu Huj-[-°p-dn-∏n¬\n-∂p, hmKvZØ ako-
lns‚ {]Xy-£I - mewhsc, Cu Hcp P\-hn-`m-KØ - n-\pw-Xs∂
apX-se-Sp-°m≥ tXm∂n-bn-ń-s√-∂Xp t\cm-Wt- √m, AXn\m¬,
{Iqin-ep≈ hnizm-ksØ XI¿°p∂ Cu D÷z-e-Zr-jvSm-
¥hpw kXyw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ \ymb-hm-Zhpw hmKvZ-Ø-a-
ko-lp-Xs∂ temIØn\p hnh-cn-®p-sIm-Sp-°-Wsa-∂mWv
ssZhw C—n-®n-cp-∂Xp ˛ hn[n-®n-cp-∂Xp ˛ F∂p kΩ-Xn-
°p-Itb \ap°v \n¿∆m-l-ap-≈q. Fs¥-∂m¬, hmKvZ-Ø-a-
kolv temIØp shfn-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-hsc Ipcn-ip-aXw Xf-cp-
Itbm AXns‚ ]ptcm-K-Xnsb XS-bm-\m-hp-Itbm sNøpI-
bn-s√∂p \-_n(-k) {]h-Nn-®n-´p-≠v. "kzeo_sb apdn-°¬'
hmKvZ-Ø-a-kolv aptJ-\-bmWv km[n-t°-≠n-bn-cp-∂Xpw!
hmKvZ-Ø-a-ko-lns‚ ImeØv Ipcn-ip-kw-`-h-Øns‚ kXy-
h-kvXp-X-I-sf√mw ]pd-Øp-h-cp-∂-Xn-\p≈ kml-N-cy-ßƒ
ssZhw Hcp-°p-sa-∂s{X Cu {]h-N\ - Ø
- n-eS- ß
- n-bn-´p≈ kqN-
\. ]ns∂-bmWv A¥yw hs∂-Øp-I. Ipcn-ip-aX - Ø- ns‚ Imem-
h[n AtXmsS Ah-km-\n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. F∂m-eXp B
{Im-aI- a
- mb bp≤w aptJ-\b - √; ]ns∂tbm? \ymb-hm-Zß - f - p-
sSbpw I≠p-]n-Sn-Øß - f - p-sSbpw cq]-Øn¬ temIØp shfn-
s∏-Sp∂ ssZhn-Ik - m-lN - c
- y-ßf - m¬Ø-s∂. _pJm-cn-bnepw
a‰pw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb lZo-Yns‚ Xm¬]-cyhpw CX-t{X. AXp
sIm≠v, hmKvZØ - a- k - olv shfn-s∏-Sp∂ Imew-hsc Cu ZrjvSm-
¥-ßfpw \n¿Æm-bI - k - m-£y-ßf - p-sa√mw kpKp-]vXß - f- m-bn-
cn-t°-≠Xp A\p-t]-£-Wo-b-am-bn-cp-∂p. Aß-s\-Xs∂
kw`-hn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. hmKvZØ - ] - p-cp-js‚ {]mZp

¿`m-h-tØmsS C\n-b-tßm´p P\-ß-fpsS IÆp-Iƒ Xpd-°-
s∏-Sp-Ibpw Nn¥-I∑ - m-sc√mw {]kvXpX {]iv\s - Ø-°p-dn®p
Nn¥n-®p-Xp-S-ßp-Ibpw sNøpw. Fs¥-∂m¬, ssZh-Øns‚
akolv sh-fn-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p! _p≤n-i-‡n-Iƒs°√mw C\n
Iq¿aw Iqt´-≠X - p-≠p. lrZ-bß - ƒ {i≤m-_≤ - ß - f - m-bn-cn-°-
s´. t]\-Iƒ Du¿÷-kz-e-ß-fmbn Nen-®p-Xp-S-ßp-Ibpw
thWw. kZr-Ø∑ - m-cmb kXym-flm-°ƒ°v Xncn-®d- nhv {]Zm\w
sNø-s∏-Spw. hn\-bi - o-es
- c√mw hnth-Ii - m-en-If - m-bn-Øo-cpw.
Fs¥-∂m¬, kz¿§-Øn¬ Xnf-ßn-hn-fß - p-∂Xp `qan-sbbpw
{]Zo-]vX-am-°m-Xn-cn-°n-√. Cu {]Im-c-Øn¬ ]¶p e`n°p-∂-
h-\mtcm Ah-\s{X A\p-Kr-lo-X\pw `mKy-hm\pw! Ime-Øn-
et√m êw Imbv°m-d.v At∏m-se-Xs∂ X°-ka - b
- Øv Znhy-
{]-Im-ihpw shfn-s∏-Sp-∂p. \n›n-XI - m-eØ - n-\p-aptº AXns\
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-hm≥ B¿°pw Bhn-√. Ah-X-cn-°p-tºmƒ
AXns\ XS- -s∏-S-pØm\pw B¿°pw km≤y-a-√. A`n-{]m-
b-hy-Xym-kß - fpw X¿°-hn-X¿°-ßf - p-sa√mw D≠m-Ipw. F
¥m-bm-epw, HSp-hn¬ kXyw hnPbn-°pIXs∂thWw. F¥p-
sIm-s≠-∂m¬, CsXm∂pw a\p-jys‚ ]Wn-b√ - . a\p-jy-]p-
{X\v CXn¬ Hcp Iøpw C√! ˛ EXp-°-fn¬ hyXym-k-ap-≠m-
°p-∂ Xpw ka-b-ßsf Nen-∏n-°p-∂Xpw ]I-ens\ cmhpw
cmhns\ ]I-ep-am-°p-∂Xpw Btcm B ssZh-Øn¬\n-∂p-
≈-Xs{X CsX√mw˛ Ah≥ A‘-Im-csØ ]S-®p, F¶nepw
{]Im-isØ CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂p. "in¿°v' (A\ymcm[\) tem
IØp \ne-\n-∂p-sIm-≈m≥ Ah-\-\p-h-Zn-°p∂p; F¶nepw
"Xulo-Zn's\˛G-Is - sZ-hX - Ø
- zsØ Ah≥ kvt\ln-°p-∂p.
Xs‚ alna a‰m¿s°-¶nepw hn´p-sIm-Sp-°m≥ Ah≥ C—n-
°p-∂n√! a\p-jy≥ ]nd-hn-sb-Sp-Ø-\mƒ sXm´p, temI-Øp-
\n-∂v Ah≥ C\n A{]-Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ \mƒhsc ssZhw
Xulo-Zn-s\-˛A - h - s‚ GI-Xz-sØ˛ \ne-bp-d∏ - n-°p∂p F∂-
Xs{X ssZhn-I\ - o-Xn. a\p-jym-cm-[\ - t- bbpw as‰√m hn{K-lm-
cm-[\- t- bbpw XpS-®p-\o-°p-hm\pw ssZhm-cm-[\ - sb kwÿm-

]n-°p-hm-\pam-bn-´ t√m kIe {]hm-N-I-∑m-scbpw ssZhw
t{]jWw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂X - .v "em Ceml C√-√mlv!' (A√m
lp A√msX as‰m-cm-cm-[y-\n-√) F∂ Znhy-a{¥w kz¿K-Øn-
se∂t]mse `qan-bnepw {]Im-in-°p-am-dm-Im-\s{X Ah-sc√mw
]mSp-s]-´-Xv. Cu Znhy-kq{Xw Pm÷zeyam-\-ambn {]tim-`n-
°p-am-dm-Im≥ k¿t∆m-]-cn-bmb kw`m-h-\-I-f¿∏n-®-Xm-tcm,
bp‡n-\ym-bß - f - mepw Znhy-i‡ - n-If - mepw s]mbvssZ-hß- f- p
sS \nt›-X-\-XzsØ Xpd-∂p-Im-´p-Ibpw Ah-bpsS s]m≈-
Øcw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXX - m-tcm, Aßs\ F√mw
kpÿm-]n-X-am-°n-°-gn-™-ti-jw, em Ceml Ce-√mlp
apl-Ω-Zp¿d-kq-ep-√m-lv, (A-√mlp A√msX as‰m-cm-cm-[y-
\n-√, apl-ΩZv Ahs‚ {]hm-N-I-\-s{X) F∂ a{¥-Xqcyw
apg-°n-s°m≠v Xs‚bm \n¿Æm-bI - h - n-Pb
- Ø
- ns‚ \nXy-kva-
cW \ne-bp-d∏ - n-®X- mtcm B almflmhs{X B F√m {]hm-
N-I∑- m-cnepw At{K-kc - ≥, ipjvIi - q-\y-amb Hcp shdpw ap{Zm-
hm-Iy-am-bn-´√ "em Ceml C√-√mlv' F∂v B a - lmflmhv
tLmjn-®-Xv. ]ns∂-tbm, BZy-a-t±lw sXfn-hp-I-sf-√mw- \n-
c-Øn-sh®p; A‘-hn-izm-k-ß-fpsS B_-≤y-ßsf Xpd-∂p-
Im-Wn-®p. F∂n´p Xß-fpsS {]Xm-]sØ XI¿°p-Ibpw {]`m-
hsØ \new-]c - n-im-°p-Ibpw sNbvX B kXyssZ-hØ - n\p
]pdsa as‰m-cm-cm-[y-\n-s√∂p I¨Xp-d∂pt\m°m≥ P\-ß-
tfm-Sv B -]pWymflmhv Blzm\w sNbvXp. Cu kpÿm-]n-
X-amb bmYm¿∞y-Øns‚ kvamc-I-sa-t∂mWw B DZm-Ø-
amb Znhy-kq{Xw B Znhym-flmhv ]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
AXs{X; "em Ceml C√-√m-lp, apl-Ω-Zp¿d-kq-ep-√mlv'
F∂ Iena!
A[ymbw˛ 4
(Ncn{X{KŸßfn¬\n∂v \ap°v e`n® sXfnhpIƒ)
Cu A[ymbØn¬ hnhn[ coXnbnep≈ sXfnhpIfp≠v. AXn\m¬

hy‡amb {IaoIcWØn\v \mw CXns\ hnhn[ Imfißfmbn
Xncn®ncn°p∂p.
H∂mw Imfiw
tbiphns‚ k©mcsØ ÿm]n°p∂ CkvemanI
{KŸßfn¬\ns∂SpØn´p≈ sXfnhpIƒ
tbip k©m-cn-If
- psS Xe-h≥
t]¿ky≥ `mj-bn-ep≈ hn{ip-X-N-cn-{X-{K-Ÿ-amb "duZ-
Øp- z-^m-'bn¬ 130-˛135 t]PpI-fn¬ ImWp∂ Nne kwK-
Xn-Iƒ NphsS hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp tN¿Øp-˛-sIm-≈p-∂p.
"Cu-km-\_ - n°v akolv F∂ t]¿ \evIs - ∏-´Xv At±lw
hen-sbmcp k©m-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂X - p-sIm-≠m-W.v At±lw tcma-
\n¿an-Xa
- mb inc-km-Sbpw Iºn-fn-b¶ - nbpamWv [cn-°m-dp-≠m-
bn-cp-∂Xv. Iøn¬ Hcp Du∂p-h-Snbpw D≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p.
At±lw cmPym-¥-c-ß-fnepw \K-cw-tXmdpw Np‰n-Øn-cn-™p-
t]m-∂p. k‘y-bm-bm¬ FØn-bSw hn{i-an-°pw. h\-k-ky-
ßƒ `£n-°p-Ibpw tNme-sh≈w IpSn-°p-Ibpw ]Z-bm{X
\S-Øp-Ib - p-amWv sNbvXn-cp-∂X - .v Hcp bm{X-bn¬ At±-lØ - n-
\p-th≠n Iq´p-Im¿ Hcp IpXn-csb hmßn. Hcp Znhkw
At±lw IpXn-c-∏p-dØv khmcn \S-Øn. IpXn-cbv°p Xo‰
sImSp-°m-\p≈ hI ImWm-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v AXns\ Xncn-
®p\evIp-Ib - m-Wp-≠m-bX - v. \mń¬\n∂v bm{X]pd-s∏´p \qdp-
I-W-°n¬ \mgn-I-b-Ise \ko-_bv≥ F∂n-SØv At±lw
FØn-t®¿∂p. At±-lØ - ns‚ IqsS-Øs∂ GXm\pw injy-
∑mcpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ahsc At±lw \K-cØ - n¬ D]-tZ-in-

°m≥ \ntbm-Kn-®p. \K-c-Øn¬ tbip-hn-s\bpw amXm-hn-s\
bpw ]‰n bYm¿∞hpw Ab-Ym¿∞-hp-amb Ht´sd {]kvXm-
h-ßƒ {]N-cn-®n-cn-°-pIbm-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-Im-cWw \K-c-`-c-
Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ injysc _‘-\ÿ - c - m-°p-Ibpw tbip-hns\
lmP-cm-°m≥ Iev]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tbip Nne-cpsS tcmK-
ßƒ A¤p-XI - c- a
- mbn kpJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw a‰p Nne Z- n-hym-
¤p-Xß- ƒ ImWn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXns\ XpS¿∂p \ko-
_bv≥ {]tZ-isØ cmPmhv ssk\y-ßt- fmSpw P\-ßt- fmSpw
H∏w At±-l-Øns‚ injy-cm-bn-Øo¿∂p. Jp¿-B-\nse
`£ym-hX - c- W
- I- Y Cu bm{X-If - n-te-Xm-Wv.'
CXmWv "duZØp- ^ - m-'bnse hnh-cW - Ø - ns‚ Npcp-°w.
{KŸ-I¿Ømhv tbip ImWn-®-Xm-bp≈ bp‡n-c-ln-Xhpw
A¿Y-iq-\y-hp-amb Ht´sd A¤p-XI - r-Xy-ßs - f-∏‰n ]d-bp-∂p-
≠v. Ak--Xy-ßfpw AXn-h¿Æ-\-I-fp-sa√mw hn´p-I-f™p
tbip Xs‚ bm{X-bv°n-S-bn¬ \ko-_bv\nseØn-t®¿∂p
sh∂p a\- n-em-°n-Øc - p∂ ASn-ÿm-\h - k- vXp-Xb - n¬am{Xw
{i≤ £Wn-®p-sIm-≈s - ´. Cw•o-jp-`q-]S- ß - f - n¬ \nkn_kv
(Nisibus) F∂p ImWn-®n-´p≈ \ko_-b≥ v , apkq-fn\pw (Mosul)
kndnbbv°panS-bn-emWv ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂X - .v kndn-bb - n¬\n∂p
t]¿jy-bn-te-°p≈ bm{X-bn¬ bcp-it- e-an\p 450 \mgnIbI-
se-bp≈ \ko_bv-\n-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-I-Ww. \ko-_bv-\n-
¬\n∂v 48 \mgnIbpw bcpit-ea - n¬\n∂v 500 \mgn-Ibpw AI-
se-bmWv apkqƒ. apkq-fn¬\n∂v 100 \mgn-I -am-{Xsa t]¿
jy≥ AXn¿Øn-bn-te°p Zqc-ap-≈q. F∂p-h® - m¬, \ko_bv-
\n¬\n∂v 150 \mgnI am{Xw. t]¿jy-bpsS Ing-°≥ AXn¿
Øn A^vKm-\n-kX v m-\nse lndmØv (Herat) ]-´W - t- Øm SpsXm
´mWv ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂X - .v AXm-bX - v lndmØv, A^vKm-\n-kX v m
s‚ ]Sn-™m-d≥ AXn¿Øn-bn¬ t]¿jy≥ {]tZ-iØ - n-∂S- p-
Ømbn InS-°p-∂p. t]¿jy-bpsS ]Sn-™m-d≥ AXn¿Øn-
bn¬\n∂v lndm-Øn-tebv°p 900 \mgn-I-h-cpw. lndm-Øn¬

\n∂v Jbv_¿ ]m n-tebv°p 500 \mgn-I-bmWv Zqcw. tbip
k©-cn® am¿§w ImWn-°p∂ `q]Sw t\m°pI.
Iivaocnte°p≈
Cukm\_nbpsS k©mcam¿§w
e≠≥ \nhmknbmb _bv≥a¿ F∂bmƒ 1650¬ Cw•ojn¬ X¿÷a sNbvX bp.kn._n.

Fkv.F ss{IkvXh bq\m\n Ncn{Xw F∂ {KŸØns‚ BZy A[ymbw 14˛mw ImfiØn¬ Hcp
IØp≠v. CXn¬\n∂pw a\ nemIp∂Xv A_vtKcokv F∂ cmPmhv ^ndmØv \ZnbpsS A°
sc\n∂v lZvdØv Cukm(A)sb Xs‚ ASptØ°v £Wn®psh∂mWv. A_vtIcokv lZvdØv Cu
kmbv°v Ab® IØpw lZvdØv CukmbpsS adp]Snbpw Ifhpw AXnitbm‡n \nd™Xpam
sW¶nepw blqZnIfpsS t{Zmlw Adn™ B cmPmhv X\n°v hnhcw \evIm\mWv lZvdØv Cukm
sb hnfn®ncp∂sX∂ bmYm¿∞yw a\ nemIp∂p≠v. At±lw kXy{]hmNI\msW∂ hnNmcw
cmPmhn\p≠mbncp∂p.
tbip Iivao-cn-te°v
Iivao-cn-te-bv°p≈ bm{X-bn¬ tbip Ah-ew-_n® k
©m-c]- YamWv ]S-Øn¬ ImWn-®n-´p-≈Xv. i¬a≥Z¿ cm Pmhv
taZy-mbn-tebv°v XS-hp-Im-cmbn \mSp-I-S-Ønb C{kmtb¬
°msc I≠p-ap-´p-Ib - m-bn-cp∂p Cu bm{X-bpsS Dt±-iyw. {Inkv
Xym-\n-Iƒ {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Ønb `q]-S-ß-fn¬ taZy-m, Jn¿kv
IS-en∂p (Azov) sX°p≈ {]tZ-i-am-bn-´mWv ImWn-®n-´p-≈-
Xv. Cu {]tZiw Ct∏mƒ t]¿ky (C-dm≥) Bbn Adn-bs - ∏-
Sp-∂p. t]¿ky-bpsS Ing-°≥ AXn¿Øn A^vKm-\n-kvXm-
t\mSp sXm´p-In-S-°p-∂p. sX°p-`m-KØv ISepw ]Sn-™mdv
Xp¿°n-km-{am-Pyhpw ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p. duZØp z^mbnse
hnh-cWw icn-bm-sW-¶n¬ \ko-_bv-\n¬ \n∂v t]¿ky-bn-
eqsS A^vKm-\n-kvXm-\n-tebv°p hcm\pw A^vKm-\n-Iƒ
F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-bs - ∏-´p-t]m-∂n-cp∂ ImWm-Xm-b PqZ-∑msc
kXy-Øn-tebv°v £Wn-°m\pamWv tbip Dt±-in-®n-cp-∂s - X-
∂mWv a\- n-em-Ip-∂X - v. "A^vKm≥' F∂ ]Zw ln{_p-hn¬
\n∂v \njv]- ∂- a
- m-Wv. [oc≥ F∂¿∞ap≈ hm°mWv CXn
s‚ aqew. Xß-fpsS {]`m-h-Im-eØv Ah¿ kzoI-cn-®-Xm-bn-
cn-°Ww Cu t]¿.13
Npcp-°-Øn¬, A^vKm-\nkvXm-\n-eqsS Cukm(A) ]
©m_nte°v h∂p. ]©m_pw lnµp-kvXm-\pw kµ¿in®v
]n ∂oSv Iivao-cn-tebv°p t]mIpI F∂Xmbncp∂p Dt±iyw.
Nn {Xmƒ tÃ‰pw ]©m-_ns‚ Hcp `mKhpamWv Iivao-cns\
A ^vKm-\n-kvXm-\n¬\n∂p th¿Xn-cn-bv°p-∂X
- v. A^vKm-\n-
kvXm-\n¬ \n∂p Iivao-cn-tebv°p Hcmƒ ]©m-_n-eqsS
13. Pq-Z∑
- m¿ Ah-km-\sØ {]hm-NI - \n¬ hniz-kn-°p∂ ]£w Ipsd IjvSm-
\p-`h
- ß- ƒ°ptijw Ah¿°v cmP-Xzhpw `c-Wm-[n-Im-chpw \evIs - ∏-Sp-sa∂p
Xud-mØn¬ Hcp {]h-N\w D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. bn{km-tb-ey-cnse ]Øp tKm{X-
ßƒ Ckvemw Ah-ew-_n-®t- XmsS Cu hmKvZØw ]pe¿∂p. AXpsIm≠mWv
A^vKm-\n-kvXm-\n-I-fnepw Iivao-cn-I-fnepw {]`m-h-im-en-I-fmb cmPm-°-∑m¿
D≠mb-X.v
bm{X sNøp-tºmƒ 80 \mgn-Itbm 130 ssatem Zqcw k©cn-

t°-≠n- h-cpw.
tbip A^vKm-\n-kvXm≥ hgn k©-cn-°m≥ \n›-bn-®Xv
_p≤n-]q¿∆-Ia - m-bn-cp-∂p. A^vKm-\n-Isf∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-
s∏´ ImWm-sX-t]mb blq-Z-tKm-{X-ßƒ°v AXp-sIm≠v
KpW-ap-≠m-Ip-sa-∂-t±lw Icp-Xn. Iivao-cns‚ Ing-°≥
AXn¿Øn Xn_-Øn-t\mSp tN¿∂p ap´p-∂p. Iivao-cn¬\n∂v
At±-lØ - n\v \njv{]-bmkw Xn_-Øn-se-Ømw. ]©m-_n¬
{]th-in-®-tijw Iivao-cn-tebvt°m Xn_-Øn-tebvt°m
t]mIp-∂X - n-\p-aptº lnµp-kX v m-\nse {][m-\ ÿ - e - ß
- f- nepw
Np‰n-k-©-cn-°m≥ At±-l-Øn\p {]bm-k-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.
AXpsIm≠v, Cu cmPy-Ønse Nne ]pcm-X\ Ncn-{X-tc-JI - -
fn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ {]Imcw tbip t\∏mƒ, _\m-dkv XpS-
ßn-b- ÿe-ßƒ I≠n-cn-°m≥ hfsc km≤y-Xb - p-≠v. PΩp-
h-gntbm dmh¬]n≠n am¿§-Øntem Iivao-cn-te°v t]mbn-cn-
°Ww. At±lw Hcp ioX-cm-Py-Ønse Bfm-I-bm¬ Cu
{]tZ-iß - f- n¬ ssiXy-Im-eØv am{Xw Xma-kn-°p-Ibpw am¿®v
HSp-hntem G{]n¬ BZy-Øntem Iivao-cn-te°v bm{X-bm-hp-
Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°-Ww. Iivao¿, iman\p (kn-dn-bbpw Np‰p-
h-´hpw) kZr-iy-amb Hcp {]tZ-i-am-I-bm¬ At±lw Ahn-
sS-Øs∂ ÿncw tI{µ-am-°n-bn-´p-≠m-hmw. At±lw A^vKm-
\n-kvXm-\nepw Ipd-®p-\mƒ Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂n-cn°mw. AhnsS
hnhmlw sNbvXn-´p-s≠-¶n¬ AXpw kw`-hn-®p-Iq-Sm-bvI-bn-
√. A^vKm-\n-If - n¬ Hcp tKm{X-Øns‚ t]¿Xs∂ ""Cukm-
tJ¬'' F∂m-Wv. Ah¿ Cukm-\-_n-bpsS k¥m-\-]-c-º-c-
bm-sW-∂p-h∂ - mepw A¤p-Xs - ∏-tS-≠X- n-√. A^vKm-\n-If - psS
Ncn{Xw hfsc Ipg-™p-a-dn-™m-Wp-≈-sX-∂Xp Hcp ZpxJ-
k-Xy-a-s{X. Ah-cpsS tKm{X-hn-hc-ßƒ am{Xw hmbn®p J
fin-Xa - msbmcp Xocp-am-\Ø - n-se-ØpI hnj-aa - m-W.v F∂m¬,
A^vKm-\n-Iƒ Iivao-cn-I-sf-t∏mseXs∂ C{km-tb-ey-cm-
sW∂ Imcy-Øn¬ Hcp kwi-b-hp-an-√. Xß-fpsS {KŸ-ß-

fn¬ CXn-s∂-Xn-cmb A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈-h¿
Atß-b‰w sX‰p[-cn-∏n-°s - ∏-ń-cn-°p∂ hkvXp-XI
- s
- f-°p-dn-
®p≈ kq£va-]-T\w Ah¿ \S-Øo-ń-√. Xßƒ Jbvkns‚
k¥-Xn-If - m-sW∂p A^vKm-\n-IƒXs∂ kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p-≠v.
Jbvkv C{km-tb-ey-\m-Wv. ChnsS Cu N¿® GXm-bmepw
\oń-s°m≠pt]mtI≠ Bh-iy-an-√. Fs‚ Hcp {KŸ-Øn¬
C°mcyw hni-Z-ambn {]Xn-]m-Zn®pIgn-™n-´p-≠v. tbip
\ko_bv≥, A^vKm-\n-kvXm≥, ]©m_v F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-
eqsS Iivao-cnepw Xn_-Ønepw \S-Ønb bm{X-sb-°p-dn-®mWv
Rm≥ hnh-cn-°p-∂X - v. Cu kpZo¿L-am-b {]bm-Wß - ƒ Imc
Ww tbip "k-©mcn {]hm-N-I≥' F∂p hnfn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p.
A√, k©m-cn-If - psS t\Xmhv F∂p-Xs - ∂. Bcn^v _n√mlv
A_q_°¿ apl-Ω-Zv _n≥ aplΩZv _n-≥ A¬ heoZv
A¬^lvcn AXz¿Xzqin A¬a-men°n F∂ apkvenw ⁄m
\n Xs‚ "kndm-Pp¬ apeq°v' (a-IvXs_ Jbvcn-ø, CuPn
]vXv 1306 ln.) F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ 6˛mw `mKØv C{]-Imcw ]d-
bp-∂p:
""kmØzn-I-cpsS t\Xmhpw k©m-cn-I-fpsS Xe-h-\p-am-
bn-cp∂ "dqlp'√mbpw "Ien-aØ
- p√m'bpamb Cukm FhnsS?''
AXmbXv, At±lw acn-®p-t]mbncn°p∂p. At±-lsØt]m
ep≈ alm-\mb Hcmƒ°pt]mepw Cu temIw hn´p-]n-cn-tb-
≠n-h-∂n-´p-s≠-∂p-X-s∂. Cu alm-]-fin-X≥ tbip-hn-s\-
∏‰n "k©mcn' F∂p am{X-a√ "k©m-cn-I-fpsS Xe-h≥'
F∂p-IqSn hnfn-°p-∂p-s≠∂ Imcyw {i≤m¿l-am-Wv.
""F√m-bvt∏mgpw Np‰n-k-©n-cn-°p-Ibpw Hcp ÿm\Øv
ÿnc-ambn ]m¿°m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xn-\m-emWv
tbip-hn\v akolv F∂v \ma-Ic - Ww sNø-s∏-ń-cp-∂X
- 'v ' F∂v
"enkm\p¬ Ad_v' F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ 461-˛mw `mKØv tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Øn-°m-Wp-∂p. "XmPp¬ Adq-kv' F∂ "idlv Jmaq-
kn'epw C{]-Imcw Xs∂ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠.v \∑bpw A\p-

{K-lhpw \evI-s∏-´-bm-fmWv ""akolv''. F∂ph®m¬, At±-
l-Øns‚ kv]¿i-\w-t]mepw A\p-Krlo-X-am-bn-cn-°p-amdv
A{X-b[ - nIw Cu KpW-ßƒ At±-lØ - n\v \evIs- ∏-ń-cn-°p-
∂p. A√mlp Ah-\n-jvSs - ∏-Sp-∂h¿°v Cu \maw \evIp-∂-
Xn-\m-emWv tbip-hn\pw Cu \maw \evI-s∏-´-Xv. CXn-s∂-
Xn-cn¬ as‰mcp "akolv' IqSn-bp-≠v. B ako-lns‚ kv]
¿i\w i]n-°s - ∏-´X
- t- {X. F∂p-h® - m¬, Xn∑bpw im]-hp-amWv
B ako-lns‚ {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ AS-ßn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. Ahs‚
kv]¿i\w Xn∑-bp-sSbpw im]-Øn-s‚bpw A‘-Imcw ]c-
Øpw. Z÷m-en\pw Ah-s\-t∏m-se-bp-≈-h¿°pamWv Cu
t]¿ \evI-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-Xv. "k©m-cn-bmb akolv' F∂pw
"A\p-{K-ln°-s∏´ akolv' F∂p-ap≈ t]cp-Iƒ ]c-kv]c
hncp-≤-a-√. H∂p at‰-Xns‚ aqeyw \in-∏n-°p-∂n-√. ssZh
samcmƒ°v H∂n-e[ - nIw t]¿ \evIp-∂Xpw Ah-sb√mw B
Bƒ°v tbmPn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xpw ssZhn-Ia - mb {]h¿Ø-\c - o-Xn-
bn¬s∏-´-Xm-Ip-∂p. Npcp-°n∏d™m¬, tbip k©m-cn-sb-
∂-\n-eb- n¬ Ckvem-anI Ncn-{X-Øn¬ sXfn™p Ign-™n-cn-
°p-∂p. AØcw {KŸ-ß-fn¬\n-s∂-√mw B hnh-c-ßƒ
]I¿sØ-Sp-°m-sa∂ph®m¬ AXp-Xs∂ Hcp Iq‰≥ {KŸ-
am-Ipw. Rm\n-{Xbpw {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p-≈-XpXs∂ hkv XpX
sXfn-bn-°m≥ [mcmfw aXn.
c≠mw Imfiw
_p≤-aX {KŸ-ßf
- n¬
tbip ]©m-_v, Iivao¿ XpS-ßnb ÿe-ß-fn¬ h∂n-
cn-°W- s
- a∂v sXfn-bn®p Im´m≥ aXn-bmb ]e-Xcw km£y-
ßƒ _p≤-aX - °- m-cpsS ]pWy-{K-Ÿß - ƒ \ap°v \evIp-∂p-
s≠-∂Xp Hcp kXy-hk - X
v p-Xb
- m-Ip-∂p. \njv]£
- c
- mb Bfp-
Iƒ AXp ]Tn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw Xß-fpsS a-\- n¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-
Ønb Bi-bß - f- pambn Ahsb Xń®p-t\m-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-
tijw apI-fn¬∏-d™ \nK-a-\-Øn¬ FØn-t®-cp-am-dm-Ip-
∂-Xn\v Rm\m sXfn-hp-Iƒ ChnsS \nc-Øn-hbv-°mw.
H∂p, _p≤\p \evI-s∏´ ÿm\-t∏-cp-I-sf√mw tbip-
hn\v \evI-s∏´ t]cp-I-tfmSv XnI®pw kmay-ap-≈-h-bm-Wv.
_p≤s‚ Po-hn-XØ - nse kw`-hß - s - f√mw tbip-hns‚ Pohn-
X-Ønepw \S-∂n-´p≈Xnt\mSp kmZr-iy-ap-≈X - mbpw ImWmw.
telv, em m, Kn¬Kn-Øv, lnankv XpSßn Xn_-Ø≥ AXn
¿Øn-bn¬s]Sp∂ {]tZ-iØp≈ _p≤-a-X-sØ-°p-dn-®mWv
ChnsS kqN-\. Cu {]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ tbip k©-cn-®n-cp-∂-
Xm-bn-´mWv sXfn-™n-cn-°p-∂X- v.14 t]cp-If
- n-ep≈ kmaysØ
kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw DZm-l-c-W-ambn Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°-s∏-
Sp-∂Xp CXmWv: tbip Xs∂-∏‰n "shfn®w' BsW∂p ]d-
bp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ KuX-a-s\-∏‰n "_p≤≥' F∂v ]d-b-s∏-ń-cn-
°p-∂p. kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ CXn\v shfn®w F∂¿∞-ap-≠v.
tbi-p-hn-s\-∏‰n "Kpcp' F∂p ]d-b-s∏-´Xv t]mse _p≤-s\-
14. tbip AYhm Cutim Iivao¿, eUm-°v, Xn_Øv F∂√, at≤y-jy-bn-
seßpw k©-cn-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂p Bfp-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ _e-amb hnizm-k-ap-≠v.
At±lw C¥y kµ¿in®psh∂p-IqSn Nne¿ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. CXn-s\-∏‰n
H∂pw Xo¿Øp-]-d-™p-Iq-Sm. F¶nepw tbip-hns‚ Poh-N-cn{Xw kq£n-®p-]-
Tn-®n-´p≈ an° {]mam-Wn-I∑ - mcpw At±lw C¥y-bntem at≤y-jy-bntem h∂n-
cp-∂X - mbn hniz-kn-°p-∂n-√. F∂m¬ AX-{X-sbm∂pw Akw-`m-hy-am-sW∂p
tXm∂p-∂n-√.'' (P-hl - ¿em¬ s\lvdp ˛ hniz-Nc
- n-{Xm-ht- em-Iw, `m. 11-5) ˛ hnh:
∏‰n imkvXmhv AYhm "Kpcp' F∂p ]d-b-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p.

tbip-hn-s\-∏‰n kphn-ti-j-ß-fn¬ "A\p-{K-ln-°-s∏-´-h≥'
F∂p ImWmw. _p≤-s\-∏‰n "kpK-X≥' (A-\pKr-lo-X≥)
F∂p ]d-b-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. tbip-hn-s\-∏‰n "cmP-Ip-am-c≥'
F∂p ]d-™n-´p-≠v. _p≤\pw cmP-Ip-am-c≥ BWv. Xs‚
"hc-hns‚ Dt±iyw ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂h - ≥' F∂v tbip-hn-s\-
∏‰n kphn-ti-jß - f
- n¬ hnh-cn-°s
- ∏-ń-´p-≈X
- p-t]mse _p≤-
≥ "kn≤m¿∞≥' AYhm Dt±iyw km[n-®-h≥ F∂p hnfn-
°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p. "X-f¿∂-h\v A`bw \evIp-∂-h≥' Bbn
kphn-ti-jß - f
- n¬ tbip-hn-s\-∏‰n hnhcn®n´p≈Xpt]mse
"AicWicW≥' F∂v _p≤s\∏‰n _p≤-a-X-{K-Ÿ-ß-
fnepw ]d-™p-Im-Wmw. tbiphns\-∏‰n "cmPmhv' F∂p kphn-
ti-j-ß-fn-ep-≈Xp {]Imcw˛ CX-t±lw kz¿K-cm-Py-Ønse
"cmPmhv' F∂ A¿∞-Øn-emWv hymJym-\n- ®n-´p-≈s - X-¶nepw
˛ _p≤-s\-∏-‰nbpw "cmPmhv' F∂p ]d-b-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p.
Pohn-Xk
- w-`h
- ß
- f
- n-ep≈ XmZmflyw C{]-Im-ca - mWv: tbip
kmØ-m\m¬ ]co-£n-°-s∏-´-Xp-t]mse _p≤\pw ]co-£n-
°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. Pohn-X-Ønse IjvSm-\p-`-h-ßƒ Dt]-£n®p
hoń-tebv°v aS-ßn-bm¬ cmP-Io-b-amb {]uVnbpw as‰√m
kpJ-ßfpw e`n-°p-sa∂p ]d™p ]nimNv _p≤s\ {]tem-
`n-∏n®p. tbip kmØm\p hg-ßm-Xn-cp-∂X - p-t]mse _p≤\pw
hg-ßn-bn-s√∂p tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. (Sn.-Uª
- yp. ssdkv
tUhn-Uvkns‚ "_p≤nkw', k¿ tamWy¿ hneywkv Fgp-Xn
b "_p≤nkw' F∂o {KŸ-ßƒ ImWpI)15
]nim-Nns‚ ]co-£Ww
kphn-ti-j-ß-fn¬ tbip X\n-°mbn kzoI-cn® ÿm\-
t∏-cp-Iƒ, hneyw-kn-\m¬ cNn-°s
- ∏´ _p≤-aX
- {- K-Ÿß
- f
- n¬
AtX-]Sn _p≤-\nepw Btcm-]n-®n-´p-s≠-∂Xv Cu kwKXn
15. Budhism - T. W. Rhys Davids, Budhism - Sir Monier Willians. Also see
Chinese Budhism - Edkins; Budha - Oldenberg, translated by W. Hoey;
Life of Budha - translated by Rickill
hy‡-am°nØcp-∂p. tbip-hns\ ]nimNv ]co-£n-®X - p-t]m

se _p≤\pw ]co-£n-°s - ∏´Xmbn Cu {KŸ-ßƒ ]d-™p-
X-cp-∂p. {InkvXob kphn-ti-jß - f - n¬ tbip-hns\ ]nimNp
]co-£n-®-Xn-s\-∏-‰n-bp≈ hnh-c-WsØbv°mƒ Zo¿Ln-®-
XmWv _p≤-s\-∏‰n Cu {KŸ-ßf - n¬ ImWp∂ hnh-cß - ƒ.
sFiz-cyhpw cmP-Io-b{- ]u-Vnbpw _p≤-s‚ ap≥]n¬ ]nimNv
sh®p-Im-ń-bt- ∏mƒ _p-≤≥ - hoń-te°v aS-ßm≥ Hcp-ßn-sb-
¶nepw Cu taml-Øn\v ASn-s∏-ń-√. F∂m¬, AtX ]nimNv
At±-lsØ ho≠pw cm{Xn-bn¬ I≠p-ap-ń-bt- ∏mƒ Abm-tfm-
sSm∏w apgp-h≥ k¥m-\ß - s - fbpw H∂n®p sIm≠p-hc - n-Ibpw
òj-Wc - q-]ß
- ƒ Imń t]Sn-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu ]n
im-Np-°ƒ ]mºp-If - psS tIme-ßf - n¬ {]tXy-£s - ∏-Sp-Ibpw
Ah-bpsS apJ-Øp-\n∂v Xo han°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. B
"]mº-p-Iƒ' Xobpw hnjhpw At±-l-Øns‚ t\¿°v No‰n.
F∂m¬, Ah-bpsS hnjw ]pjv]-ß-fmbn cq]m-¥-c-s∏-´p.
Xobm-Is´ _p≤s‚ Xe-°p-Np‰pw {]`m-]c - n-th-ja- mbn amdn.
]nimNv C{]-Imcw hnP-bn-°msX h∂-t∏mƒ, Xs‚ ]Xn-
\mdv ]p{Xn-amsc hnfn®v Xß-fpsS apgp-h≥ kuµ-cy-ßfpw
_p≤-\-p- ap-ºn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-°m≥ Iev]n-®p. F∂n´pw At±-
l-Øns‚ a\- nf-°m≥ Ign-™n-√. kmØm≥ Aßs\
Xs‚ Dt±-iy-Øn¬ ]cm-P-b-s∏-´-t∏mƒ a‰p am¿§-ß-f-h-ew-
_n-®p. F¶n-epw, ÿnX-{]-⁄-\mb _p≤s\ Ati-jhpw
am‰m≥ Ign-™n-√. _p≤-\m-Is´, Bflo-b-X-bpsS Db-c-ß-
fn¬ Db¿∂p-b¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. Zo¿L-amb cm{Xnbv°p
tijw F∂p-h-®m¬, \o≠Xpw hnj-a-]q¿Æ-hp-amb ]co-
£-Iƒ°ptijw _p≤≥ ]nim-Nns‚ta¬ Pbw t\Sn. ⁄m
\-sh-fn®w At±-lØ - ns‚ta¬ {]Im-in-®p. {]`mXw ]pe¿∂-
tXmsS F∂ph®m¬, ]co-£I - f
- n¬\n∂v ap‡-\m-bt- XmsS
At±lw kw`-hn-®-sX-√m-a-dn-™p. Cu h≥k-acw Ah-km-
\n® Znh-ka - mWv _p≤-aX
- Ø
- ns‚ ]nd-hn-\mƒ. B ka-bØv
KuX-a≥, "_p≤≥' F∂p hnfn-°-s∏-´p. At±lw GsXmcp

hr£-Øns‚ Iogn¬ At∏mƒ [ym\-\n-jvT-\m-bn-cp-∂pthm
B hr£-Øn\v "t_m[nhr£w' F∂p t]cmbn.
\nßƒ ss__nƒ Xpd-∂p-t\m-°n-bm¬ tbip-hns\
]nimNv ]co-£n-®X - n-t\mSv _p≤s\ Zp¿`q-Xß - ƒ ]co-£n®
kw`-hß - ƒ°v F{X-tØmfw kmay-ap-s≠∂v a\- n-em-°m≥
Ign-bpw. _p≤s‚ hb v At∏mƒ tbip-hns‚ AtX hb v
Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂p ImWmw. ]nimNv _p≤s‚ apºn¬
Zriy-amb PU-cq-]Ø - n-e√ shfn-s∏-ń-cp-∂s - X∂pw _p≤-aX - -
{K-Ÿß - f - n¬\n∂v a\- n-em-Ip-∂p. AXv _p≤\pam{Xw A\p-
`-hs
- ∏´ Hcp Zriy-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]nim-Nns‚ `mjWw Hcp Zpjv{]-
tNm-Z\w Bbn-cp-∂p. AXm-bX - ,v kz¥-am¿§w ssIhn-´p- Xs∂
]n¥p-S¿∂p-sIm-≈W - s- a∂pw F∂m¬, `qtem-IØ - nse apgp-
h≥ kºØpw \evIp-sa∂pw ]nimNv _p≤-t\mSp ]d-™p.
C{]-ImcwXs∂, ]nimNv blq-Zc - psS apºn-eqsS sXcp-hp-Ifpw
CS-h-gn-Ifpw Xm≠n-°-S∂v PU-cq-]-Øn¬ ˛ a\p-jy-t°m-e-
Øn¬ ˛ tbip-hn\v {]Xy-£s - ∏-´p. IqSn-bn-cp-∂h - s- c√mw tIƒ
s° tbip-hn-t\mSv kwkm-cn-°p-Ib - √ D≠m-bs - X-∂mWv {Inkv
Xob ]fin-X∑ - mcpw hniz-kn-°p-∂X - .v t\tc-ad - n®v tbip-hn\v
am{Xw A\p-`h - s - ∏´ Hcp Znhy-Z¿i-\Ø - ns‚ (Iiv^)v cq]Øn
emWv ]nim-Np-am-bp≈ B A`n-apJw kw`-hn-®X - v. Ah¿°n-
S-bn-ep-≠mb kw`m-jW - hpw Ai-cocn-cq-]Ø - n-em-bn-cp-∂p. lrZ-
b-Øn¬ Zp¿a-{¥Ww sNøp-Ib - mWv ]nim-Nns‚ coXn. F∂m
¬, tbip AXn\v hg-ßn-s°m-Sp-°msX ]nim-Nns‚ \n¿t±-
i-ßƒ \ncm-Ic - n-®p.
_p≤\pw tbip-hpw XΩn¬ C{X-tbsd kmZr-iy-ßƒ
D≠m-bs - X-ßs\ F∂Xv Xptemw Nn¥m¿l-amb Hcp {]iv\-
am-W.v C¥y-bn-te-°p≈ bm{X-°n-Sb - n¬ tbip _p≤-aX
- s
- Ø-
°p-dn®v Adn-bm-\n-Sb
- m-hp-Ibpw _p≤s‚ PohnX bmYm¿∞y-
sØ-°p-dn®v Adn-hp-Iƒ t\Snb tijw Xs‚ \mń¬ Xncn-
s®Øn kphn-ti-jß - ƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXpsh∂mWv

Bcy-k-am-Pn-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂-Xv. _p≤s‚ [¿tΩm]tZ-i-ßƒ
tbip Is´-SpØp kz¥-Øn¬ Xt‚-Xmb [¿tΩm-]t- Z-iß - ƒ
\n¿Ωn-°p-Ib - m-Wp≠mb-Xs - {X! _p≤≥ Xs∂∏‰n shfn®w
F∂pw ⁄m\w F∂pw ÿm\-t∏-cp-Iƒ kzoI-cn-®X - p-t]mse
B ÿm\-t∏-cp-Is - f√mw tbip X∂nepw Btcm-]n-®p. F{X-
tØm-fs - a-∂m¬, _p≤s‚ ]co-£s - b-°p-dn-®p≈ \o≠ IY-
t]mepw Xt‚-Xm-°n-Øo¿Øp. CXp-]t£, Bcy-k-am-Pn-I-
fpsS Hcp I‰p-sI-´p-am-{X-am-Wv. Ipcn-ip-kw-`-h-Øn-\p-aptº
tbip C¥y-bn¬h∂psh∂Xv XnI®pw Ab-Ym¿∞-am-Ip-
∂p. B Ah-k-c-Øn¬, At±lw AØ-c-samcp Zo¿L-{]-
bmWw \S-tØ≠ Hcp Imcy-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. F∂m¬,
imwtZisØ (]e-kX v o≥) PqX-∑m¿ Xs∂ \ntj-[n-°p-Ibpw
Ah-cpsS hnizm-k{- ]-Imcw {Iq-in-°p-Ibpw sNbvXt- ∏mƒ At±-
l-Øn\v AXns‚ Bh-iy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-Xm-\pw. F∂m¬,
kpµ-ca- mb Cu ssZhn-IX - {¥w ChnsS At±-lØ - ns‚ c£bv-
s°-Øn. C{]-Imcw PqX∑m-tcm-Sp≈ A\p-Iº - bpw Ah¿°p-
]-tZ-in-°p∂ Imcy-Øn-ep≈ Xs‚ DXv°W - vTbpw \jvSs - ∏-
´-t∏mƒ PqX∑m¿ Ah-cpsS Zpjv{]IrXn \nanØw kXyw
kzoI-cn-°m≥ sIev]n-√mØhn[w lrZ-bI - m-Tn\yw _m[n-®-
h-cmbn Xo¿∂n-cp∂Xn\mepw, PqX-∑m-cn¬s∏´ ]Øp tKm{X-
ßƒ C¥y-bn¬ IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Øn-cn-°p-∂X - mbn ssZhw At±-
lsØ Adn-bn-®-X-\p-k-cn®pw B {]tZ-i-tØ°v At±lw
bm{X]pd-s∏-´p. PqX∑m-cn¬s∏´ Nne kwL-ßƒ CXn-\Iw
_p≤-aXw kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xn-\mepw Cu kXy-{]-hm-N-I-\v,
Xs‚ {i≤ B _p≤-aX - m-\p-bm-bn-If - psSt\sc Xncn-°p-Ib - -
√msX \nh¿Øn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. B cmPy-Ønse _p≤-a-
X-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m¿ _p≤-\mb anin-lm-bpsS Bhn¿`mhw
{]Xo-£n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-Ib - p-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXpsIm≠v, tbip-
hns‚ ÿm\-t∏-cp-Ifpw "\ns‚ i{Xpsh kvt\ln-°pI,
Xn∑sb FXn-cn-SmbvI' F∂n-XymZn [¿tΩm-]t- Z-iß - fpw KuX-
a-_p-≤≥ {]h-Nn-®X
- n≥hÆw tbip-hns‚ shfpØ \ndhpw
XpSßn F√m AS-bm-f-ßfpw ]q¿Øn-bm-bn-°-≠-t∏mƒ
_u≤-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m¿ tbipsh _p≤-\m-bn-Xs∂ IcpXn
kzoIcn-®p.
tbip-hns‚ Nne ÿm\-t∏-cp-Ifpw D]-tZ-i-ßfpw Pohn-
X-h-kvXp-X-Ifpw Adnt™m Adn-bm-sXtbm A°m-eØv
_p≤-\n¬ Btcm-]n-°s - ∏-ń-cp-∂n-cn-°mw. Fs¥-∂m¬, Ncn
{Xw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Imcy-Øn¬ lnµp-°ƒ henb Xm¬
]cyw {]Z¿in-∏n-®n-cp-∂X- mbn sXfn-bn-°s - ∏-ń-ń-√. tbip-hns‚
Imewhscbpw _p≤s‚ Pohn-X-kw-`-h-ßƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-
s∏-ń-cp-∂n-√. AXn\m-¬, Xß-fm-{K-ln-°p-∂-sX¥pw _p≤-
\n¬ Btcm-]n-°m≥ _p≤-aX ]ptcm-ln-X∑ - m¿°v \√ Ah-
kcw Bbn-cp-∂p. C{]-Imcw tbip-hns‚ Pohn-X-sØ-°p-dn
®pw [m¿Ωn-tIm-]t- Z-iß- s - f-°p-dn®pw Adn-bm-\n-Sb - m-bt- ∏mƒ,
Ah¿ Xß-fpsS at\m-hn-em-kØ - n-s\m-Øv a‰p ]e-Xn-t\msSm
∏w Ch-bpw _p≤-\n¬ Btcm-]n-®p.16 ss__n-fnse [¿tΩm-
]-tZ-i-ßfpw shfn®w XpS-ßnb tbip-hns‚ Nne ÿm\-
t∏-cp-Ifpw kmØms‚ ]co-£-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ IYbpw a‰pw
_p≤-\n¬ Btcm-]n®p tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-°m-Wp-∂-sX√mw
_p≤-aX - {- K-Ÿß
- f
- n¬ Fgp-Xn-t®¿ØXpw Ipcn-ip-kw- `hm-\-
¥cw tbip Cu cmPyØph∂ Ime-Øm-sW∂p Rm-\n-
t∏mƒ sXfn-bn®p ImWn-°mw.
_p≤\pw tbiphpw XΩn¬ as‰mcp kmayhpw IqSn-bp-
≠v. ]co-£-bpsS \mfp-I-fn¬ _p≤≥ D]-hm-k-Øn-em-bn-
cp∂psh∂v _p≤-a-X-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬ ]d-bp-∂p. B D]-hmkw
\mev]Xp Znhkw \o≠p-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. tbiphpw \mev]Xp
16. _p≤-a-X-Øn¬ hfsc aptºXs∂ hen-sbmcp `mKw [m¿ΩnI]mT-ßƒ
AS-ßn-bn-cp∂psh∂ hkvXpX \mw \ntj-[n-°p-∂n-√. F∂m¬, kphn-ti-j-
ß-fnse A\ym-]tZ-iß
- fpw D≤-cW
- nI-fp-aS- ß
- nb `mK-ßƒ \n w-ibw lZvdØv
akolv C¥ybn¬h∂ ImeØv _p≤aX-{K-Ÿß - f- n¬ Iqń-t®¿Ø-hb
- m-sW-
∂mWv Rm≥ ]d-bp-∂X - v.
\mƒ D]-hk - n-®n-cp-∂X

- mbn kphn-ti-jß
- ƒ hmbn-®h¿ Hm¿
°p-at- √m.
Rm\n-t∏mƒ {]kvXm-hn-®X - n≥hÆw _p-≤t- ‚bpw tbip-
-hn-s‚bpw [m¿Ωn-tIm-]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ kmayw
c≠pw ]Tn-®n-´p-≈-hsc A¤p-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-Xs∂ sNøpw.
Xn∑sb FXn¿s°m-√, i{Xpsh kvt\ln-°p-I, Zcn-{Z-\mbn
Pohn-°p-I, Alw-`m-hw, If-h,v AXym¿Øn F∂nh ssIsh-
Sn-bpI F∂n-ßs\ kphn-ti-j-ßƒ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-X-s∂-
bmWv _p≤-t‚-bpw ]mT-ßƒ. A√, _p≤≥ C°m-cy-ß-ƒ
IqSp-X¬ Du∂n-∏-d-™p. F{X-tØm-f-sa-∂m¬ GXp-Po-hn-
tbbpw Hcp Fdp-ºn-t\tbm sNdp-{]m-Wn-tbtbm t]mepw sIm
√p-∂Xp ]m]-am-Wv. temI-tØmSp apgp-h≥ A\p-Iº ImWn-
°p-I, a\p-jy-ka - p-Zm-bØ
- n-t‚bpw P¥p-Pm-eß - f - psS-t]mepw
t£aw Imw£n-°p-I, sFIyhpw ]c-k] v c kvt\lhpw hf¿
Øp-I Ch-bmWv _p≤-aX - Ø- ns‚ apg®p \nev°p∂ {]tXyI
]mT-ßƒ. CXp-Xs - ∂-bm-Wv kphn-tijßfp-sSbpw ]mT-ßƒ.
tbip Xs‚ injy-∑m-sc hnhn[ cmPy-ß-fn-te°v D]-tZ-in-
°m≥ Ab-®p. Xm\pw Cu D]-tZ-iß - f- p-ambn Hcp cmPy-tØ
°p ]pd-s∏-´p. _p≤\pw C{]-ImcwXs∂ injy-∑msc hnhn[
cmPy-ßf - n-te°v Ab-®X - mbn tamWy¿ hneywkv _p≤aXw
F∂ Xs‚ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂p. Ah-tcm-S-t±lw ]d
™p: "A\y-cm-Py-tØ°p ]pd-s∏´p t]mI. F√m `mK-tØ
°pw \oßn-s°mƒI. temI-Øns‚ ZpxJ-aI - ‰- m\pw tZh-XI- -
fp-sSbpw a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw t£a-Øn-\mbpw H‰-s°m-‰°v hnhn
[cq]-Øn¬ ]pd-s∏´v sN√p-I. ]q¿Æ-ssh-cm-Kn-bm-bn-cn-°p-
hm\pw lrZ-bi - p-≤n-bp-≈h - c
- m-Im\pw {_“-Ncyw AYhm Nm
cn-{Xyhpw \n w-KX - bpw ssIs°m-≈m\pw D]-tZ-in-°pI'. Rm
\pw Cu XØz-ßƒ D]-tZ-in-°p-hm-\mbn ]pd-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm
sW∂pw At±lw Iqń-t®¿Øp (a-lm-h-§).17
17. Budhism - Sir, Monier Williams - published by John Murray, Lond. 1889,
p.45
_p≤-aX
- °
- m-cn¬ akolv
Cu [m¿ΩnI]mT-ßfpw Cu {]t_m-[\ ssienbpw ˛
AXm-bXv D]am IY-Ifpw a‰pw ˛ BWv tbip-hns‚ khn-
tijcoXn-Iƒ. Cu {]t_m-[\ ssien-tbmSpw kZm-Nmc ]mT-
ß-tfmSpw a‰p Nne kmlNcy-ßƒIqSn tN¿∂t∏mƒ AXv
tbip-hns‚ A\p-I-cWw Xs∂-sb∂v Ffp∏w a\- n-em-
°m≥ klm-b-I-am-bn. tbip ChnsS C¥y-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-
∂p. At±lw sN∂n-S-sØ√mw D]-tZ-i-{]-kwKw \S-Øn.
_p≤-aX - m-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ At±-lsØ I≠p-ap-ń-bt- ∏mƒ At±
lw A¤p-X-Ir-Xy-ßƒ ImWn-°p-I-aqew Hcp Znhym-flm-hm-
sW∂p a\- n-em°n Ah¿ AsX√mw Xß-fpsS ]pWy-{K-
Ÿ-ßf - n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn. A√, At±lw _p≤≥ Xs∂-sb
∂pw Ah¿ tLmjn-®p. \√-Im-cy-ßƒ FhnsS I≠mepw
kz¥-am-°p-I-sb-∂Xv a\p-jy-kz-`m-h-am-W-t√m. Ctß-b‰w
kma¿∞y-ap≈ hm°v Bsc-¶n-epw ]d-™p-tI-´m¬ AXv
Hm¿Ωn-°m\pw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw Bfp-Iƒ {ian-°p-∂p. A
Xn\m¬, kphn-tij Nn{Xo-Ic - W
- ß
- ƒ A{XbpwXs∂ Xß-
fpsS ]pWy{KŸ-ß-fn¬ ]p\x-{]-km-[\w sNøm≥ _p≤-a-
X-°m¿ {ian-®n-cp-∂n-cn-°mw. DZm-lc - W
- a - m-bn, tbiphpw _p≤
\pw c≠p-t]cpw \mev]Xp Znhkw D]-hk - n-®Xv, c≠p-t]cpw
]co-£n-°s - ∏-´X
- v, c≠p-t]cpw ]nXm-hn-√msX P\n-®X - v, Ccp-
h-cp-sSbpw [m¿ΩnI ]mT-ßƒ, c≠p-t]cpw Xß-sf-∏‰n "shfn
®w' F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-®X - v, Xßsf "Kpcp' F∂pw Iq´p-Imsc
"injy¿' F∂pw hnfn-®X - v, Ch-sb√mw kmay-ap≈ Imcy-ß-
fm-Wv. "aØmbn' 10˛mw A≤ymbw 8Dw 9Dw hN-\-ß-fn¬
"s]m∂pw sh≈nbpw ]n®-fbpw \nß-fpsS Ioi-bn¬ Icp-X-
cp-Xv' F∂v Iev∏n® {]Imcw _p≤\pw Xs‚ injy-tcmSp I
ev]n-®X- mbn ImWmw. tbip {_“-Nc - ysØ D]-tZ-in-®X - p-t]m
se _p≤\pw D]-tZ-in-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. tbip-hns\ Ipcn-in-
te-‰n-bt- ∏mƒ Hcp `qIºw D≠m-bX - p-t]mse _p≤s‚ Nc-a-
th-f-bnepw Hcp `qIºw kw`-hn-®p. Cu kam\ hkvXp-X-I-

sf√mw tbip C¥y kµ¿in®psh∂ bmYm¿∞y-Øn¬\n-
∂mWv kap¬`-hn-°p-∂-Xv. _p≤-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-Isf kw_-
‘n-®n-St- Ømfw AXv Ah¿s°mcp ku`m-Ky-Øns‚ Awiw
{]Zm\w sNbvXp. \o≠ Ime-tØmfw Ah¿°n-Sb - n¬ tbip
{]t_m-[\w sNbvXX - n-\m¬, At±-lØ - ns‚ Pohn-Xt- Øbpw
A≤ym-]-\-ß-tfbpw Ipdn®v \√-hÆw ]Tn-°m≥ Ah¿°v
km[n®p. AXp-Im-cW - w, tbip-hns‚ hen-b`- mKw ]mT-ßfpw
BNm-c-kw-kvIm-c-ßfpw _p≤-a-X-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-am-
dm-bXv A\n-hmcyw am{X-am-bn-cp-∂p. Fs¥-∂m¬, tbip-hns\
Ah¿ _p≤-\m-bn-´mWv kzoI-cn-®m-Z-cn-®n-cp∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬
Ch¿ At±-lØ - ns‚ Xncp-sam-gn-Iƒ Xß-fpsS {KŸ-ßf - n¬
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Ah _p≤-\n¬ Btcm-]n-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp.
A\ym-]t- Z-iß
- ƒ
tbip-hns\t∏mse-Øs∂ _p≤\pw Xs‚ injy-∑m¿°v
D]am IY-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv D]-tZ-in-®n-cp-∂-Xv F∂Xv A¤p-
Xm-hl- a
- m-bn-cn-°p-∂p. hnti-jn®pw kphn-ti-jß - f- n¬ ImW-
s∏-Sp∂ AtX A\ym-]t- Z-iß - ƒ (Parables). C-Øcw D]-am-I-
Y-I-fn¬ H∂n¬ _p≤≥ C{]-Imcw ]d-bp∂p: ""I¿j-I¿
hnØp-hn-X-bv°p∂p. F∂m¬, s\√v C∂v apf-°p-sat∂m
\msf s]mSn®p hf-cp-sat∂m ]d-bm-\m-hn-√. Hcp injys‚
\nebpw CXp-Xs - ∂. Ah≥ Iev]\ A\p-kc - n-°W
- w. [ym\-
N-´-ßƒ ]men-°-Ww. kq{X-ßƒ ]Tn-°-Ww. Ct∂m \m
sftbm Xm≥ tam£w {]m]n-°p-sa∂v AYhm ]md-ta¬ hnX-
dnb hnØp-t]mse BIptam F∂v Ah\p ]d-bm-\m-hn-√.''18
kphn-ti-j-ß-fn¬ C∂pw ImWm≥ km[n-°p∂ AtX
D]am IY-bm-Wn-sX∂v a\- n-em-°m≥ {]bm-k-an√.
18. Budhism - Monier Williams - p. 51
_p≤≥ as‰mcp D]am IY ]d-bp-∂X - n-ßs- \-bm-W:v ""Hcp

am≥Iq´w Imń¬ btYjvSw Ign-bp-∂p. At∏mƒ Hcmƒ h
s∂Øn AXns‚ \mi-Øn-te-°p≈ hgn Xpd-∂p-sh-°p-∂p.
HSp-hn¬ AXv sIWn-bn¬ AI-s∏´v acn-°m≥ CS-bm-Ip-∂p.
as‰m-cmƒ h∂v \√ hgn Xpd-∂p-sh-°p-∂p. F∂p h®m¬,
Abmƒ ta®n¬ Hcp-°p-∂p. IpSn-°m≥ sh≈-Øn-\p-th≠n
Nmep Iodp-∂p. Ah kt¥m-jt- ØmsS Pohn-°p-am-dm-Ip-∂p.
C{]-ImcwXs∂ a\p-jys‚ ÿnXn-bpw. Ah≥ kpJ-Øn-
em-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ kmØm≥ IS-∂p-h∂p \mi-Øn-te-
°p≈ Xn∑-bpsS F´p-hg- n-Ifpw Xpd-∂n-Sp-∂p. At∏mƒ ]cn-
]q¿Æ-\mb Bƒ h∂p kXy-Øn-s‚bpw ZrV hnizmk-Øn-
s‚bpw c£-bpsSbpw F´p hgn-Iƒ Ah¿°mbn Xpd-∂p-sh-
°p∂p˛ Ah¿ c£-s∏-Sm≥th-≠n.'' (Olden berg, 191-192)
_p-≤≥ ]ns∂bpw ]d™p: ""kmØzn-IX kpc-£n-X-am
sbmcp \n[n-bm-Ip-∂p. AXm¿°pw Ih¿® sNøm≥ km[y-
a-√. ac-W-Øn-\p-ti-jhpw a\p-jys\ A\p-K-an-°p∂ \n[n-
bm-W-Xv; F√m ⁄m\-ß-fp-sS-bpw, F√m ]cn-]q¿Æ-X-bp-
sSbpw Dd-hn-S-amb \n[n-bm-W-Xv.''
CXp-X-s∂-bmWv kphn-ti-j-ß-fp-sSbpw ]mT-sa∂v Im
Wm≥ {]bm-ka - n-√. Cu D]-tZ-iß
- f- S- ß
- p∂ ]pcm-X\ _p≤-
aX tcJ-Iƒ tbip-hns‚ Ime-Øn\v hf-sc-sbm∂pw aptºbp-
≈-X√ - ˛ A√, AXv AtX Ime-L´- Ø - n¬Ø-s∂-bp-≈X - s
- {X.
Xs‚ Ip‰-a‰ Pohn-X-sØ-∏‰n B¿°pwXs∂ Xs‚ kz`m-h-
{]-Ir-Xn-bn¬ Hcp If-¶hpw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°m-\m-hn-s√∂v {]kv
Xm-hn-®-Xmbn CtX ]pkvX-I-Øn¬Øs∂ 135-˛mw `mKØv
ImWp-∂p. CXpw tbip-hns‚ Acp-f∏ - m-Sn-t\mSp XnI®pw kZr-
19
i-am-bn-´p-≈X
- t- {X.
"_p≤-aXw' (Budhism) F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ 45-˛mw `mKØv
19. ""\nß-fn¬ B¿ Fs∂ ]m]-sØ-°p-dn®v t_m[yw-hc
- p-Øp-∂p?'' (tbml.
8:46)-˛h
- nh:
]d-bp∂p: ""_p≤s‚ [m¿ΩnI ]mT-ßƒ°v {InkvXp-aX

- Ø
- n
s‚ ]mT-ß-tfmSv {]Xy-£-amb kmay-ap-≠v.''
Rm\nXv kΩ-Xn-°p∂p, Cu temIsØ kvt\ln-s°m-
√, Cu temI-Ønse kº-Øn-t\bpw kvt\ln-s°m-√, i{Xp-
hns\ shdp-s°m√; Xn∑ {]h¿Øn-s°m√; Xn∑sb \∑-sIm
≠p Pbn-°pI. "\nß-tfmSp sNøm≥ \nß-fn-jvS-s∏-Sp-∂Xv
\nß-f-tßm´pw sNøp-I.' F∂n-ßs\ Ccp-hcpw ]d-™p.
kphn-ti-j-ß-fn-tebpw _p≤-[¿Ω-Øn-tebpw ]mT-ß-fn-ep
≈ {]Xy-£a - mb Cu kmcq]y kmZr-iy-ßƒ IqSp-X¬ D≤-
cn-®p-Im-t´≠ Bhiyaps≠∂p tXm∂p-∂n-√.
"aØnb' (Metteyya) F∂ t]cn-ep≈ as‰m-cp _p≤s‚ B
hn¿`m-hsØ∏‰n KuXa_p-≤≥ {]h-Nn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn _p≤-
aX {KŸ-ßf - n¬\n∂v hy‡-am-Ip-∂p-≠.v Cu {]h-N\w "e§m-
hXn kpØ' F∂ _u≤-{K-Ÿ-Øn¬ ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
HmƒU≥ _¿Kns‚ ]pkvXI - Ø
- n¬ 142-˛mw `mKØv Cu {]h-
N\w tN¿Øp ImWmw. {]h-N\w C{]-Im-c-amWv:
""Rm≥ C∂p \qdp-IW
- °
- n¬ injy-∑m-cpsS Kpcp-hm-bn-cn-
°p-∂Xp{]Imcw aØnbm e£-°W - °
- n¬ injy-cpsS Kpcp-
20
hm-bn-cn-°pw.''
ssat{Xbm ˛ aninlm
A-{_m-\n-bn¬ "aninlm' F∂-Xp-Xs
- ∂-bmWv ]men-`m-j-
bn¬ "aØnbm' Bbn amdn-b-sX∂v a\- n-em-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
Hcp `mj-bn-ep≈ Hcp ]Zw as‰mcp `mj-bn¬ hcp-tºmƒ
AXn\p C{]-Imcw Nne am‰-ßƒ kw`-hn-°p-∂psh∂Xv
F√m-h¿°padn-bm-hp∂ H-cp hkvXpX am{X-am-Wv. Cw•ojv
20. "He will be the leader of a band of a disciples numbering hundreds of
thousands, as I am now the leader of bands of disciples, numbering hun-
dreds" (Chakkamma Hisuttanta - Budha - His Life, His Doctrine. His Order-
Oldenberg, Dr. Hermann p..142)
]Zhpw as‰mcp `mj-bn¬ adn-s®-gp-Xp-tºmƒ amdn-t∏m-Ip-∂-

Xmbn \ap-°-\p-`-h-ap-≠v. amIvkvap-≈¿ Xs‚ "tk{IUv
_pIvkv Hm^v Z CuÃv' F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ (hmfyw 11) Hcp
]ńI tN¿Øp-sIm-≠v 318-˛mw `mK-Øv, Cw•o-jnse "Xv' (th)
F∂ A£cw t]¿jy-\ntem Ad-_n-°ntem amdn hcp-tºmƒ
"kv' (s) F∂p Fgp-tX-≠n-h-cp∂psh∂v {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p.21
Cu am‰-ß-sf-∏‰n \√-hÆw a\- n-cp-Øn-bm¬ "aninlm'
F∂ ]ZwXs∂-bmWv ]men-`m-jb - n¬ "aØnbm' Bbn amdn-
b-sX∂p B¿°pw Ffp∏w {Kln°m-\m-Ipw. _p≤≥ {]h-
Nn® hcp-hm-\p-ff "aØnbm' (ssat{X-bm) bYm¿∞-Øn¬
akolv AYhm aninlm A√msX a‰m-cp-as - √∂v CXv hy‡-
am-°n-Øc - p∂p. Xm≥ ]Sp-Øp-b¿Ønb aX-[¿Ωw 500 sIm√-
Øn-\-∏pdw \ne-\nev°p-I-bn-s√∂pw Xs‚ kn≤m-¥-ßfpw
D]-tZ-ißfpw aßnØp-S-ßp∂ ImeØp Cu cmPyØp
"aØnbm' {]Xy-£-s∏´p temIØv AXns\ ]p\x-ÿm-
]n°psa∂pw _p≤≥ {]h-Nn-®n-´p-s≠∂ hkvXp-Xsb CXp
_e-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. _p≤\p 500 sIm√w Ign-™mWv tbip
{]Xy-£-s∏-´-sX∂p \ap-°-dn-bmw. _p≤≥ Xs‚ aX-[¿aw
£bn-°p-∂-Xn\p 500 sIm√-°mew ¢n]vX-s∏-Sp-Øn-∏-d-™-
{]-Imcw \n›n-X-Im-e-Øp-Xs∂ _p≤-aXw £bn-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. tbip Ipcn-in¬\n∂v c£-s∏-´-tijw Cu cmPy-
tØbv°p bm{XXncn-®Xpw C°m-eØv Xs∂-bm-bncp-∂p.
_p≤-aX
- °
- m¿ At±-lsØ Xncn-®d - n-bp-Ibpw AXym-Zc
- -
]q¿hw ssIs°m≈pIbpw sNbvXp. _p≤≥ temIØv
ÿm]n-®p-Im-Wn® [m¿anIkwln-Xbpw Bflo-b-am¿§hpw
tbip temIØv ]p\x-ÿm-]n®psh∂-Xn¬ B¿°pw kwi-
b-Øn-∂-h-Im-i-an-√. kphn-ti-j-Ønse ]¿∆-X-{]-kw-K-Øn-
e-S-ßnb [m¿Ωn-tIm-]t-- Z-i-ßfpw a‰p kZm-Nm-c-]m-T-ßfpw
A™q-dp-h¿jw aptº _p≤≥ tLmjn-®n-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-h-
21. Sacred Books of the East. Vol.II p.318
X-s∂-sb∂p {]kvXpX {InkvXob Ncn-{X-Im-c∑ - m¿ AwKo-I-

cn-°p-∂p-ap-≠v. _p≤≥ [m¿an-I-]m-T-ßƒ am{X-a-√, a‰p-]-e-
k-Xy-ßfpw {]t_m-[\w sNbvXn-´p-≠m-bn-cp∂psh∂pw _p≤-
s\-∏‰n "]uc-kvXy-Zo]w' (Light of Asia) F∂p ]d-b-s∏-ń-´p-
≈Xv A\p-bp-‡a - m-sW∂pw Ah¿ kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p. _p≤s‚
{]h-N-\-{]-Imcw 500 sIm√w Ign-™mWv tbip {]Xy-£-
\m-b-Xv. an° {InkvXob ]fin-X-∑mcpw G‰p-]-d-bp∂Xn≥
hÆw Ah-cpsS [m¿Ωn-I] - m-Tß
- ƒ _p≤s‚ ]mT-ßƒXs∂-
bm-Wp-Xm-\pw. AXn\m¬, _p≤s‚ Bflob kmZr-iy-Øn
emWv tbip Ah-X-cn-®n-cp-∂-sX-∂-Xn¬ kwi-b-ta-Xp-an-√.
_p≤s‚ A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ `mhn-bn-te°v D‰p--t\m-°n-s°m≠v
aØnbm-bpsS injy-sc-t∏mse Xßƒ°pw \n¿∆mWw e`n-
°p-sa∂p Bizmkw sIm≠-Xmbn "e§-mhXo kpXXm'sb
ASn-ÿm-\-am°n HmƒU≥_¿§v {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p. AXm-
b-Xv, aØnbm Xßƒ°n-S-bn¬ shfn-s∏-Sp-sa∂pw At±lw
aptJ\ Xßƒ \n¿∆mWw {]m]n-°p-sa∂pw Ah¿ Dd®p
hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂p. aØnbm-sb-∏‰n _p≤≥ \evInb kZvhm¿
Ø-bn¬ Xs‚ A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ At±-lsØ Is≠-Øp-sa∂p
kqNn-∏n-®n-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. B P\-hn-`m-K-Øns‚ am¿§-Z¿i-
\m¿∞w ssZhw c≠p kml-N-cy-ßƒ Hcp-°n-bn-´p-s≠∂
hnizm-ksØ ta¬]p-kX v Iw ZrVo-Ic- n-°p-∂p. ""Hcp-an®p Iq´p-
∂-h≥'' F∂¿∞-ap≈ "Bkn^v' F∂ ÿm\-]Zw A\p-
k-cn®p (Dev]Øn 3:10) PqZ-∑m¿ IpSn-tbdn∏m¿Øp-t]m∂
Cu {]tZ-iØv tbip-hn\p kµ¿i\w \S-Øm-Xn-cn-°m≥
\nh¿-Øn-bn-√m-bn-cp-∂p. c≠m-a-Xm-bn, _p≤s‚ {]h-N-\-{]-
Imcw _p≤s‚ A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ At±-lsØ ImWp-Ibpw
At±-l-Øn¬\n∂p Bflo-b-t\-´-ßƒ Ic-ÿ-am-°p-Ibpw
thWw. Cu c≠p hkvXp-X-Ifpw H∂n-®p-tN¿Øp Nn¥n-
°p∂]£w tbip Xn_Øv kµ¿in-°W - s
- a∂p an°-hmdpw
Xo¿®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bpw. {InkvXob XØz-ßfpw Iev]\ - -
Ifpw Xn_-Ø≥_p-≤a - X
- sØ hf-sc-b[ - nIw kzm[o-\n-®n-´p-
s≠∂ bmYm¿∞yhpw tbip Xn_Øv kµ¿in-®n-cn-°-W-
sa∂p a\- n-em-°n-Ø-cp-∂p. CXn-\p-]p-d-sa, Xo-{h-hn-izm-kn-
Iƒ At±-lsØ Is≠-Øp-sa∂ {]Xo-£-bn¬ Ign-™p-
t]m-∂X - mbn _p≤-aX tcJ-If - n¬ ]d-™p-Im-Wp-∂Xp Cu
cmPyØp At±-l-Øns‚ kam-K-a-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ap∂-
dnhpIfm-bn-cp-s∂∂ Imcyw hnfn-®d - n-bn-°p-∂p≠v. Cu c≠p
hkvXp-X-Ifpwh®p-t\m-°p-tºmƒ \njv]-£-\mb Hcmsf
kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw tbip Xn_-Øn¬ hs∂-Øn-sb∂
Imcy-Øn¬ _p≤-a-X-tc-J-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-t°≠ Bhiyw
Xs∂ Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂n-√. _p≤s‚ c≠mw Bhn¿`m-hs - Ø-
°p-dn-®p≈ {]h-N-\sØ ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØnbp≈ {]Xym-
i-Iƒ Xo{h-am-bn-´p-≈X- m-Ib - m¬, {]kvXpX {]h-N\ - w-Xs∂
ako-lns\ Xn_-Øn-tebv°v BI¿jn-®n-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°-
Ww. _p≤- a X {KŸ- ß - f n¬ ASn- ° Sn ImW- s ∏- S p∂
"aØnbm' F∂ hm°v akolm F∂ hm°v Xs∂-bm-sW-
∂-Xn¬ Hcp kwi-b-hp-an-√. F®v.-Sn. {]n≥sk]v Fgp-Xnb
Sn_-‰v, Sm¿S-dn, awtKm-fn-b22 F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ 14-˛mw
`mKØv, aØnbm _p≤-s\-∏‰n ˛ bYm ¿∞-Øn¬ akolv
Xs∂-bm-Wn-Xv ˛ {InkvXob anj-Wd - n-am¿ Xn_-Øn¬ t]mb-
t∏mƒ Xß-fpsS IÆp-sIm≠p ImWp-Ibpw sNhn-sIm≠v
tI´-dn-bp-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p≈ Imcy-ßf - n¬\n∂v ema-am-cpsS
]°-ep≈ {]mNo\ _p≤-aX - {- K-Ÿß - f - n¬ {InkvXpaX-Øns‚
Nne AS-bm-fß - ƒ ImWm-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂psh∂ Xocp-am-\Ø - n-
se-Øp-Ib - p-≠m-sb∂p ]d-bp-∂p. {InkvXo-bX - Ø- z-ßƒ Cu
{]tZ-iØv FØn-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ {InkvXp-hns‚ injy-∑m¿
Pohn-®n-cn-°p-∂p≠mbn-cp∂psh∂p Cu {InkvXob ]ptcm-
ln-X∑
- m¿ Icp-Xp-∂p-sh-∂X - n¬ Hcp kwi-bh - p-an-s√∂v AtX
22. Tibet, Tartary, Mangolia - H.T. Princep.

`mK-Øp-Xs∂ {]kvXm-hn®p ImWp-∂p. CXn\pw]pd-sa, Hcp

henb c£-I≥ shfn-s∏-Sp-sa∂ s]mXp-hmb hnizmkw
A°m-eØv AhnsS hym]-I-ambn \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂psh∂pw
]pkvXI - Ø- ns‚ 171-˛mw `mKØv {]kvXm-hn-°s - ∏-ń-´p-≠v. Cu
kwc-£-Is‚ Bhn¿`m-hsØ kw_-‘n® hnizmkw ]c-
Øn-bXp PqX∑m¿ am{X-a-s√∂pw _p≤-a-X-°m¿Xs∂bpw
Cu hnizm-k-Øn\p ASn-ÿm-\-an-´-h-cm-sW-∂pw˛ AXm-b-
Xv, aØn-bm-bpsS Bhn¿`m-hsØ °pdn-®p≈ {]h-N\ - a
- p-s≠-
∂p-˛S- m-kn-‰kv ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. ]pkvXI - Ø- ns‚ I¿Ømhv Hcp
ASn-°p-dp-∏n¬ C{]-Imcw {]kvXm-hn-°p∂p: ""]nS-°S- b - ≥,''
""XYm-KX'' F∂o {KŸ-ß-fn¬ as‰mcp _p≤s‚ Ah-Xm-c-
sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ {]h-N-\-ap-≠v, Ku-X-as‚ AYhm imIy-ap-
\n-bpsS Ime-Øn\p Bbncw sIm√w tij-amWv CXp kw`-
hn-°p-I. Xm≥ Ccp-]Ø - ©
- masØ _p≤-\m-sW∂pw "`Kvhm
aØnbm' {]Xy-£-s∏-Sm-\p-s≠-∂pw, F∂p-h-®m¬ Xs‚
Xntcm-[m-\-Øn-\p-tijw Cu cmPyØv At±lw {]Xy-£-
\m-Ip-sa∂pw At±-l-Øns‚ t]¿ "aØnbm' F∂m-bn-cn-°p-
sa∂pw At±lw shfpØ \nd-tØmSp IqSn-b-h-\m-bn-cn-°p-
sa∂pw KuX-a≥ {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p. Cw•o-jp-Im-c\ - mb {KŸ-
I¿Ømhv XpS¿∂p ]d-bp-∂X - p, "aØnbm' F∂ ]Zw aninlm
F∂ ]Z-tØmSp hf-sc-tbsd kmay-ap-≈X - m-sW-∂t- {X. Npcp-
°-Øn¬, KuXa _p≤≥ Cu {]h-N-\-Øn¬ sXfn®p ]d-
™-Xp, Xs‚ \mń¬ Xs‚ A\p-Nc - ∑
- m¿°n-Sb - n¬ Hcp akolv
{]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-sa-∂-s{X. Xß-fpsS cmPyØv akolv shfn-
s∏-Sp-sa∂ {]Xo£ _p≤-a-X-°m¿°n-S-bn¬ ]c-°m-\p≈
ASn-ÿm\ Imc-Whpw CXpXs∂bmIp-∂p. _p≤≥ Xs‚
{]h-N\ - Ø- n¬ "`Kvhm aØnbm' F∂mWv At±-lsØ Ipdn
®p ]d-™X - p. `Kvhm F∂-Xn\p kwkvIr-XØ - n¬ shfpØ
F∂¿∞-am-Ws - {X. kndn-b≥ {]tZ-i° - m-c\
- m-Ib - m¬ tbip
shfpØ sXmen-bp≈ Bfm-bn-cp∂ Xm\pw.
`Kvhm aØnbm
Cu {]h-Nn-X\ - m-ńse P\-ßƒ AXm-bX - ,v cmP-Krlw Dƒ
s∏-Sp∂ aK-[c - m-Py-Ønse \nhm-kn-Iƒ Idp-Øh - c- s
- {X. KuX-
a-_p-≤≥Xs∂bpw IdpØ Bfm-bn-cp-∂p. `mhn _p≤s\
kw_-‘n®p At±lw Jfin-X-amb c≠p AS-bm-f-ßƒ
A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ°v ]d-™p-sIm-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. H∂p At±lw
`Kvhm AYhm shfpØ N¿Ωap≈ Bfm-bn-cn-°pw. c≠p
At±lw aØnbm AYhm k©m-cnbpw hntZ-i-Øp\n∂p
hcp∂ Bfp-am-bn-cn-°pw. Cu P\-hn-`mKw {]kvXpX e£-
W-ßt- fm-Sp-Iq-Snb Bsfbpw {]Xo-£n-®p-\n-∂p. HSp-hn¬, tb
ip-hn¬ B hmKvZØ ]pcp-js\ Is≠-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
_p≤\ptijw A™qdp sIm√w Ign-™m¬ "`Kvhm aØn
bm' AYhm "shfpØ akolv' Xß-fpsS cmPyØv {]Xy-
£-\mbnsb∂p Hmtcm _p≤-aX - °
- m-c\pw hniz-kn-t°-≠X - p-
≠v. AXpsIm≠v, aØn-bm-bpsS (ssa-t{X-bm-bp-sS) ako-lns‚
Bhn¿`m-hs - Ø-∏‰ - nbpw Cu {]h-N\ - Ø
- ns‚ ]q¿Øo-Ic - W
- -
sØ-∏-‰nbpw _p≤-aX {KŸ-ß-fn¬ ]d-b-s∏´p ImWp-∂-
Xn¬ B›-cy-s∏-Sm-s\m-∂p-an-√. AØcw ]cm-a¿i-ß-sfm
∂pw Cs√-∂p-h∂ - m¬Xs∂bpw X\n-°p-≠mb Znhy-sh-fn-]m-
Sns‚ ASn-ÿm-\Ø - nepw "`Kvhm a-Ønbm' Xß-fpsS cmPyØv
hcp-sa∂ hnizm-k{- ]-Xo£ _p≤≥ kzin-jy-cn¬ hf¿Øn-
bn-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Cu {]h-N-\sØ°pdn®p t\cn-´-dn-
hp≈ Hcp _p≤-aX - ° - m-c\pw "`Kvhm a-Øn-bm'-bpsS AYhm
"shfpØ ako-ln's‚ BK-a\ - sØ \ntj-[n-°p-hm≥ km≤y-
a-√. Fs¥-∂m¬, ]q¿Øn-bm-bn-s√-¶n¬ aX-hn-izmkw If-
hm-sW∂ph∂pt]mIpw. {]h-N\w ]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-∂X - n\p Hcp
Ime-]c - n[n \n›-bn-®n-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂X - n\p ]pdsa AXp KuX-
a-_p-≤≥ A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ°v ASn-°Sn hnh-cn®psImSp-°p-
Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. Cu {]h-N\w X°-k-a-bØp ]q¿Øn-
bm-bn-s√-¶n¬ _p≤-aX - °
- m¿°n-Sb- n¬ At±-lØ - ns‚ kXy-
Øn¬ kwibw P\n-°p-Ibpw Cu {]h-N\w ]q¿Øn-bm-bn-

s√∂p {KŸ-ßf
- n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-am-bn-
cp-∂p.
an˛in˛lp
Cu {]h-N\w ]q¿Øn-bm-bn-´p-s≠-∂-Xn-te-bv°p≈
as‰mcp sXfnhv akolv F∂ t]¿Xs∂ Dƒs°m≠ {KŸ-
ßƒ F.-Un. Ggmw \q‰m-≠n¬ Xn_-Øn¬ Is≠-Øp-I-bp-
≠m-sb-∂-Xm-Wv. AXm-b-Xp, tbip-hns‚ t]¿Xs∂ an˛-in-
˛lp (Mi-Shi-Hu) F∂p Fgp-X-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. an˛-in-˛lp F∂
hm°v Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp t]cp-hn-h-c-∏-ńI t{ImUo-I-cn-®n-
´p≈ Bƒ Hcp _p≤-aX - °
- m-c≥ Xs∂-bm-Wv. Po.-XI - m-Ipkp
(G.Takakusu) hnh¿Ø\w sNbvX sF’n-ßns‚ (I-Tsing) Hcp
_p≤-aX - t- cJ (A Record of the Budhist Religion) F∂ {KŸw
t\m°p-I. sF’nw-Kns‚ Cu {KŸw X¿÷a sNbvX XIm-
Ipkp ]d-bp-∂Xv AXn-{]m-No-\-amb Hcp {KŸ-Øn¬ an˛-in-
˛lp (a-ko-l)v F∂ t]¿ ImW-s∏-ń-´p-s≠-∂m-W.v Cu ]pkv
XIw an°-hmdpw Ggmw \q‰m-≠n-ep-≈X - m-W.v 23 Pn. XIm-Ipkp
F∂ P∏m≥Im-c-\mWv CXp hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp 1896 ¬
HmIvkvt^m¿Unse ¢md-≠≥{]- n¬\n∂p {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-
Øn-bXv! "akolv' F∂ ]Zw GXm-bmepw AXn¬ AS-ßn-
bn-´p-≠.v Cu t]¿ _p≤-aX - °
- m¿°n-Sb - n¬ ]pd-Øp\n∂p IS-
∂p-h-∂-X-s√∂pw _p≤s‚ {]h-N-\-ß-fn¬\n∂pXs∂-bm
Wv CXv Ah¿ FSp-Ø-sX∂pw CXn¬\n∂p \ap°pd-∏n-
°m≥ Ign-bpw. AXp Nne-t∏mƒ akosl∂pw Nne-t∏mƒ
"`Kvhm a-Ønbm' F∂pw Ah¿ Fgp-Xn-t∏m-∂p.
bkm-˛b
- kp
_p≤-a-X-tc-J-I-fn¬ AS-ßnb as‰mcp sXfnhv CXmWv:
k¿ tamWn-b¿ hneyw Fgp-Xnb _p≤-aXw F∂ {KŸ-
Øns‚ 45˛mw t]Pn¬ _p≤s‚ Bdm-asØ injy≥ "bkm'
23. ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ 169, 223 t]PpIƒ t\m°pI.
F∂ Bfm-bn-cn-°p-sa∂p {]kvXm-hn-®n-´p-≠v. bkp F∂

\ma-]Z- Ø - ns‚ cq]m-¥c - a
- m-Wn-sX-∂mWv tXm∂p-∂X - v. _p≤
s‚ Nc-aØ - n-\p-tijw A™qdp h¿jw Ign-™mWv AXm-
bXv Bdmw \q‰m-≠nemWv tbip {]Xy-£\ - m-bX - p. Aßs\
At±lw Bdm-asØ injy≥ F∂v hnfn-bv°-s∏-´p. {]^-
k¿ amIvkvap-≈¿ "ss\‚o≥Øv sk≥Nzdn'24 (Nineteenth Cen-
tury) 517˛mw `mKØv (1894 HIvtSm-_¿ e°w) ta¬ {]kvXm-h-
\sb ]n¥m-ßn-bn-´p-s≠∂p Hm¿t°-≠X - m-Wv. tbip _p≤-
a-XX - Øz-ßf - n¬ BIr-„\m-bn-cp∂psh∂p {]kn-≤c - mb ]e
Fgp-Øp-Imcpw ]e-t∏m-gmbn A`n-{]m-b-s∏-ń-´p-s≠-¶nepw
{InkvXp-hns‚ ImeØv _p≤-aXw ]e-kX v o-\nseØm≥ km
[n-®X - ns‚ bYm¿∞-amb Ncn-{X-am¿§w C∂p-hs - cbpw Is≠-
Øm≥ km[n-®n-ń-s√-∂mWv At±lw {]kvXm-hn-®X - v. bkp,-
_p-≤s‚ injy-\m-bn-cp-∂pshs∂gp-Xnb _p≤-a-X-{K-Ÿ-
ßsf CXp ]n¥m-ßp-∂p. amIvkvap-≈-sd-t]m-ep-ff kap-∂-
X-cmb {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ _p≤-aX - X
- Ø
- z-ßƒ tbip-hn¬ kzm
[o\w sNep-Øn-bn-´p-≠m-bn-cp∂psh∂p kΩ-Xn-°p-tºmƒ
AXp tbip, _p≤s‚ injy-\m-bn-cp∂psh∂p ]d-bp-∂X - n\p
Xpey-am-W-t√m. ako-lns\ kw_-‘n®p AØcw hm°p-
Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xpt]mepw A\m-Z-chpw [n°m-c-hp-am-
sW∂p Icp-Xp-∂-h-\mWv Rm≥. bkp, _p≤s‚ injy≥
AYhm apcoZv Bbn-cp∂psh∂p _p≤-aX - {- K-Ÿß - f- n¬ {]kv
Xm-hn®p ImWp-∂psh¶n¬ AXh-cpsS ]fin-X∑ - m-cpsS ]u
cm-WnI coXn-b\ - p-kc
- n-®p≈ Hcp {]tbmKw am{X-am-Wv. hcm-
\n-cn-°p∂ Hcp alm-flm-hn-s\-°p-dn®p ap≥I-gn™ as‰mcp
alm-flm-hns‚ injy-\mbn hnh-cn®p Im´p-∂Xp Ah-cpsS
]gb coXn-bs - {X. CXp IqSmsX ap≥hn-hc - n-®X- p-t]mse tbip-
hn-s‚bpw _p≤-s‚bpw hmZ-ßf - n¬ henb kmayap≈-t∏mƒ
_p≤≥ Cukm-a-ko-ln-t\-°mƒ aptºh∂ Bsf∂ \ne
24. The Nineteenth Century; Lond. Oct. 1894. Vol.3, July-December British Museum
w.p.59,39
bv°v Kpcp-in-jy-_‘w Ah-cn¬ Btcm-]n-°p-∂Xp BZ-c-

{]-I-S-\-a-s√-¶n¬°qSn \nc¿∞-I-am-sW-∂p ]d-™p-Iq-Sm.
_p≤-a-X-X-Øz-ßƒ tbip-hns‚ ImeØv ]e-kvXo-\n¬
FØn-bn-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p tb\-tI-\-{]-Im-tcW sXfn-
bn®p Im´p-I-sb∂ bqtdm-]y≥ Kth-j-I-∑m-cpsS ]tcy-j-
W-co-Xnsb Rmt\-Xm-bmepw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂n-√. _p≤-a-X-
Øns‚ {]mNo-\-]pWy {KŸ-ß-fn¬ tbip-hns‚ \maw Dƒ
s∏´p I≠-t∏mƒ ]e-kvXo-\n¬ _p≤-aXw FØn-b-Xns‚
sXfn-hp-Iƒ Is≠-Øm≥ ]mSps]Sp-I-sb∂ Xe-Xn-cn™
am¿§w Ah¿ kzoI-cn-®Xv XnI®pw tJZ-I-c-am-Wv. t\∏m-fn-
sebpw Xn_-Øn-sebpw Iivao-cn-sebpw Ip∂n≥{]-tZ-i-ß-
fn¬ tbip-hns‚ ]hn-{X-amb Ime-Sn-∏m-Sp-Iƒ Xnc-™p-]n-Sn-
°m≥ Ah-sc-¥p-sIm≠v {ian-°p-∂n√. F∂m¬, Hcm-bncw
A‘-Im-cØ - n-s‚ Npcp-fp-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ ad-™p-In-S° - p∂ Cu
kXy-ßƒ Cu Kth-j-I-∑m¿s°m ∂pw Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-
bp-am-bn-cp-∂ns√∂p F\n°dn-bmw. krjvSn-]qP AXns‚
F√m koa-Ifpw IS∂p temI-amsI hym]n-°p-Ibpw {Iqim-
cm-[-\bpw c‡-_-en-bn-ep≈ hnizm-khpw tImSn-°-W-°n-
\m-fp-Isf kXy-ssZ-hØ - n¬ \n∂p AI-‰n-°f - b
- p-Ibpw sNbv
Xn-´p-≈X - mbn kz¿K-ÿ\ - mb ssZhw I≠t∏mƒ Ah≥ Xs‚
sshcm-Ky-Øm¬ Cu Ipcnip hnizm-ksØ XI¿°p-∂X - n\p
Xs‚ Hcp hcn-jT v Z- m-ks\ tbip-ak - o-lns‚ \ma-Øn¬ Ab-
°p-Ib - m-Wp-≠m-bX - .v Aßs\ {]h-N\ - ß- f- nse B hmKvZØ-
{]-Imcw At±lw hmKvZØ akolmbn {]Xy-£s - ∏-Sp-Ibpw
sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. ]ns∂, Ipcn-ins\ DS-b° v p∂ kabw hs∂-
Øn. F∂p-h-®m¬, Hcp ac-°-jWw c≠p-Xp-≠p-I-fm-°-s∏-
Sp-∂X - p-t]mse Ipcn-ip-aX - h
- n-izm-kØ
- ns‚ s]m≈-Øcw shfn-
s∏-Sp∂ BImew! AXpsIm≠v, Ipcn-in s\ DS-b° v p-∂X - n\p
ssZhw hgn-sbm-cp-°o-´p≈ Imew CXp-X-s∂-bm-Wv. kXym-
t\z-j-I¿ AXn-\mbn Np‰pw t\m°p-Ibpw Xnc-bp-Ibpw
sNbvXp-sIm-≈s - ´.
]∂n-sb-s°m-√¬
tbip-hns‚ kz¿§m-tcm-lWw AsXmcp sX‰mb k¶-ev
]-am-sW∂p hcp-Inepw Hcp cl-kysØ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p.
AXm-bXv, akoln Pohn-XØ - n-s‚ bmYm¿∞yw hnkvac - n-°-
s∏-Sp-Ibpw J_v-d-S°w sNø-s∏´ arX-tZlw aÆn¬ ebn-
°p-∂{- ]-Imcw \mi-aS- b - p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-s≠-¶nepw B bm
Ym¿∞yw kz¿§-Øn¬ Hcp a\p-jy-ic - ocw IWs° ÿnXn-
sN-øp-∂p-≠m-bn-cp∂psh∂p ]d-bmw. A¥y-Im-eØv Cu ako-
lo-kXyw `qan-bn¬ Cd-ßn-h-tc-≠Xv A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-cp-∂p.
Aßs\ B bmYm¿∞yw C°m-eØv Hcp a\p-jys‚ cq]-
Øn¬ Ah-Xc - n-°p-Ibpw Ipcn-ins\ DS-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-
cn-°p-∂p. \ΩpsS \_n-(-k) Xncp-ta\n ]∂n-tbmSp kmZr-
iys∏-Sp-Ønb B NXn-hm-°p-Ifpw Ak-Xy-]q-P-bpw, Ipcn-
ip-Sb- v°e - n-t\m-sSm∏w Hcp ]∂n hmfp-sIm≠p shń-\p-dp-°-
s∏-Sp-∂X - p-t]mse shń-\p-dp-°s - ∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. hmKvZØ ako
lv Im^n¿˛kXy\ntj[nIsf sIm√p-Ibpw ac-°p-cn-ip-Isf
apdn-®n-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-sa-∂m-bn-cp-∂n√ Cu lZo-Yp-If - psS Xm
¬]cyw. Ipcn-ip-hn-izm-k-ku[w BI-∏msS s]mSp-∂s\
XI¿∂p Xcn-∏W - a - m-Ip∂ Xc-Øn¬ BIm-i`- qan-If - psS \mY-
\mb ssZhw Hfn-™p-In-S∂ kXy-ßsf B \mfn¬ ]pd
ØpsIm≠p-hcpsa∂mWv Ipcn-ip-Sbv° - p-sa-∂X - ns‚ A¿∞w.
]∂n-Isf sIm√pw F∂p ]d-™-Xns‚ s]mcp-fm-Is´ a\p-
jy-sctbm ]∂n-Is - ftbm sIm∂n-Sp-Is - b-∂X - √. adn-®v, ]∂n-
kz-`m-hsØ AXm-bX - v, Ak-Xy-Øn¬ Dd-®p-\nev°¬, Ak-
XysØ a‰p-≈h - c- psS apºn¬ hnf-ºm-\p≈ Xzc F∂n-hsb
C√m-Xm-°pI F∂-X-s{X. CXp Ata[yw `pPn-°p-∂-Xn\p
Xpey-am-Wv. NØ ]∂nbv°v ImjvSw Xn∂m\mhn-s√-∂-Xp-
t]mse CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ tNdv `£n-°p-∂-Xn¬\n∂p Zpkz-
`m-hn-Isf ]n¥n-cn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp Imew hcpw. A√, B Imew
CXm h∂p Ign-™n-cn-°p∂p. apkvenw De-am-°∑ - m¿°v Xncp-
\-_n-bpsS Cu {]h-N\w a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]nghv ]‰n.
Ipcn-ins\ DS-bv°-en-s‚bpw ]∂nsb sIm√-en-s‚bpw icn-

bmb A¿∞w Rm≥ hnh-cn-®n-´p-≈XpXs∂-bmWv. hmKvZ-
Ø-ak - o-lns‚ ImeØv aX-bp-≤ß - f - psS AdpXnhcp-Øp-sa-
∂pw, kz¿§-Øn¬\n∂p {]Im-tim-÷z-eß - f- mb kXyX-Øz-
ßƒ shfn-s∏-Sp-sa∂pw AXpaptJ\ lJpw (k-Xy-hpw) _m
Xznepw (A-k-Xy-hpw) XΩn-ep≈ kpZo-]vX-amb hnth-N\w
kw`-hn-°p-sa∂pw Fgp-Xs - ∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. AXpsIm≠v, Rm≥
hmfp-ambn h∂psh∂p \ncq-]n-t°-≠. F√m hmfp-Ifpw Dd-
I-fn¬ Xncp-In-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn-´s{X Rm≥ h∂n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
temIw hf-sc-°m-ea- mbn A‘-Im-cØ - n¬ s]mcp-Xp-Ib - m-bn-
cp-∂p. At\-I¿ Xß-fpsS Bflm¿∞-Kp-W-Imw-£n-I-sf-
Xs∂ FXn¿ØpsIm≠n-cp∂p. thZ-\n-°p∂ kvt\l-P-\-
ß-fpsS lrZ-bß - sf ZpxJn-∏n-°p-Ibpw {]nb-s∏-´h - sc {hW-
s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. C\n A‘Imcw \ne-\nev°p-Ib - n-
√. cm{Xn AkvX-an®p ]I¬ {]Im-in-®p-Xp-S-ßn. Cu {]Im-
i-Øn¬\n∂p AI-∂n-ń-√m-Ø-h≥ A\p-Kr-lo-X≥.
cmlp√-˛d
- q-lp√
_p≤-s\-∏-‰n-bp≈ HmƒU≥_¿§ns‚ {KŸ-Øn¬ 149-
˛mw t]Pn¬ tN¿Øp-Im-Wp∂ _p≤-a-X-tc-J-bmWv as‰mcp
sXfn-hv.""alm-h§'' F∂ {KŸsØ B[m-c-am°n (t].54,-
k¿§w1) cmlpe F∂p t]cp≈ Bƒ _p≤s‚ ]n≥Km-an-
bm-bn-cn-°p-sa∂p tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ct±lw Hcp `‡-
in-jy-\m-sW∂pw, A√ At±-l-Øns‚ ]p{X≥ Xs∂-bm-
sW∂pw hnh-cn-°-s∏-ń-´p≠v. _p≤-a-X-{K-Ÿ-ß-fnse "cm
lpe' Cukm-\-_n-bpsS "dqlp√' F∂ ÿm\]ZØns‚
cp]-hn-Im-ca- m-sW∂p Rm≥ i‡n-bp‡w {]kvXm-hn-®p-sIm-
≈-s´. "cmlpe' _p≤s‚ ]p{X-\m-bn-cp∂p-sh∂pw inip-hm-
bn-cn-°p-tºmƒØs∂ "cmlp-e'sb Dt]-£n-®- \n-eb - n¬ At±
lw ]pd-tZ-it- Ø°pt]mbn-°f - ™
- psh∂pw kz¥w `mcysb
Ah¿ Dd-ßn-°n-S-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ Ahcdn-bm-sXbpw
Ah-tcmSp hnS tNmZn-°m-sXbpw F∂-t∂-°p-ambn hn´p]n-

cn-bm≥ \n›-bn-®p-sIm≠p at‰tXm cmPy-tØbvt°mSn-t∏m-
sb-∂p-ap≈ Hcp IY-bp-≠.v Cu IY XnI®pw ASn-ÿm\cln-
Xhpw Akw-_-‘hpw almflmhmb _p≤s‚ Hu∂y-Xy-
Øn\p \nc-°m-ØX - p-as{X. \ncm-ew-_b
- mb kz]-X\ v nsb Im
cp-Wy-Øns‚ IWn-I-t]mepw ImWn-°msX Ahƒ Dd-ßn-
°n-S°sh Dt]-£n-®p-t]m-hpIbpw, Hcmizmk-hm-°p-t]mepw
D®cn°msX Aßs\bßv XkvIcs\t∏mse IS-∂p-If - b
- p-
Ibpw CW-tbm-Sp≈ _m≤y-X-Isf XnI®pw Ah-K-Wn-®p-
sIm≠pw Ahsf hnhm-la - p‡-bm-°m-sXbpw Ftßm-s´∂pw
Ft∂bvs°∂p-an-√m-tXbpw s]s´∂v A{]-Xy-£\ - m-hp-Ibpw
Ah-fpsS a\- n\v Hcm-™Sn \evIn Ahsf \nXytimI-
Øn-em-gØ
v p-Ibpw kz]p-{X≥ hen-sbm-cm-fm-bn hf-cp-∂X - p-hsc
Hcp ktµiw t]mepw Ab-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw Hcp inip-hns‚-
t\sc Hcp Imcp-Wyhpw ImWn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbv Xn-´p≈
Hcmƒ, Xm≥ \evInb [m¿ΩnI]mTß-tfm-Sp-t]mepw BZcw
]pe¿ØmØ Hcmƒ kZrØ-\m-sW∂pt]mepw Icp-Xm-\m-hn-
√. Fs‚ a\-km£n CsXm-cn-°epw AwKo-Ic- n-°p-∂n-√.25 tbip
Hcn-°¬ Xs‚ amXm-hns‚ t\sc A\m-Zcw ImWn-®X - m-bp≈
kphn-ti-jI
- Y- sbt]mseXs∂ Rm\nXpw X≈n-°f - b- p-∂p.
25. hn{ipX _u≤-]fi - n-X\
- mb [¿am-\µ tImkw_n "`K-hm≥ _p≤≥' F∂
_p≤-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ (tI{µ kmlnXy A°m-Zan {]kn-≤o-I-c-Ww) hmKvZØ
ako-lns‚ Cu ho£-WsØ icn-h®psIm≠v C{]-Imcw ]d-bp∂p:
"{]mNo\ kq‡-ß-fn-sem∂pw Cu Akw-`m-hy-ß-fmb sFXn-ly-ßƒ°v
Hc-Sn-ÿm-\hpw ImWp-∂n-√'. "Acn-b] - c- n-tb-\k- qXXm'bn¬ Xs‚ Krl-Xym-K-
IY _p≤-`K - h
- m≥Xs∂ hnh-cn-®n-´p-≈X - n¬ A—-\Ω - a
- m-tcmSp A\p-hmZw tNmZn-
®n-cp-∂X- mbn ]d-bp-∂p. "alm-km-‡I - k - pXXm-'bnepw C{]-Imcw Xs∂bmWv
hnh-cn-®n-´p-≈sX∂p ]d-™p-sIm≠v tImkw_n Cßs\ ]d-bp∂p: ""t_m[n-
k-Xz≥ kzKr-l-Øn-ep-≈-hsc Adn-bn-°msX an-{X-t\m-Sp-IqSn Hfn-®p-t]mbn
sb∂p ]d-bp-∂Xp shdpw sX‰msW∂p sXfn-bp-∂p.... ipt≤m-Z-\\pw tKmX-
an°pw At±lw ]cn-{hm-P-I-\mIpsa∂p≈ ]c-am¿∞w hfsc aptº-Xs∂
Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-cpsS C—bv°p hncp-≤a - mbn Ah-cpsS apºn¬h®pXs∂
At±lw {]h-Nn®psh∂pw _p≤-hm-Iy-Øn¬\n∂p kv]jvS-am-Ip-∂p''. (`-K-
hm≥ _p≤≥˛ [¿am-\µ tImkw-_n, hnh. ]n. tijm-{Zn. `m. 184-˛185) hnh:
tbip-hns‚ bSp-°¬ Xs‚ amXmhv h∂-t∏mƒ At±lw Ah-

tcmSp A\m-Zcw ImWn®psh∂pw Ah¿ ASp-Øp-sN-∂p tbip-
hns\ kwt_m-[\ sNbvX-t∏mƒ Ahsc Ah-tl-fn-°pw-
hn[w Nne hm°p-Iƒ D®-cn®psh∂pamWv B IY!
`mcy-bp-sSbpw amXm-hn-s‚bpw hnIm-cßsf {hW-s∏-Sp-
Øn-b-Xns\ kw_-‘n® IY-I-fn¬ Nne kmZr-iy-ß-sf-√m-
ap-s≠-∂n-cn-°n-epw, tbip-hn-s‚tbm KuX-a-_p-≤-s‚tbm
km[m-cW kz`mh amXr-II - f - n¬ Hcp ]X\w kw`-hn-®X - mbn
kqNn-∏n-°p∂ {]kvXpX IY-Iƒ Ah-cnsemcn-°epw B-
tcm-]n-®p-Iq-Sm-Ø-XmWv. _p≤≥ kz¥w `mcysb kvt\ln-
®n-s√-¶n¬t]m-epw, Hcp ]mhw s]Æn-s‚bpw Ah-fpsS IjvS-
s∏-Sp∂ Ip™n-s‚bpw t\sc \n›-ba - mbpw At±-lØ - n\p
ImcpWyw tXmt∂-≠X - m-bn-cp-∂nt√? CXp Xo¿®-bmbpw Kuc-
hm-hl- a- mb kzm`m-hZ- q-jyw-Xs - ∂-bm-Wv. F{X-tØmfw Kuc-
h-ap-≈-sX-∂m¬, \qdp-°-W-°n¬ sIm√-ßƒ Ign-™n´pw
F\n-°-Xn-s\-∏‰n Hm¿°pt¥mdpw s\mºcw A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-
∂p. F¥n-\m-W-t±lw C{X-sbms° sNbvX-sX∂v a\- n-
em-°m≥ B¿°pw km[n-°p-∂n-√. A[m¿an-Itbm [m¿jvSy-
h-Xntbm Ahn-izm-kytbm `¿Øm-hn\v FXn¿ \nev°p-∂-
htfm As√-∂m-In¬ kz¥w `mcysb Xncn-™p-t\m-°m-Xn-
cp-∂m¬Xs∂ Hcmƒ sIm≈-cp-Xm-Øh - \
- m-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. F∂n-
cn-s°, _p≤-\n¬ CØ-c-samcp s]cp-am‰w Btcm-]n-°m≥
Fßs\ Ignbpw? AXpXs∂bpw Xs‚ kz¥w ]mT-ßƒ°v
FXn-cm-bn-´p! Npcp-°-Øn¬, Cu IY XnI®pw sX‰m-sW-
∂mWv CsX√mw hnfn-®-dn-bn-°p-∂-Xv.
bYm¿∞-Øn¬, "cmlpe' F∂Xp tbip-hn-s\-∏‰nXs∂
]d-b-s∏-ń-´p-≈Xpw tbip-hns‚ as‰mcp \ma-amb "dqlp-√m'-
bpsS cq]-hn-Im-ch
- p-am-Ip-∂p. "dqlp√' F∂p ln{_p-hnsegp-
Xn-bm¬ "cmlpe' F∂v hmbn-°m-\m-hpw. tbip, _p≤s‚
injy-cn¬ Hcm-fmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. _p≤\p
tijw _p≤-t‚Xp t]mep≈ A≤ym-]-\-ßƒ At±lw
sIm≠ph∂n-cp-∂X - n-\m¬ _p≤-aX - m-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ B A≤ym

]\-ß-fpsS Dd-hnSw _p≤-\n¬ Btcm-]n-°p-Ibpw ako-
lns\ _p≤s‚ injy-\mbn Icp-Xp-Ibpw sNbvXp. _p≤≥
ssZh-Øn¬\n-∂p≈ shfn-]m-Sp-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬
anin-lmsb Xs‚ ]p{X-\mbn {]Jym-]n-®n-cn-°p-I-bp-am-hmw.
cmlp-e -Xs‚ amXm-hn-¬\n∂v th¿s]-´p-t]m-b-t∏mƒ _p
≤s‚ injy-bmb aKvZm-en-bm\26 Hcp ZqXn-bmbn h¿Øn®p
sh∂pw {]kvXpX {KŸ-Øn¬Xs∂ ]d-™p-Im-Wmw.
bYm¿∞-Øn¬, aKvZm-en-bm\ kphn-ti-jß - f- n¬ ]d-bs
- ∏´
tbip-in-jy-bmb aKvZe- \
- a
- d
- nbw A√msX a‰m-cp-an- √- .
apI-fn¬]-d™ Cu F√m km£y-ßfpwh®p-t\m-°n-
bm¬ tbip AYhm Cukm-\_n (A) Cu cmPyØv kam-
K-X\- m-bn-´p-≠m-bn-cp∂psh∂ \nK-a\ - Ø
- n-emWv Hcp \njv]
£ Nn¥-Is\Øn-t®-cp-I. {]Im-tim-÷z-eß-fmb Cu F√m
km£y-ßfpw _p≤-a-X-Øn-tebpw {InkvXpaX-Øn-tebpw
A≤ym-]-\-ßƒ°pw BNm-c-ßƒ°p-ap≈ ]cn-kv]-c-km-ay-
X-I-fpw˛ Xn_Øv {]tZ-iØv C°m-cy-ßfm¿°pw \ntj-[n-
°m≥ km[y-a√ - mØhn[w apg®p ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p˛ h®p t\m
°n-bt- ∏mƒ {InkvXo-bK - t- h-jI - ∑- m-cn¬ `qcn-]£
- hpw _p≤-
aXw ]u-ck - Xv y-tZ-isØ {InkvXp-aX - a
- m-sW∂pw {InkvXp-aXw
]m›m-Xy-tZ-isØ _p≤-aX - a
- m-sW∂pw ]d-bm-hp-∂X - m-sW-
∂p-t]mepw Icp-Xp-am-dm-bn. kphntijß-fn¬ tbip-hn\p
c£-I≥ F∂p t]cp-≈X - p-t]mse _p≤\pw Xs‚ t]¿ c£-
I≥ F∂v shfn-s∏-Sp-Øo-´p-≠v. t\m°pI Rm≥ shfn-®-am-
Ip∂psh∂pw Rm≥ t\¿h-gn-bm-Ip∂psh∂pw akolp ]d-
™p. C{]-Im-cw-Xs∂ _p≤\pw ]d-™-Xmbn ImWp-∂p.
("e-fn-X-hn-kvXcw' t\m°p-I). tbip-hn\p ]nXm-hp-≠m-bn-cp-
∂n-s√∂p kphn-ti-j-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂p. _p≤s‚ Ncn-{X-
Ønepw ]d-bp-∂Xp At±-lhpw ]nXm-hn-√m-sX-bmWv P\n-®-
26. auZvK-em-b\? ("[¿Ω-]Zw' t\m°p-I. X¿÷-a, tXe-∏p-dØv \mcm-b-W-\-
ºn, t]. 13)˛ hnh:
sX-∂-s{X. F∂m¬, {]Xy-£-Øn¬ akoln\p, bqkp^v

]nXmhp≠m-bn-cp-∂X - p-t]mse _p≤\pw Hcp ]nXm-hp-≠m-bn-
cp-∂p. _p≤s‚ P\-\-th-f-bnepw Hcp \£{Xw DZn-®-Xmbn
Fgp-Xs - ∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. Hcp Ipńsb c≠p Ij-Wß - f- m°n shń-
ap-dn-°m\pw Hmtcm `mK-hpw Ipń-bpsS AΩ-bm-sW∂p Ah-
Im-is - ∏´ Hmtcm kv{Xo°pw \evIm\pw Iev]n® ie-tam≥cm-
Pm-hns‚ IY _p≤s‚ PmX-I-Ønepw ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
CsX√mw tbip Cu cmPyØv h∂n-´p-≠m-bn-cp∂psh∂p
sXfn-bn-®p-Im-´p-∂X - n\p ]pd-sa, Cu {]tZ-iØv h∂p-]m¿Ø
PqZ-∑m¿ _p≤-a-X-hp-ambn _‘w hf¿Øn-bn-cp∂psh∂pw
sXfn-bn-°p-∂p. _p≤-aX{KŸ-ß-fn¬ hnh-cn-°-s∏´ Dev]-
Øn-IY - bv°v Xudm-Ønse IY-bp-ambn hy‡-amb kmZriyw
ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]pcp-j\p kv{XobpsSta¬ t{ij-T-]-Z-hnbp
s≠∂p Xudm-Øn¬\n∂p a\- n-em-Ip-∂-Xp-t]mse _p≤-
a-XØ- ns‚ ZrjvSn-bnepw Hcp ]pcp-jt- bmKn Hcp tbmKn-\n-tb-
bv°mƒ ]Z-hn-bn¬ Db¿∂-h\ - s- {X.
]p\¿P-∑h
- n-izmkw
_p≤≥ ]p\¿P-∑Ø - n¬ hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂X- mbn ]d-bs - ∏-
Sp-∂p-sh-¶nepw At±-l-Øns‚ ]p\¿P∑w kphn-ti-j-]m-T-
ßƒ°v FXn-cm-bn-´p-≈-X-√. _p≤s‚ ]°¬ ]p\¿P∑w
aq∂p Xc-Øn-em-Wv. (1)- a-cn-°p∂ H-cm-fpsS Icp-Øn-s‚bpw
I¿a-ß-fp-sSbpw ê-ßƒ as‰mcp PU-cq]w ssIs°m-≈p-
∂-Xns\ Ah-iy-am-°n-Øo¿°p-∂p. (2) Xn_-Øp-Im¿ Xß-
fpsS ema-am¿°p-≠m-Ip-∂X - mbn hniz-kn-°p-∂c- o-Xn-bn-ep≈
]p\¿P-∑a - mWv as‰m-∂p. GXm-Inepw _u≤-s‚tbm t_m[n-
k-Xz-s‚tbm ssNX-\ymwiw as‰mcp ema-bn¬ \nth-in-°p-
am-dm-Ip-∂p. AXm-bX - p, B ema-bpsS ssNX-\yhpw kz`m-h
hpw Bflo-bs - sh-in-jy-ßfpw Cu ema-bn-te°v kw{I-an-°p-
Ibpw BZy-sØ-bm-fpsS Bflmhv as‰-bmsf {]`m-hn-X-\m-
°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. (3) aq∂m-asØ Xc-Øn-ep≈ P∑w CXm
Wv: a\p-jy≥ sFlnI Pohn-X-Øn¬Øs∂ hnhn[ P∑m-

¥-cß- f- n-eqsS IS∂pt]mIp-∂p. Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Abm-fpsS
hy‡n-kz-`m-ha - \
- p-kc
- n-®p≈ P¥p-cq-]ß- ƒ ssIs°m-≈p-am-
dm-Ip-∂p. Hcp a\p-jy≥ Imf-bmbn amdp-∂p. XrjvWbpw tZm
jhpw h¿≤n-°p-tºmƒ Ah¿ Hcp \mb-bm-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw
BZysØ Pohn-Xm-h-ÿ°v acWw kw`-hn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-
∂p. Hcp Pohn-Xm-h-ÿ-bnse I¿a-ß-fn¬\n-∂mWv as‰mcp
Pohn-Xm-hÿ P∑-sa-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬, Cu F√m ]cn-
h¿Ø-\ß - fpw sFln-IP - o-hn-XØ
- n¬Ø-s∂-bmWv kw`-hn-
°p-∂-Xv. AXpsIm≠v, Cu hnizm-k-ßfpw kphn-ti-j-ß-
fnse ]mT-ßƒ°v FXn-cm-sW∂p ]d-bm-h-X-√.
_p≤≥ kmØm-\nepw hniz-kn-®n-cp∂psh∂p Rm≥
{]kvXm-hn-®p-ht√m. AXp-sIm≠v kz¿§ \c-Iß - f - nepw27 ae-
°p-If- nepw \ymbhnkvXmc\mfnepw hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂p. _p≤≥
ssZh hnizm-kn-bm-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂ Bt£]w XnI®pw I‰p-
sI-´m-Ip-∂p. _p≤≥ thZm-¥ß - f
- ntem ]n¬°m-eØv lnµp-
°-fn¬ IS-∂p-Iq-Snb PU-ssZ-h-ß-fntem hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂n-
√. _p≤≥ thZ-ßsf hf-sc-sb√mw hna¿in-®n-cp∂psh∂Xpw
t\cm-Wv. \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ thZ-ßƒ kXy-am-sW∂p
_p≤≥ hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂n-√. Ah-sb√mw Ae-t¶m-es - ∏-´h
- b
- m-
27. _p≤≥ kz¿§-\c - I
- ß
- f - n-sem∂pw hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂n-s√∂p ]d-bp-∂h
- c
- p≠v.
F∂m¬, AXp icn-b-√. _p≤≥ kz¿§-sØ-∏‰n ]d™p:
tkm Itcmln Zo]-a-Øt\m Jn∏w hmbXv ]fintXm `h
\n≤-¥-atem A\M KtWm Zn∫w Acnb `qan-ta-lkn
(\o X∂-Øm-s\mcp Zo]-am-°p-I, \s∂ bXv\n-°p-I, Hcp ]fin-X-\m-bn-Øo-
cpI. \ns‚ ae-ßƒ (A-ip-≤n-Iƒ) Ft∏mƒ AI-ep-∂pthm At∏mƒ \o
\n¿t±m-jn-bm-hp-Ibpw Bcy-tem-Iam-Ip∂ kz¿§sØ {]m]n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw).
\c-I-sØ-∏‰n C{]-Im-chpw:
Abkm haew kvapSn-TnXw XXp-T-Smb Xtah JmZXn
Ghw AXnt[m\ Nmcn\w km\n IΩm\n \b¥n Zp§Xnw
(C-cp-ºn¬ \n∂p-≠m-Ip∂ Id AXn-s\-Øs∂ \in-∏n-°p-∂t- ]mse [¿asØ
AXn-{I-an-®h- s‚ I¿a-ßƒ Ahs\ \c-IØ - n-te°v sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂p.) ˛"[¿a-
]Zw'˛a-eh - t§m ASvTm-ck- t- am', X¿÷a: tXe-∏p-dØv \mcm-bW \ºn, t].83,
84-˛-hnh:
sW∂pw {]£n-]vX-ß-fm-sW∂pw At±lw Icp-Xn. Xm≥

Hcp lnµp-hm-bn-cp-∂t- ∏mgpw thZ-ßsf ]n¥p-S¿∂n-cp∂-t∏m-
gp-ap≈ Xs‚ P∑-ßƒ Zp¿P-∑-ß-fm-sW-∂p At±lw Icp-
Xn. DZm-l-c-Wm¿∞w Xm≥ Ipd-®p-Imew hm\-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p.
Ipd®p Imew B\bpw ]ns∂ lnc-Wyhpw ]ns∂ izmhpw
Bbn-am-dn. \mep-X-hW ]n∂-Khpw ]ns∂ Xh-fbpw c≠v
XhW a’yhpw ]Øv h´w ]penbpw \mev XhW tImgnbpw
c≠p-X-hW ]∂nbpw Hcn-°¬ apbepw Bbn-cp-∂p. apb-em-
bn-cp-∂t- ∏mƒ Ipc-ß∑ - m-scbpw Ipdp-°∑ - m-scbpw \o¿\m-b° v -
sfbpw ]Tn-∏n-®p-t]m-∂p. ]ns∂ Hcn-°¬ `qX-am-bn-cp-∂p. as‰m-
cn-°¬ Hcp kv{Xo. ]ns∂ \¿Ø-I≥. Hcp ]nimNpambn.
Cu kqN-\I - s
- f√mw òcp-Xzw, kvss{XW-`m-hw, Aip-≤n, arKo-
b-X, ImS-Øw, Zp¿\-S-∏v, Xo‰n-{`m-¥v, A‘-hn-izmkw CXym-
Zn-Iƒ \nd™ ap≥Po-hn-X-Øns‚ `mh-ssh-hn-[y-ß-fn-te-
bv°mWv hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂X - v. Xm≥ thZm-\p-h¿Øn-bm-bn-cp∂
Ime-L-´-Øn-tebv°v At±lw {i≤ Xncn-°p-∂-Xm-bn-´mWv
tXm∂p-∂-Xv. AXns\ Isøm-gn-®-tijw X∂n¬ ]m]-Po-hn-
X-Øns‚ IWn-Is - b-¶nepw Ah-ti-jn-®X - mbn At±lw kqNn-
∏n-°p-∂n-√. adn-®,v At±lw henb henb hmZ-ßs - f√mw D∂-
bn-°p-∂X - mbpw Xm≥ ssZh-Øns‚ {]Xn-_nw-_a - m-sW∂pw
28
\n¿∆mWw {]m]n-®h - \
- m-sW∂pw Ah-Im-is - ∏-Sp-∂X - mbpw
28. _p≤≥ ]Tn-∏n® \n¿∆mWw F¥m-sW-∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n henb sX‰p[m-c-W-

bp-≠v. Nne¿ Icp-Xp-∂Xpt]mse AXp Poh≥ ap‡n-b-√.
Nirvana is not, as some suppose, the state in which the Jeevatma is absorbed
in Paramatma. "Nor is it, as others suppose, the annihilation of all activities... Nirvana
is on the one side destruction of the three fires of lust, hatred and ignorance; and on
the other it is the perfection of all human excellence.''
(\n¿∆mWw F∂Xp Nne¿ Icp-Xp-∂Xpt]mse Pohm-flmhv ]c-am-flm-hn¬
ebn-°p-∂-X√; a‰p Nne¿ Icp-Xp-∂-Xp-t]mse {]h¿Ø-\-\m-i-hp-a-√...
\n¿∆mWw F∂m¬, Hcp `mK-Øp, XrjvW, tZzjw, A⁄m\w F∂o aq∂p
A·n-Ifpw hn\m-ihpw as‰mcp `mKØp F√m am\-hn-I-t{i-jvT-X-I-fp-sSbpw
]cn-]q¿Æ-Xbpw BIp-∂p. ˛ [¿a-]-Zw˛ Introduction p.x.
bYm¿∞Øn¬ \n¿∆mWw F∂Xv Ckvem-anse "apXzva-bn∂' AYhm
"im¥nsb {]m]n® Bflm-hn's‚ ÿm\amIp-∂p˛ hnh:
\mw ImWp-∂p. \mc-Io-b-I¿a-ß-fp-ambn Cu temIw hn´p-

]n-cn-bp∂ Bƒ \c-I-Øn-tebv°v Fdn-b-s∏-Sp-sa∂pw \c-I-
Ønse Zzmc-]m-eI - ∑m¿ Ahs\ \c-Ic - m-Pm-hmb bas‚ ASp-
°-te°v hen-®n-g-°p-sa-∂pw, in£n-°-s∏´ Bƒ, Xs∂
Xm°oXp sNøp-∂X - n-\mbn Ab-°s - ∏´ ]©-Zq-X∑ - msc I≠n-
´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√tbm F∂p tNmZn-°s - ∏-Sp-sa∂pw _p≤≥ ]d-
bp-∂p˛B ZqX-∑m¿ ssii-hw, hm¿≤-Iyw, tcmKw, Ip‰-hm-fn-
bmbn Cu temI-Øn¬h®pXs∂ in£n-°s - ∏-Sp∂ Ahÿ
(CXp ]c-temI in£-bv°p≈ Hcp sXfn-hm-Ip-∂p), {]]-
©-Øns‚ \iz-cX sXfn-bn®p Im´p∂ acn-®-h-cpsS PU-
ßƒ F∂n-h-bm-Ip∂p ˛ Xs‚ t`mjXzw ImcWw Ch-sbm
∂pw {i≤n-®t- X-bn-s√∂p Ip‰-hmfn adp-]Sn ]d-bpw. At∏mƒ,
\c-IØ - ns‚ Imh¬°m¿ Ahs\ Zfi\ tI{µ-Øn-tebv°v
hen-®n-g-bv°pw. Np´p-]-gpØ Ccp-ºp-N-ßesIm≠p Ah≥
_‘n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøpw. IqSm-sX, hnhn-[-X-c-Øn-ep≈
Ip‰-°msc Fdn-™n-Sp∂ At\Iw apdn-Ifpw Ad-Ifpw \c-
I-Øn-ep-s≠∂pw _p≤≥ ]d-bp-∂p. Npcp-°Ø - n¬, Cu ]mT-
ß-sf√mw Dss®-kvXcw hnfn-®p-]d - b- p-∂Xv _p≤-aX - w, tbip-
hns‚ hy‡n-]c - a- mb {]`m-hØ - n\p hnt[-ba - m-bn-cp-∂n-´p-s≠-
∂-s{X. GXm-bm-epw, Cu N¿® C\nbpw \oń-s°m-≠p-t]m-
Im≥ Rm\m{K-ln-°p-∂n-√. Cu A≤ymbw Rm≥ ChnsS
Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂p. tbip Cu cmPyØv hcp-∂Xp kw_-
‘n® hy‡-amb {]h-N\ - w˛ B¿°pw \ntj-[n-°m-\m-hmØ
{]h-N-\w˛ _p≤a-X -{K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬ ImW-s∏-ń-cn-s°, kphn-
ti-jß - f
- nse D]-am-IY - I
- fpw [m¿an-I] - m-Tß
- fpw tbip-hns‚
ImeØv hnc-Nn-Xß - f- mb _p≤-aX - {- K-Ÿß - f - n¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-
tºmƒ tbip Cu cmPyØv hs∂-Øn-bXp kw_-‘n® Hcp
kwi-b-Øn\pw Ah-Im-i-an-√m-Xm-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. AXn\m¬,
_p≤-a-X-tc-J-I-fn-eqsS \mw Is≠-Øm≥ {ian® sXfn-hp-
Iƒ apgp-h\pw \mw ChnsS Is≠-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p; A√m-lp-
hn\v kvXpXn!
aq∂mw Imfiw
C{km-tbey¿ C¥y-bn¬
Ipcn-in¬\n∂v c£-s∏-´-tijw tbip C¥y-bn¬ h∂-
sX-¥n-\m-bn-cp∂psh∂ tNmZyw kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw s]m¥n-
h-cp-∂p-≠v. C{Xbpw Zo¿L-amb bm{X sNøm≥ At±-lsØ
t{]cn-∏n® tNtXm-hn-Imcw F¥m-bn-cp∂p? Cu tNmZy-Øn\p
hni-Z-amb adp-]Sn ]d-tb-≠Xp Bh-iy-am-sW∂p tXm∂p-
∂p. CtX-∏‰n Rm≥ Nne kwK-Xn-Iƒ t\csØ ]d™pIgn-
™n-´p-≠v. F∂n-cn-°nepw C°mcyw Cu {KŸ-Øn¬ hni-Z-
ambn N¿® sNtø-≠-Xp-s≠∂p Rm≥ Icp-Xp-∂p.
tbip-hns\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw ]©m-_nepw AXn
s‚ {]m¥-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnepw k©-cn-t°-≠Xp Hcp Znhy-Zq-X-
s\∂ \ne-bn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ I¿Ø-hy-am-bn-Øo¿∂n-
cp∂psh∂ Imcyw BZy-ambn a\- n-em-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
Fs¥-∂m¬, kphn-ti-jß - f- n¬ ""C{km-tb¬ Kr-lØ
- nse
ImWm-sX-t]mb Bń≥ Iq´-ßƒ'' F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°s - ∏-
ń-´p≈ C{km-tb-ense ]Øp tKm{X-ßƒ Cu cmPyØv IpSn-
tb-dn-∏m¿Øn-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp Ncn-{X-Im-c\pw C∂p-hsc
\ntj-[n-®n-ń-√mØ Hcp bmYm¿∞y-am-Wn-Xv. AXn\m¬,
tbip Cu cmPyØv k©-cn-°p-Ibpw Ahsc Is≠-Øn-b-
tijw Ah¿°v Xs‚ kphn-tijw {]t_m-[\w sNøpIbpw
sNbvXn-´p-≠m-bn-cn-t°-≠X- m-hi - y-am-Wv.
C{]-Imcw sNbvXn-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√-¶n¬, At±-lØ
- ns‚
ZuXyw ]q¿Øn-bm-ImsX InS-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p.Fs¥-∂m¬,
C{km-tb¬ Krl-Ønse ImWm-sX-t]mb Bń≥Iq-´ß - sf
Xnc-™p-]n-Sn®p Ah¿°v {]t_m-[\w sNbvI-bm-bn-cp∂p
tbip-hns‚ ZuXy-I¿Ø-hyw. ImWm-sX-t]mb tKm{X-ßsf
Is≠-Øm-sXbpw, Ahsb Is≠-Øn-bt- ijw tam£-am¿§-
sØ-°p-dn®p Ah¿°v D]-tZ-in-°m-sXbpw At±lw Cu
temIØp\n∂v Xntcm-[m\w sNøp-∂Xv I¿Øhy \n¿∆-

lWw Bhp-Ib - n-√. h\-Øn¬ hkn-°p∂ Hcp tKm{X-Øns‚
ASp-°¬s®∂v Ah¿°v Pe-hn-Xc - W- Ø- n-\mbn Hcp InW¿
Ipgn-∏n-°m≥ cmPm-hn-\m¬ Npa-Xe - s - ∏-Sp-Øs- ∏´ Hcmƒ as‰-
hn-sS-sb-¶nepwsN∂p aqt∂m \mtem sIm√w Ign-®p-Iq-ń-b-
tijw B tKm{XsØ Is≠-Øm≥ Hcp {iahpw sNøm-Xn-
cn-°p-∂X - p-t]m-se-bm-bn-cn°paXv. Aß-s\-bp≈ Hcmƒ cmPm-
hns‚ Iev∏\ \S-∏m-°nb Hcm-fm-bn-cn-°ptam? C√! Hcn-°-
ep-an-√. Abmƒ B tKm{XsØ I≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ Hcp {iahpw
\S-ØmsX kz¥-Øn¬ kwXr]vXn t\Sm≥ Xp\n-™-h-\m-
bn´mWv IW-°m-°s - ∏-Sp-I.
F∂m¬, C{km-tb-ense ]Øp tKm{X-ßƒ Cu cmPy
Øv h∂n-´p-s≠∂p Icp-Xm-hp-∂s - X-ßs - \-sb∂pw F¥n-s\
∂pw tNmZn-°pIbmsW-¶n¬ C°m-cy-Øn¬ hfsc hy‡-
amb sXfn-hp-Iƒ \ncØn sh°m-\p-s≠∂pw km[m-c-W-
°m¿°pt]mepw hy‡-ambn a\- n-em-°m-hp∂ sXfn-hp-I-
fm-Wh- s
- b∂pamWv {]Xyp-Øc - w. A^vKm-\n-Ifpw Iivao-cnse
]q¿∆-\n-hm-kn-Ifpw bYm¿∞-Øn¬ bn{kmt-b¬ hwi-Pc - m-
sW-∂Xv {]kn-≤a - m-Wv, DZm-lc - W
- a - m-bn, lkmdm Pn√-bn¬
\n∂v ct≠m aqt∂m Znh-ksØ hgn-Zq-c-ap≈ Bembn (Alai)
Ip-∂n≥{]tZ-isØ P\-ßƒ A⁄m-X-Imew apX¬t°
_\o-C-{kmt-b¬ F∂mWv Xßsf hnfn®pt]m∂n-´p-≈-Xv.
C{]-ImcwXs∂, Cu taJ-e-bnse "Imem-Z°m' (Kala Dakah)
F∂ t]cn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ as‰mcp Ip∂n≥{]tZ-isØ \nhm-
kn-Ifpw C{kmt-b¬ hwi-Pc - mWv Xß-sf∂p Ah-Im-is - ∏-
Sp∂Xn¬ A`nam\w sIm≈p∂p≠v. C{kmtb¬ hwiP
cmWv Xßsf∂v AhImis∏Sp∂ Hcp tKm{Xw lkmdm
Pn√-bn¬Xs∂-bp-≠.v Nmem-kn\pw (Chalas) Im_q-en\pw (Kabul)
CS-bnepff ae-{ºtZ-isØ P\-ßfpw C{km-tb-ey-cmWv Xß-
sf-∂h-Im-is- ∏-Sp-∂p.-
Iivao¿ \nhm-kn-Isf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw tUm._¿

Wy¿ Nne Cw•ojp ]fin-X∑ - m-cpsS A`n-{]m-bß - sf ASn-
ÿm-\a - m°n Travels in Moghul Empire (ap-Kf
- k
- m-{am-Py-Øn-eqsS
29
bm{XIƒ) F∂ Xs‚ {KŸ-Øns‚ c≠mw `mKØv ]d-
™n-´p≈ kwK-Xn-Iƒ XnI®pw icn-bm-W.v AXm-bX - p, Iivao-
cnse P\-ßƒ C{kmt-b¬ hwi-P-cm-sW-∂-Xp-X-s∂. Ah-
cpsS thj-hn-[m-\-ßfpw `mh-ßfpw BNmc \S-]-Sn-Ifpw
Ah¿ C{km-tb¬ hwi-P-cm-sW∂ bmYm¿∞yw Jfin-X-
ambn kqNn-∏n-®p-X-cp-∂p. Iivao-cn¬ Xma-kn-®-t∏mƒ Xm≥
PqX∑m-cpsS Hcp tKm{X-Øns‚ \Sp-hn-em-Wp-≈s - X∂p tXm
∂n-t∏m-sb∂v tPm¿Pv t^m¿Ã¿ (George Forster) F∂ Hcp
Cw•o-jp-Im-c≥ Xs‚ ]pkvXI - Ø- n¬ ]d-bp-∂p.30 A^vKm≥
Im¿ kndn-b-bn¬\n∂v h∂-h-cm-sW∂v "Z sdbn-kkv Hm^v
A^vKm-\n-kvXm≥' F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ F®v. Uªyq, s_t√m-
kv, kn.-F-kv.-sF. {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p.31 \_q °Zv-\-kv¿ N{I-
h¿Øn (Nebuchadnezzar) Ahsc XS-hp-Im-cmbn ]nSn-°p-Ibpw
t]¿ky-bnepw taZy-bnepw Ahsc IpSn-bn-cp-Øp-Ibpw sNbv
Xp-sh∂pw Ahn-sS-\n∂v Iptd Ime-Øn-\p-tijw Ah¿ Ing-
t°m-´p-\oßn tKm¿ (Ghour) Ip∂p-If - n¬ ]m¿∏p-d∏ - n-°p-Ibpw
AhnsS Ah¿ _\o-bn-{kmt-b¬ F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-bs - ∏-Sp-
am-dm-IpIbpw sNbvXpsh∂p-amWv AXn¬ ]d-™n-´p-≈-Xv.
CZvcokv \_n-bpsS AYhm Ct\m-Jns‚ (Enoch) {]h-N\w
CXn-tebv°v sXfn-hm-bn-´p-≠.v XS-hp-Im-cm-°s - ∏-ń-cp∂ C{km-
tbense ]Øp tKm{X-ßƒ _‘-\-Øn¬\n∂p c£-s∏-´-
tijw "A¿km-dØv' (Arsarath) F∂p ]d-bs - ∏-Sp∂ ÿeØv
(tKm¿ {]tZ-i-Øn¬ Dƒs∏´ lkmd F∂ t]cn¬ C∂p
Adn-bs - ∏-Sp∂ `mK-Øv) A`bw {]m]n-°p-Ib - p-≠m-bn. sN¶n-
29. Travels in the Moghul Empire-Francis Bernier-Archibald Constable, Lond. 1891
p.930-932.
30. Letters on a Journey from Bengal to England - George Forster; Pub. R. Faulder,
Lond. 1808. p. 20
31. Races of Afghanistan, - H.W.Bellows. C.S.I. Pub. Thacker Spink & WZ. 1884, p.
kvJm≥ A^vKm≥ ]nSn-®S- ° - n-bX

- n-s\-∏‰ - n-bp≈ hnh-cW - a
- S- -
ßnb "Xz_-JmsØ \mkzncn' (Tabqathi-Nasiri) F∂ {KŸ-
Øn¬32 i\p_bvkn hwi-°m-cpsS `c-W-Im-eØv _\o-C-
{km-tb¬ F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp tKm{Xw AhnsS ]m¿Øn-cp-∂p-
sh∂pw Ah-cn¬ Nne¿ \√ I®-hS- ° - m-cm-sW∂pw {]kvXm-
hn-®p-Im-Wmw. F.Un.622 ¬ Jmen-Zv _n≥ heoZv F∂p t]
cmb Hcp Jpdbvi - n-t\-Xm-hv, Xncp-\_ - n-bpsS Bhn¿`m-hsØ
kw_-‘n® kt¥m-jh - ¿Ø-am\w C°q-´sc dkq-ens‚ sIm
Sn-°o-gn¬ sIm≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn-∂p-t±-in®p Ahsc Adn-bn-°-p
Ibp-≠m-b-s{X. At©m Btdm Xe-h-∑m¿ At±-l-tØm-
sSm∏w tN¿∂p. Ah-cn¬ {][m\n Jbvkv F∂ Hcm-fm-bn-
cp∂p. Abm-fpsS as‰m-cp-t]¿ "Iniv' F∂m-bn-cp∂p. Ckvemw
Ah-ew-_n-®X - n-\p-tijw Ch¿ Ckvem-an-\p-th≠n [oc-[ocw
AS-cm-Sp-Ibpw \nc-h[n hnP-bß - ƒ Ic-ÿa - m-°p-Ibpap≠m-
bn. Ah¿ bp≤w Pbn-®p-h∂ - t- ∏mƒ \_n-Xn-cp-ta-\n(-k) Ah
¿°v ]e ]mcn-tXm-jn-I-ßfpw kΩm-\n-°-bp-ap-≠m-bn. Cu
tKm{X-Øns‚ Xe-h-∑m¿ "aen°v'Iƒ F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-
s∏-Sp-sa∂pw \_n-Xn-cp-ta-\n(k) Acp-fn-bn-´p-≠v. Jbvkn\p,
A_vZp¿d-ioZv F∂ t]¿ \_n(-k) \evIp-Ibpw "]Øm≥'
F∂ _lp-aX - n-t∏¿ A\p-{K-ln-®c - p-fp-Ibpw sNbvXp. "]¶m
bw' F∂¿∞-ap≈ kpdn-bm-\n- ]-Z-am-Wn-sX∂v A^vKm≥
Fgp-Øp-Im¿ ]d-bp-∂p. ]pXp-apkven-amb Jbvkv Xs‚ tKm{X-
Øn¬ Hcp I∏-en \v ]¶mbw F∂-t]mse am¿K-Z¿i-I-\m-
bn-cp-∂X- n-\m-emWv At±-lØ - n\v "]Øm≥' F∂ Cu _lp-
a-Xn-t∏¿ \evIs - ∏-´X - s{X.
tKmdnse A^vKm-\n-Iƒ apt∂m-´p-\oßn I≠-lm-dn-\-
SpØ {]tZ-iØv IpSn-]m¿ØXp F∂p-ap-Xev°m-sW∂v ]d-
bm≥ km≤y-a-√. C∂p Ah-cpsS hmk-ÿm\w CXm-Wv.
32. The Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, Edward Balfour
(Surgeon General) 3rd Ed.Pub. Bernard Quariteh 15, Piccadilly, W. 1;1885 p.31.
Ckvem-an-I Ie-≠d - n¬ H∂mw \q‰m--≠n-em-hWw an°-hmdpw

CXp kw`-hn-®n-´p-≠m-hp-I. Jbvkv, Jmen-Zv _n≥ heo-Zns‚
aI-sf-bmWv hnhmlw sNbvX-sX-∂mWv A^vKm-\n-I-fpsS
hnizm-kw. AXn¬ At±-lØ - n\p aq∂p ]p{X-∑m-cp-≠m-bn-cp-
∂p. kdm-_m≥, ]Øm≥, Kp¿KivØv F∂n-h-cm-bn-cp∂p
Ah¿. kdm-_m\v k®vdPvbp≥, Irivbp≥ F∂o c≠p ]p{X-
∑m-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ch-cpsS k¥m-\-]-c-º-c-bmWv A^vKm-
\n-Iƒ. AXm-bXv _\o bn{km-tb-ey¿. Gjym-ssa-\¿ \nhm-
kn-If- pw, ]Sn-™m-dp≈ apkvenw Ncn-{X-Im-c∑ - mcpw A^vKm-
\n-Isf ""kpebva - m-\n-Iƒ'' F∂mWv hnfn-°p-∂X - v. _mƒ^¿
Fgp-Xnb ""sskt¢m-]o-Unb Hm^v C¥ym CutÃ¨ B‚ v
ktX¨ Gjy'' F∂ hn⁄m-\-tIm-i-Øn¬ CX-c-Pm-Xn-
°m¿ Gjy-bpsS a≤y-˛-Z-£n-W-˛-]q¿∆ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ]c-
∂p-In-S-°p-∂-Xm-bn33 ]d-bp-∂p. ]q¿∆-Im-e-ß-fn¬ Ch¿
ssN\-bn¬ [mcm-fa - mbn IpSn-]m¿Øn-´p-≠m-bn-cp∂p; "jp' Pn√-
bpsS Xe-ÿm-\-amb bnlvNp(Yih Chu)hn¬ Ah¿s°mcp
t£{X-ap≠v. A^vKm-\n-Iƒ bmt°m-_ns‚ k¥m-\ß - f
- n¬
s∏-´-h-cm-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂mWv _\o-C-{kmt-b-ense ImWm-sX-
t]mb ]Øp tKm{X-ßsf Xnc™p hf-sc-°mew Ae-™p-
Xn-cn™ tUm. hpƒ^v A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.34 blq-Zn-Iƒ
XmØmcn-te°v (Tartary) \mSp-IS- Ø - s- ∏-´h
- c
- m-sW-∂mWv as‰mcp
dnt∏m¿ń¬ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®n-´p-≈X - v. _pJm-dm, sa¿hv, Johm
F∂n-hbv°v Np‰p-ap≈ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Ah¿ [mcm-f-ambn
hkn-®p-t]m-∂n-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. XmØmcn N{I-h¿Øn-bm
bncp∂ {]Ã¿ tPm¨ (Prester John) tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ N{I-
h¿Ønbmbn-cp∂ AeIvkv tImw\n-\-kn\v (Alex Comninus)
Ab® Hcp enJn-X-Øn¬ \Znbv°v (B-ap-\-Zn) A∏pdw
33. The Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, Edward Balfour
(Surgeon General) IIIrd Ed. Pub. Burnard Quariteh 15, Piccadilly, W. I:1885 p.31.
34. Narrative of a Mission to Bokhara - Rev. Joseph Wolf D.D; LLD; Pub. John W.
Parker, Lond. 1845. p. 9-17 Vol. 2nd Ed.
C{kmt-b-ense ]Øp tKm{X-°mcmWp-≈-sX∂pw Ah¿

Xß-fpsS kz¥w cmPm-hn\p Iogn-em-sW∂pw bYm¿∞-
Øn¬ Xs‚ {]P-Ifpw kma-¥-∑m-cp-am-sW∂pw ]d-™n-´p-
≠v. sNmkm≥ F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-bs - ∏-Sp∂ XmØmcn tKm{X-
ßƒ PqZ-hw-iP - c
- m-sW-∂pw ]pcm-X\ - P
- qZ-aX
- Øns‚ AS-bm-
f-ßƒ Ah¿°n-Sb - n¬ ImWm-hp-∂X - m-sW∂pw tUm. aqdns‚
35
Kth-j-W-ßƒ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn Ah¿
tNem-I¿Ωw (Circumcision) A\p-jvTn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv. Xßƒ
C{kmt-be - nse ImWm-sX-t]mb ]Øp tKm{X-ßf - m-sW∂
]mc-ºcyw A^vKm-\n-Iƒ ]pe¿Øn-hc - p-∂p. bcq-itew sIm
≈bv°ptijw \_p-°Zv\k - ¿
v cmPmhv Ahsc XS-hp-Im-cmbn
]nSn-°p-Ibpw _man-bm≥ F∂ ÿe-Øn-∂S- p-Øp≈ tKmdn¬
(Ghour) Ahsc IpSn-bn-cp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Jmen-Zv _n≥
heo-Zns‚ hc-hn-\p-aptº Ah¿ blq-Z-aXw IWn-i-ambpw
]pe¿Øn-t∏m-∂n-cp-∂p.
A^vKm-\n-Iƒ
ImgvNb- n¬ A^vKm-\n-Iƒ F√m \ - n-eb- nepw PqX-∑m¿°v
kZr-iy- cmWv. Ah-sc-t∏mse Ch¿°n-Sb - nepw Cf-bk- t- lm-
Z-c≥ aqØ ktlm-Z-cs‚ hn[-hsb hnhmlw sNøp∂ hg-
°-ap-≠v. lndm-Øn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]mb {^©v k©mcn F¬.-
]n. s^cnb¿ (L.P.Ferrier)36 Cu {]tZ-iØv [mcmfw C{km-tb
¬°m-cp-s≠∂pw Xß-fpsS aX-hn-izm-k-{]-Im-c-ap≈ BNm-
c-ac
- ym-ZI
- ƒ A\p-jvTn-°m≥ Ah¿ ]q¿Æ-kzm-X{- ¥yap-≈h - -
cm-sW∂pw {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p. ]{¥≠mw \q‰m-≠n¬ kvs]
bn\nse tSmsftUm (Toledo)Imc-\mb d∫n-_n≥ bman≥ "Im
WmsXt]mb tKm{X-ß'- sfbpw Xnc™p ]pd-s∏-´p. Cu PqX-
∑m¿ ssN\, Cdm≥, Xn_Øv F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-emWv IpSn-bn-
35. The Lost Tribes - George Moore, M.D. p. 143 - 147.
36. History of the Afghans - L.P. Ferrier, tran. W.M. Jesse Pub, John Murray, Lond.
P.I. (Footnote)
cp-Ø-s∏-´-sX∂v At±lw A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. F.-Un. 93¬

PqX∑m-cpsS ]q¿∆n-IN - c
- n-{X-sa-gp-Xnb tPmkn-^kv (Josephus)
Xs‚ ]Xn-s\m-∂m-asØ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ F{km-{]-hm-N-I-
t\m-sSm∏w _‘-\Ø - n¬\n∂v tamN\w {]m]n® PqZ-∑m-sc-
°p-dn®v hnh-cn-°p∂ Iq´-Øn¬ ]Øp tKm{X-ßƒ A°m-
eØpXs∂ bq{^ókn\pa∏pdamWv IpSnbncpØs∏´sX
∂pw AhcpsS P\kwJy FÆn°W°m°m\mhns√∂pw
]dbp∂p. ""bq{^-ó-kn∂∏p-dØv'' F∂p-h® - m¬ t]¿kybpw
Ing-°≥ {]tZ-iß - fpw F∂p-Xs - ∂-bm-W¿∞w. A©mw \q‰m-
≠n¬ Pohn® sPtdmw ]pWy-hm-f≥ (St. Jerome) CXp kw_-
‘n-®p-Xs∂ tlminbm {]hm-NI - s
- \-°p-dn®p {]Xn-]m-Zn-°sh
A∂p-sXm´p bn{km-tb-ense ]Øp-tKm-{X-ßƒ ]¿Øy-cm-
Pm-hn-s‚-˛t- ]m-dk
- ns‚˛Io-gn-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw am¿Pn-\n¬ ]d-
bp-∂p. AtX ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ H∂mw hmey-Øn¬ Iu≠v
Pphm≥ sÃdmw (Count Juan Steram) {KŸ-Øns‚ 233-˛234-˛mw `mK-
Øv, bcq-itew \mi-Øn-∂p-tijw \_p-°-Zv\-kv¿ Ahsc
_man-bm≥ {]tZ-it- Øbv°v (A-^vKm-\n-kvXm-\n¬ tKmdn\p
kao-]-ØmWv Cu ÿew) \mSp-I-S-Øn-b-Xmbn A^vKm-\n-
Iƒ kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p-s≠∂p {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p.
Pn.-Sn. hnKvs\ F^v.-Pn.-F-kv. (G.T. Vigne F.G.S) Fgp-Xnb
"Kkv\n, Im_qƒ, A^vKm-\n-kvXm≥ kµ¿i-\h - n-hc - Ww' (A
Narrative of a visit to Ghazni, Kabul and Afghanistan-1940) F∂
]pkvXI - Ø
- n¬ "ap√m JpZm-ZmZv' Fs∂m-cmƒ "aPvaD - ¬ A≥
km_v' F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬\n∂p, C{]-Imcw hmbn-®p-tIƒ∏n-
®-Xmbn ]d-bp∂p: ""bm°q-_ns‚ aqØ ]p{X≥ blqZm Ah-
cpsS ]p{X≥ Dkvd° - ,v Dkvd°
- ns‚ ]p{X≥ AJv\q¿, AJv\q-
dns‚ ]p{X≥ aB-en_v, aB-en-_ns‚ ]p{X≥ ^¿em-bn,
^¿em-bn-bpsS ]p{X≥ Jbvkv, Jbvkns‚ ]p{X≥ Xmeq-Øv,
Xmeq-Øns‚ ]p{X≥ A¿an-b, A¿an-b-bpsS ]p{X≥ A^v
Km≥, A^vKm-\ns‚ ]n¥p-S¿®-°m¿ A^vKm-\n-Iƒ. A^vKm-

\ns‚ t]cn¬\n∂mWv A^vKm≥ P\-X-bpsS t]cp≠m-b-
Xv. \_q-°-Zv\-k-vdns‚ ka-Im-eo-\-\m-bn-cp∂p A^vKm≥.
bn{km-tbens‚ ]n¥p-S¿®-°m-c\ - m-bn-´mWv At±-ls- Ø-∏‰n
]d-bs- ∏-´p-t]m-∂X- v. At±-lØ - n\v \mev]Xv a°-fp-≠m-bn-cp
∂p. 2000 sIm√w tijw 34-˛mw Xe-ap-db - nemWv Xncp-\_
- n-bp
sS ImeØv Pohn® Jbvkv P\n-®X - v. At±-lØ
- ns‚ ]n¥pS
¿®-°m¿ 64 Xe-ap-dI - f- mbn s]cp-In. A^vKms‚ aqØ-]p-{X\m
b k¬av kztZ-ia - mb kndn-bb - n¬\n∂p lndm-Øn-\S- p-Øp≈
Kusd aivtImlv (Ghaur Mash Koh)¬ IpSn-tb-dn-Øm-akn-®p. At±-
l-Øns‚ ]n¥p-S¿®-°m¿ A^vKm-\n-kvXm-\n¬ ]c-∂p.
A^vKm≥Im¿ Xß-fpsS hwi-]m-c-ºcyw C{kmt-b¬
cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂ iuen¬\n∂m-cw-`n-°p-∂X - mbn Ah-Im-is- ∏-
Sp-Ibpw Xßsf C{kmt-b¬ k¥-Xn-I-fmbn Icp-Xp-Ibpw
sNøp-∂-Xmbn sPbnwkv ss{_kns‚ (James Bryce F.G.S)
"F≥ssk-t¢m-]o-Unb Hm^v tPym{K^n' (Encyclopaedea of Ge-
ography) F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂p (t].11). A^vKm-\n-Iƒ
Xßƒ PqX-hw-i-P-cm-sW∂p {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂-Xmbn Ae-
Ivkm-≠¿ t_¨kv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠.v Ahsc _m_q¬
cmPmhv Iog-S-°n-b-tijw Im_q-fn\v hS°v ]Sn-™m-dp≈
Kudn¬(Ghaur) IpSn-]m¿∏n-°pI-bp-≠m-bs
- {X. F.Un. 622 hsc,
Ah¿ PqZ-a-X-Øn¬Xs∂ Dd-®p-\nev°p-I-bp≠m-sb-¶nepw
Jmen-Zv _n≥ A_vZp√mlv (Jm-en-Zv _n≥ heoZv Bbn-cn-°-
Ww˛ {K.) Cu tKm{X-Øns‚ Hcp Xe-hs‚ aIsf I√ymWw
Ign-°pIbpw Ah-sc√mw As°m-√w-Xs∂ Ckvemw-a-X-a-h-
ew-_n-°bpw sNbvXpsh∂pw AXn¬ ]d-bp-∂p.
tIW¬ Pn.-_n. at√-k¨ (Col.G.B. Malleson) "A^vKm≥
Ncn{Xw' (History of Afghanistan) F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ (Lond. 1878)
A^vKm≥Im¿ _\o-bn-{kmt-b¬ hwi-]c - º
- c
- b
- n¬s]´-hc
- m-
sW∂ Imcy-Øn¬ lndm-Ønse A_p-Zp-√m-lvJm≥, {^©v

k©m-cn-bmb {^nb¿ tPm¨ (Friar John) hn{ipX Hmdn-b‚-en-
Ãmb k¿ hneyw tPm¨kv (Sir William Johns) F∂n-h¿ GIm-`n-
{]m-b-°m-cm-sW∂p ]d-bp-∂p. Ah¿ _\o-bn{km-tbense
ImWm-sX-t]mb ]Øp-tKm-{X-ßf - psS ]n¥p-S¿-®° - m-cm-Ip∂p
(p.39). A^vKm≥Im¿ bn{km-tbense ImWm-sX-t]mb ]Øp
tKm{X-ßf - psS ]n¥p-S¿®-°m-cm-sW-∂pw, A^vKm≥Im-cp-sS-
X-s∂bpw A`n-{]mbanXm-sW∂pw ]uc-kvXy-Nc - n-{X-Im-c∑- m-
cn¬ `qcn-]-£hpw A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xmbn F¬.-]n. s^cn-
b¿ "A^vKm-\n-If - psS Ncn{Xw' (History of Afghans, Lond. 1858) F∂
]pkvX-I-Øn¬˛ Iym]v‰≥ Uªyq. Fw. P n (Captain W.M.
Jasse) X¿÷a sNbvXXv˛ H∂mw `mKØv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v.
\mZn¿imlv C¥ysb B{I-an® Ah-k-c-Øn¬ ]nim-h-
dn¬h®v bqkv^v skbv (Yusuf Zai) tKm{X-Øns‚ Xe-h-∑m¿
At±-lØ - n\p ln{_p-hn-se-gp-Xnb ss_ _n-fns‚ Hcp {]Xn-
bpw, {]kvXpX IpSpw-_ß - f- n¬ kq£n-°s - ∏-´p-h∂- Xpw ]≠p-
]t≠ ]pe¿Øn-t∏m∂ aX-hn-izm-km-Nm-cß - ƒ A\p-jT v n-°p-
∂-Xn¬ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-t∏m-∂-Xp-amb a‰p-hkvXp-°fpw
kΩm-\n-®n-cp∂p sh∂-Xn-tebv°v A^vKm-\n-If - psS ]°¬
sXfn-hp-I-fp-s≠∂p AtX Ncn-{X-Im-c≥ {]kvXpX {KŸ-
Øns‚ \memw t]Pn¬ ]d-bp-∂p. \mZn¿im-bpsS tIºnepw
PqZ-∑mcp≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu hkvXp-°ƒ I≠-t∏mƒ PqZ-∑m¿
Ahsb thK-Øn¬ Xncn-®-dn-™p. lndm-Ønse A_vZp-√m-
lvJms‚ A`n-{]m-bß - ƒ hniz-k\ - o-ba
- m-sW∂pw AtX Ncn-
{X-{K-Ÿ-Øn¬ Øs∂ \memw- t]Pn¬ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. Cu
A`n-{]m-bß - ƒ Npcp-°Ø - n¬ CXmWv; XmeqØv cmPm-hn\p
(iu-en-\p) c≠p a°-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. A^vKm\pw Pmeq-Øpw.
Cu Iq´-cpsS Ipe-]X - n-bm-bn-cp∂p A^vKm-≥. Zmhq-Zn-s‚bpw
ie-tam-s‚bpw `c-WØ - n-\p-tijw bn{kmt-b¬ tKm{X-ßƒ
XΩn¬ bp≤-ßƒ \S-∂n-cp-∂p. CXns‚ ê-ambn Hmtcm
tKm{Xhpw `n∂n®p AI-∂p-t]m-bn. \_q-°Zv\kvd - ns‚ Ime-

tØmfw Cu Ahÿ Xp-S¿∂n-cp-∂p. \_q-°Zv\kv¿ B{I-
aWw kw-L-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw 70,000 PqX-∑msc sIm√p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. Abmƒ \Kcw \in-∏n-°p-Ibpw Ah-ti-jn® PqX-
∑msc XS-hp-Im-cmbn _mt_-en-te°v ]nSn-®p-sIm-≠p-t]m-hp-
Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu hn]-Øn-\p-tijw A^vKm≥ k¥-Xn-
Iƒ `b-s∏-´p. PqZn-b-bn¬\n∂p Atd-_y-bn-te°v HmSn-t∏m-
IpIbpw AhnsS Gsd°mew hkn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F∂m-
epw, sh≈hpw `q-anbpw hfsc Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\mepw a\p-
jycpw P¥p-°f - p-sa√mw IjvSs - ∏-´p-Xp-Sß
- n-bn-cp-∂X - n-\mepw
Ah¿ C¥y-bn-te°v amdn-Øm-akn-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p.
A_vZm-en-I-fmb Hcp hn`mKw Atd-_y-bn¬Øs∂ Xßn.
lZvdØv A_q-_-°-dns‚ Jnem-^Øv ImeØv Ah-cpsS
Xe-h-∑m-cnsemcmƒ Jmen-Zv _n≥ heo-Zp-ambn sshhm-ln-I-
_-‘Ø - nte¿s∏-´p. Cdm≥, Ad-_n-Iƒ°v A[o-\s - ∏-´t- ∏mƒ
Cu hn`mKw Atd-_y-bn¬\n∂p Cdm-\nse kwÿm-\-ß-
fmb ^mdm-_nepw In¿am-\nepw IpSn-am-dn-Øm-ak - n-®p. sN¶n-
kvJms‚ B{I-a-W-Im-ew-hsc Ah¿ Ahn-sS-X-s∂-bmWv
hkn-®-Xv. sN¶n-kvJms‚ B{I-a-W-ßƒs°-Xnsc A_vZm-
en- I ƒ \n - l m- b - c m- b n- c p- ∂ p. Ah¿, a{Im≥, kn‘v ,
apƒXzØm≥ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-eqsS C¥y-bn¬ hs∂-Øn.
Ah¿°v ChntSbpw kam-[m\w e`n-®n-√. HSp-hn¬, Ah¿
tImsl kpebv-am-\n-tebv°pt]mbn. a‰p A_vZm-en-tKm-{X-
°mcpw Ah-tcm-sSm∏w tN¿∂p. Ah-sc√mw IqSn 24 tKm{X-
ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. A^vKm\p aq∂p a°-fm-bn-cp-∂p. kdm-
_Øv (k-dm-_m≥), A¿°niv (K¿K-iX v )v , I¿em≥ (_-X≥ - ).
Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw F´p a°ƒho-Xw. Ah¿ 24 tKm{X-ßf - mbn
s]cp-In. Hmtcm tKm{Xhpw Hmtcm ]p{Xs‚ t]cn-emWv Adn-
b-s∏-´X- v. Ah-cpsS t]cpw tKm{Xhpw NphsS sImSp-°p∂p.
kdm_-¥ns‚ a°ƒ tKm{X-t∏¿

A_vZm¬ A_vZmen
bqkp^v bqkp^vkbn
_m_q¿ _m_qcn
hko¿ hkocn
temlm≥ temlm\n
_¿®v _¿®n
JqKn-b≥ JqKn-bm\n
idm≥ idm\o
K¿KivXv (A¿°miv a°ƒ) tKm{X-t∏cv
Jn¬Pv Jn¬Pn
Im°¿ Im°cn
Paq-co≥ Paq-co\n
kXq-cn-bm≥ kXq¿bm\n
]o≥ ]o\n
Ikv Ikn
XIm≥ XIm\n
\-kzv¿ \kzvcn
I¿ems‚ a°ƒ tKm{X-t∏¿
JS°v JS°n
kq¿ kqco
B^vcoZv B^vcoZo
Xzq¿ Xzqcn
kmkv kmko
_m_v _m_n
_wK-t\iv _wK-t\in
e¥n-]q¿ e¥n-]qcn
Plmw-Ko¿ N{I-h¿Øn-bpsS ImeØv lnPvd 1018˛¬ Fgp-
X-s∏´ lndm-Ønse JzmPm \nAv-a-Øp√mbpsS "aJvks\
A^vKm\n' (J¿°n bq\n-th¿kn-‰n-bnse s{]m^-k¿ t_¨
lm¿Uv tUmdm≥ X¿÷a sNbvXv {]kn-≤s

- ∏-Sp-Øn-bX
- .v 1836
e≠≥) F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ Xmsg ImWn® A≤ym-b-ß-fn¬
C{]-Imcw ]d-bp∂p:
H∂mw A≤ym-b-Øn¬ Cu P\-X-bpsS (A-^vKm-\n-I-fp-
sS) hwi-]m-cº
- cyw Bcw-`n-°p∂ bmt°m-_ns‚ ˛ bn{kmt-
bens‚ ˛ Ncn{XamWp-≈X - .v c≠mw A≤ym-bØ - n¬, XmeqØv
cmPm-hns‚ Ncn-{X-am-Wp-≈X - v. AXm-bX
- v, A^vKm-\n-If
- psS
hwi-]c- º
- c Xmeq-Øn¬\n-∂mWv XpS-ßp-∂X - s
- {X.
22-˛Dw 23-˛Dw `mK-ßf
- n¬ C{]-Imcw {]kvXm-hn-®n-cn-°p∂p:
Xmeq-Øn\p c≠p a°-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. _¿Jn-bmbpw A¿an-
b-mlpw. _¿Jn-bmbv°v Hcp ]p{X-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂p Bkzn^v.
A^vKm\p 24 ]p{X-∑m-cm-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂X - v. C{km-tbey-cn¬
BcpwXs∂ A^vKms‚ ]n¥p-S¿®-°m-tcmSv Xpey-s∏-Sp-Øm-
hp-∂-h-cn-√.
65-˛mw `mKØv \_q-°Zv\kv¿, imw(-kn-dn-b) apX-emb
cmPy-ßƒ apgp-h\pw Iog-S° - p-Ibpw bn{km-tben tKm{X-°m
sc \mSp-I-S-Øp-Ibpw tKm¿, Kkv\n, Im_qƒ, I≠-lm¿,
tImsl^n-tdmiv F∂n-hn-Sß - f- n¬ IpSn-bn-cp-Øp-Ibpw sNbv
Xp-sh∂pw Chn-Sß - f- n-emWv Bkzn-^ns‚bpw A^vKm-s‚bpw
hwi-]c - º
- c
- I
- ƒ {]tXy-In®pw hmk-ap-d∏- n-®s- X∂pw {]kvXm-
hn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
{]kvXpX ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ 37 Dw 38 Dw t]Pp-I-fn¬
"aPva-D¬ A≥km_v' F∂ {KŸ-Øns‚ I¿Øm-hn-s\bpw
"Xmco-sJ-Kp-kn-Zm-'bpsS I¿Øm-hmb akvXu-^n-sbbpw B[m-
c-am-°n-s°m≠p C{]-Imcw {]kvXm-hn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Xncp-\_ - n-
bpsS ImeØv JmenZv _n≥ heo-Zv, tKm¿{]-tZ-iØv \_q-
°Zv\kvdns‚ ImeØv ]m¿∏p-d∏ - n-®n-´p-≠m-bn-cp∂ A^m-Km-
\n-Isf Ckvemw aX-Øn-tebv°v £Wn-°p-Ib - p-≠m-bn. Xmeq-
Øns‚ 37-˛mw ]c-ºc - b
- nse ]n¥p-S¿®-°m-c\ - mb Jbvkns‚
t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ A^vKm≥ Xe-h-∑m¿ Xncp-\-_n-bpsSbSp-

°¬h∂p. (C-hnsS A_vZp¿ dioZv Jbvkns‚ hwi-]c - º
- c
iuen¬ AYhm Xmeq-Øn¬ sN∂p-ap-´p-∂-Xmbn ImWn-®n-
´p-≠v). Xncp-\_n (k) {]kvXpX tKm{X-Øe - h
- ∑- m¿°v "I∏-
ens‚ ]¶mbw' F∂¿∞-ap≈ "]Øm≥' F∂ _lp-am-\-
\maw A\p-{K-ln-®-cp-fp-I-bp-≠mbn. Ipd®p \mfp-Iƒ°p-ti
jw Xe-h∑ - m¿, Xß-fpsS {]tZ-it- Øbv°v Xncn-®p-sN∂p Ckv
emwaXsØ {]t_m-[\w sNøm≥ XpS-ßn.
"aJvks\ A^vKm≥' F∂ CtX {KŸ-Øn¬ 63-˛mw `mK
Øv _\o A^vKm≥, _\o A^vKm\m F∂o _lp-am-\-
t∏-cp-I-sf-∏‰n ^co-Zp-±o≥ AlvaZv, Xs‚ cnkmem Akv\m
s_ A^vKm-\nø' F∂ ]pkvXI - Ø- n¬ Xmsg]d-bp∂ Hcp
{]kvXm-h\ \evIn-bn-cp-∂X - mbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. aPq
knbmbn-cp∂ \_q-°Zv\kv¿ bnkvdmt-be - n-It- fbpw imw{]-
tZ-ihpw Iog-S° - p-Ibpw Pdq-kew sIm≈-bS- n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-
tijw C{kmtben XS-hp-Imsc ]nSn-®p-sIm-≠p-t]mbn ASn-
a-If
- m°n \mSp-IS- Ø - p-Ib- p-≠m-bn. Abmƒ tamsi-bpsS \ymb-
{]-amWw ]n¥p-S¿∂ ]e tKm{X-ß-sfbpw ]nSn-®p-sIm-≠p-
t]m-bn. Ah-cpsS ]mc-ºc - y-hn-izmkßƒ Isøm-gn®p ssZh-
Øn-\p-]I - cw Xs∂ Bcm-[n-°p-hm≥ \n¿_-‘n-°p-Ib - p-≠m-
sb-¶nepw Ah¿ A{]-Imcw sNøm≥ Iq´m-°n-bn-√. AXp-Im-
c-Ww, \_q-°Zv\kv¿ B tKm{X-Øn¬s∏´ alm-_p-≤n-am-
∑mcpw Adn-hp-≈-h-cp-amb c≠m-bn-c-tØmfw t]sc sIm∂p-
I-fb- pIbpw _m°nbp≈-ht- cmSp Xs‚ km{am-Py-Øp\n∂pw
imw{]-tZ-iØp\n∂pw Hgn-™p-t]m-bn-s°m-≈W - s - a∂p Iev ]n-
°p-Ib - p-ap-≠m-bn. Ah-cn¬ Hcp hn`mKw \_q-°Zv \kvd - n s‚
`c-W{- ]-tZ-iØp\n∂p Hcp Xe-hs‚ Iogn¬ Hgn-™p-t]m-bn,
sKu¿ Ip∂p-If - n¬ hmk-ap-d∏ - n-®p. Ah-cpsS Xe-ap-d° - m¿
ChnsSXs∂ IpSn-bp-d∏ - n-°p-Ibpw s]‰p-s]-cp-Ip-Ibpw P\-ßƒ
Ahsc _\oC{kmt-b¬ F∂pw _\o Bkzn^v F∂pw
_\o A^vKm≥ F∂pw hnfn-®p-Xp-S-ßp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
64-˛mw ]pdØv C{]-Imcw ]d-bp∂p: "XmcosJ A^vKm\n'

"XmcosJ tKmcn' XpS-ßnb hniz-k\ - o-bß - f - mb Ncn-{X-tc-J-
Iƒ, A^vKm-\n-If[n-Ihpw _-\o-bn-{kmt-bemsW∂pw Ah-
cn¬ Nne¿ Jn_vXn (Coptics)Ifn¬s∏-´h - c- m-sW∂pw Du∂n-∏-
d-bp-∂h - b
- m-Wv. CXn-\p-]p-ds - a, Nne A^vKm-\n-Iƒ Xßsf
CuPn-]vjy≥ ]c-º-c-bn¬s∏-´-h-cmbn Icp-Xp-∂p-s≠∂pw
A_p¬^-Z¬ v {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p-≠.v _\o-C{kmt-b¬ CuPn-
]vXn-tebv°v bcq-ie - a
- n¬\n∂p Xncn-®p-t]m-bt- ∏mƒ Cu tKm
{Xw (A-^K v m-\n-Iƒ) C¥y-bn¬ IpSn-tb-dn-Øm-ak - n®psh ∂-
XmWv CX-ntebv°v Imc-Wa - mbn Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂X - v. 64-˛mw ]pd
Øv ^co-Zp-±o≥ AlvaZv, "A^vKm≥' F∂ _lp-aXn t]cn-
s\-∏‰n ]d-bp-∂Xv C{]-Im-ca - mWv: "A^vKm≥' F∂ ÿm\-
t∏-cns\ kw_-‘n-®n-St- Ømfw (kn-dn-bb - n¬\n∂p-≈) \mSp-
I-SØ
- e - n-\p-tijw Ah¿ Ft∏mgpw hoSp-Is - f-tbm¿Øp Xe-
bn-´-Sn-°p-Ibpw Ic-bp-Ibpw (^-Km≥) sNbvXp-t]m-∂n-cp-∂-
Xn-\m-emWv A^vKm\ F∂ t]¿ h∂-sX∂p Nne¿ tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. k¿ tPm¨ am¬°w (Sir John Malcom)
CtX (History of Persia, vol,1, p.101) A`n-{]m-b° - m-c\- m-Ws - {X.
63-˛mw `mK-Ø,v al-_X - J
v ms‚ {]kvXm-h\ D≤-cn-®n-´p≠v:
""Ah¿ ie-tams‚ (kp-ebva - m≥ \_n-bp-sS) A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw
_‘p-°f - p-am-bn-cn-°b
- m¬ Ahsc Ad-_n-Iƒ kpe-bvam-\n-
Iƒ F∂p hnfn®p t]m∂p.''
Xßƒ PqXhw-iP - c
- m-sW∂p A^vKm≥Im¿ kzbw Icp-
Xn-t∏m-cp-∂psh∂p an°-hmdpw F√m B[p-\nI Ncn-{X-Im-c-
∑mcpw Kth-jW - ß- fpw sXfn-bn-®p-Im-´p-∂X
- mbn 65-˛mw `mKØv
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Nne B[p-\nI Ncn-{X-Im-c∑ - mcpw
CtX ho£Ww Xs∂-bmWv AY-hm, AXp- k-Xy-am-sW-∂n-
S-tØm-f-ap≈ A`n-{]m-b-amWv ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xv.
A^vKm-\n-Iƒ PqX-t∏-cp-Iƒ kzoI-cn-®Xv Ckvemw-aXw
kzoI-cn-®-Xp-\n-an-Ø-am-sW∂ A`n-{]m-bsØ kw_-‘n-®n-
S-tØmfw X¿÷-a-°m-c-\mb _¿WmUv tUmds‚ ho£-

WsØ ]n¥m-ßp∂ Hcp sXfnhpans√∂p ]d-tb-≠n-cn-°p
∂p. ]©m-_ns‚ DØ-c-]-›na `mK-ß-fn¬ lnµp-°-fn¬
\n∂p apkvenw-If- mbn amdnb tKm{X-ßƒ \nh-kn-°p-∂p-≠v.
Ah-cpsS t]cp-Iƒ PqZ-Pm-Xn-°m-cp-tS-Xp-t]m-ep≈ t]cp-If
- -
√. apkvenw-I-fmbn amdp-∂-tXmsS PqXt∏-cp-Iƒ kzoI-cn-®p-
sIm-≈-W-sa-∂n-s√∂v AXp hy‡-am-°n-Ø-cp-∂p.
A^vKm-\n-Iƒ°v PqX∑m-cp-ambn A¤p-Xm-h-l-amb
kmay-`m-hß - f
- p-≠v. A^vKm-\n-Iƒ PqX-hw-iy-cm-sW∂ hmZ-
tØmSp tbmPn-°mØ ]fin-X∑ - m¿Xs∂ Cu bmYm¿∞yw
AwKo-Ic - n-°p-∂p. Ah¿ PqXhw-iycmsW∂-Xn-te°v \ap°v
e`y-amb Htcsbmcp sXfnhv CXm-bn-cn-°mw. CXv kw_-‘n®p
k¿ tPm¨ am¬°w ]d-bp-∂Xp C{]-Im-c-amWv:
""Jpdm-km-s‚bpw kn‘p \Zn-bp-sSbpw CS-bn-ep≈ {]tZ-
iØv Xma-ka - p-d∏ - n® A^vKm≥ tKm{X-ßf - psS XpS-°s - Ø-
∏‰n hnhn[ Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ hyXy-kvX-ß-fm-bn-´mWv hnh-cn-
®n-´p-≈-Xv. Ah¿ \_q°-Zv\-kv-dn-\m¬ XS-hp-Im-cmbn ]nSn-
°-s∏-ń-cp∂ PqXtKm-{X-ßsf hwi-]-c-ambn ]n¥p-S¿∂n-´p-
≈-hc - m-sW∂pw Nne¿ Du∂n-∏d - b
- p-∂p. Ah-cpsS Xe-h∑ - m¿,
IpSpw-_ßƒ Zmho-Zn¬\n∂pw iuen¬\n∂pw XpS-ßp-∂X - mbn
Ah-Im-is - ∏-Sp-∂p-ap-≠.v Cu A`n-am-\] - q¿Æ-amb ]n¥p-S¿®
sb°pdn-®p≈ Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-ih - mZw hfsc kwi-bm-hl - -
am-sW-¶nepw Ah-cpsS {]Xy-£`- m-hß - f- n¬\n∂pw {]tbm-K-
co-Xn-If- n¬\n∂pw Ah¿ t]¿ky-°m-cn¬\n∂pw XmØm-cn-I-
fn¬\n∂pw C¥y-°m-cn¬\n∂pw XnI®pw hyXy-kX v c- mb Pm
Xn-°m-cm-sW∂p hy‡-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. CXp-am-{X-amWv AØ-c-
samcp {]kvXm-h\ - bv°v Fs¥-¶nepw hniz-k\ - o-bX ssIh-cp-
Øp-∂X - .v F∂m¬, F{Xtbm i‡n-aØ - mb bmYm¿∞y-ßƒ
aptJ\ CXp Jfin-°s - ∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. CXns\ \ymbo-Ic - n-°-
Ø° {]Xy-£a - mb sXfn-shm∂pw D∂-bn-°s - ∏-ń-´p-an-√.
Hcp P\hpw as‰mcp P\hpw XΩn-ep≈ `mh-km-Zr-iyß

ƒ ]eXpw sXfn-bn®p Im´p-∂h - b- m-Im-sa-¶nepw PqX-∑m-cpsS
{]Xy-£`- m-hß
- t- fm-Sp-Iq-Snb Iivao-cn-Iƒ PqX-hw-iy¿ Xs∂-
bm-sW-∂-Xn¬ kwi-bn-°m-\n-√. CXp _¿Wy¿ am{X-a-√,
t^m¿Ãdpw, a‰p Nne ]fin-X∑ - mcpw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®n-´p-≠v.
_¿Wy-dpsS A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂n-s√-¶nepw
Xm≥ Iivao-cn-I-fpsS CS-bn-em-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ PqXP-\-tØm-
sSm-∏-am-sW∂ tXm∂-emWv X\n-bv°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-sX∂p
t^m¿Ã¿ hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v.
"Iivaocn' F∂ ]ZsØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw F.-sI.
tPm¨Ãs‚ "`qan-im-kv{X-\n-L≠p' (Dictionary of Geography)
F∂ ]pkvXI - Ø
- n¬ 259˛mw t]Pn¬ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ hm°p-
Iƒ ImWmw.
250-˛mw t]Pn¬ Iivao¿ (KASHMIR) F∂ Xe-s°-ń\p
Iogn¬ C{]-Imcw ]d-bp∂p:
""s]m°w IqSn-bh - cpw I\-Øp-d® ico-cL - S- \
- b
- p-≈h
- cpw
]ucpjw ap‰n-bh
- c
- p-am-Ip∂p Iivao-cn-Iƒ ˛ kv{XoIƒ AwK-
ku-jvThap≈hcpw kpµ-cn-amcpw PqX-∑m-cp-sS-Xp-t]mep≈
XØ-®p-≠≥aq°pw `mh-ß-fp-ap-≈-h-cp-am-Ip-∂p.''
""khmXn''(Sawathi)bpw ""B^vdo-Zn''(Afridi)bpw F∂ Xe-s°-
ń¬ "knhn¬ B‚ v anen-‰dn Kk‰v' F∂ ]{X-Øn¬, (1898
\hw-_¿ 23) {_nójv Atkm-kn-tb-js‚ \c-hw-ii - mkv{X
hn`m-K-Øns‚ ASp-Øp-I-gn™ Hcp tbmK-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-
∏n® {it≤-bhpw hne-s∏´Xpamb {]_‘w ]p\x-{]-kn≤w
sNbvXn-´p-≠v. \c-hw-ii - m-kv{X-Kt- h-jWw kw_-‘n® IΩn-
‰n-bpsS ioX-Im-ek - t- Ω-f\- Ø
- n¬ Ah-Xc - n-∏n-°m-\p-≈X- m-Wn-
Xv. {]_-‘-Øn¬ C{]-Imcw ]d-bp∂p:
""{_nójv Atkm-kn-tb-js‚ ASp-Øp-I-gn™ Hcp
tbmK-Øn¬ \c-hw-ih
- n-`m-KØ
- n-\p-th≠n Xøm-dm-°o-´p-≈Xpw
B{¥-t]m-f-Pn-°¬ C≥Ãn-‰yq-ńs‚ Hcp ioX-Ime ktΩ-f-

\-Øn¬ Ah-Xc - n-∏n-°m-\n-cn-°p-∂X
- p-am-b, hfsc hne-s∏-´Xpw
{it≤-b-hp-amb Hcp {]_-‘-Øns‚ ]q¿Æ-cq]w Rßƒ
NphsS sImSp-°p-∂p.
""C¥y-bpsS ]Sn-™m-d≥ {]th-i\ - Zzm-cØ - n-ep≈ A ¬
\nhm-kn-I-fmb ]Øm≥ AYhm ]Øm≥Im¿, hfsc ]pcm-
X-\N - c- n-{X-Øn¬Øs∂ AwKo-Ic - n-°s - ∏-´h- c - s{X; ]e tKm{X-
ß-sf-∏‰ - nbpw lntdm-tUm-´kpw Ae-Ivkm-≠d - psS Ncn-{X-Im-
c-∑mcpw {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p-≈-Xp-am-Wv. a≤y-Im-e-ß-fn¬, Ah¿
Iø-S° - nb ae-If - n¬ Irjn sNbvXn-ń-√mØ ]cp-°≥ acp-`q-
an-{]-tZiw "tdmlv' F∂pw Ahn-SpsØ \nhm-kn-Iƒ "tdmln-
e¿' F∂pamWv hnfn-°s - ∏-ń-cp-∂X - .v ]pcm-X\ - c - mb Cu tdmln-
e-cn¬ AYhm ]Øm≥ tKm{X-°m-cn¬ `qcn-]£ - hpw A^vKm
≥Im-sc-°mƒ aptº-Xs∂ AhnsSbp≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]Øm≥
`mj-bmb "]pivØp' kwkm-cn-°p∂psh∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-am{Xw
]Øm-≥Im-cmbn FÆ-s∏-Sp∂ A^vKm≥Im-sc√mwXs∂
\_q°-Zv\-kv¿ _m_n-tem-Wn-bmbn¬ XS-hp-Im-cmbn ]nSn-
®p-sIm-≠p-h∂ tKm{X-ßf - psS ]n¥p-S¿®-°m-cmWv Xß-sf
∂p hmZn-®p-sIm≠v a‰p-≈h - c - p-ambn t\cn-´p≈ IpSpw_-_‘w
ÿm]n-°m≥ Iq´m-°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬, Ah-sc√mw
Xs∂ ]pivØp `mj kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw ]IvØm≥ hmen F∂
t]cn-ep≈ s]mXp-hmb ]Øm≥ knhn¬ A\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ
AwKo-Ic - n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. AXm-Is - ´, ]e Imcy-ßf - nepw
tamsi-bpsS ]g-b-\n-b-a-ß-sf-bpw cPv]pØv PmXn-°m-cpsS
]pcm-X\ - a - mb A\p-jvTm-\ß - s - fbpw {it≤-ba - mbn Hm¿Ω-s∏-
Sp-Øp-∂h - b- mWv Xm\pw.''
C{kmt-ben ]mc-ºcyw
Cu N¿®-bn¬ G‰hpw HSp-hn-embn \ap°v _‘-s∏-tS-
≠n-h-cp∂ ]Øm≥Imsc c≠p {][m\ kap-Zm-b-hn-`m-K-ß-
fmbn th¿Xn-cn-°mw. AXm-b-Xv, hko-dn-Iƒ, B^vcoZn-Iƒ,

Hmd°v skbn-Iƒ XpS-ßnb tKm{X-ßfpw IpSpw-_-ßfpw
Dƒs°m≠ C¥y≥ hwio-b¿; ima-hw-io-b-sc∂p (Semitics)
Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂-hcpw \ΩpsS AXn¿Øn-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-ep-S-
\ofw {]_-e-cm-bn-´p-≈-h-cp-amb A^vKm-\n-Iƒ. Ch-sc-√m-
hcpw Hcp-t]mse AwKo-I-cn-°p∂ Aen-JnX \nb-a-{]-am-W-
amb ]IvØm≥hmen Hcp kΩn-{i-aq-e-am-bn-cn-°m≥ km≤y-
X-bp-s≠-∂mWv tXm∂p-∂X - .v tamsi-bpsS \ymb-{]-am-Wt- Øm-
sSm∏w cP-]pØv ]mc-ºcy-ß-fp-ambn CW-°n-t®¿ØXpw
apkvenw BNm-c\ - S- ]
- S- n-If - n-eqsS \ho-Ic - n-®X- p-amb s]cp-am-
‰-®-´-ß-fmWv \mw AXn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv. "Zp¿ dm\n'-I-sf∂p
kzbw hnfn-°p-∂-hcpw H∂c \q‰m-≠n-\p-ap-tº Zp¿dm\o
km{amPyw ÿm]n-°-s∏´Xpap-X¬ Aßs\ sNbvXp-t]m-
∂n-´p-≈h - c
- p-amb A^vKm-\n-Iƒ, Iniv F∂ t]cn-ep≈ Hcp
]q¿∆n-I≥ aptJ\ C{km-tben tKm{X-Øns‚ ]n¥p-S¿®-
°m-cm-sW-∂mWv ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Xs‚ P\sØ Ckvem-anI
{]hm-lØ - n-eqsS Xpg-™p-\o-°m≥ \nbp-‡\ - mb Bsf-∂-
\n-e-bn¬ Inin\v, apl-ΩZv \_n(k) ]Øm≥ (kn-dn-b≥
`mj-bn¬ ]¶m-bØ - n\p ]d-bp-∂X - m-Wn-X)v F∂ t]¿ \evIp-
I-bp-≠m-bn. ]Øm≥ AYhm ]IvØm≥ tZio-bXzw Ckvem-
an\p F{Xtbm aptºbp-≈-Xm-sW∂p apI-fn¬ \mw kqNn-
∏n-®n-´p-≠t- √m. C{km-tben P\-Xb - p-am-bp≈ hfsc ]pcm-X-
\-_‘w AwKo-I-cn-°msX, A^vKm-\n-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ hym]-
I-ambn \ne-\nev°p∂ C{km-tben \ma-ßƒ°v \ymbo-I-
cWw Is≠ØpI Xptemw {]bm-ka- m-bn-cn-°pw. CXn-t\-°mƒ
{]bm-k-]q¿Æ-amWv Ah-cpsS Nne A\p-jvTm-\ßfpsS
thcp-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-I. DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, s]k-l-Xo‰ (Pass-
over Feast) ˛ A^vKm≥ P\X hfsc {i≤m-]q¿∆w A\p-jvTn-
®p-h-cp-∂-Xm-Wn-Xv˛ Xosc hnZym-`ym-k-an-√mØ A^vKm-\n-
Iƒt]mepw ]pe¿Øn-hc - p-∂p. a‰p ]mc-ºc - y-ßƒ°pw \nZm-
\-am-bn-´p≈ Fs¥-¶nepw ASn-ÿm-\k - Xyw C√m-Xn-cn-°m≥
\n¿∆m-l-an-√. Cu C{kmt-ben _‘w Hcp bmYm¿∞yw

Xs∂-bm-bn-cn-°m-sa∂v s_t√mkv (Bellows) Icp-Xp-∂p. F
∂m¬ At±lw hnhcn°p∂p: Inin¬\n∂p ]c-º-c-bmbn
DS-se-SpØ A^vKm≥ IpSpw-_-Øns‚ aq∂p alm-im-J-I-
fnsem∂v kmcmt_m¿ F∂ t]cnednbs∏Sp∂p. ]pcm-X\
C¥y≥ tcJ-I-fn¬ ]d-bp∂ alm-`m-c-X-bp-≤-Øn¬ N{µ-
_≥ (N-{µ-hw-i° - m¿)amcm¬ tXmev∏n-°s - ∏-´t- ijw A^vKm-
\n-tebv°v IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Ø cP-]p-{X-cpsS kqcy-hw-i-Øn-
\p≈ ]pcm-X\ - \- m-aØ
- ns‚ ]pivØp cq]-amWv kmcm-t_m¿
F∂-Xv. AXpsIm≠v, A^vKm≥ ]pcm-X\ cP-]p-{X-tKm-{X-
ß-fn¬ Aen-™p-tN¿∂ C{kmt-be - y-cm-bn-cn-°W - w. A^vKm
s‚ hwtimev]Ø - nsb kw_-‘n® {]iv\Ø - n-\p≈ G‰hpw
bp‡-amb adp-]S- n-bmbn F\ns°t∏mgpw tXm∂n-bn-´p-≈Xp
CXp-X-s∂-bm-Wv. C∂sØ A^vKm≥Im-c≥ Xßsf ]mc-
º-cy-Øn¬ A_vd-lm-ans‚ ]n¥p-S¿®-°m-cmb hcn-jvT-Pm-
Xn-°m-cm-bn-´mWv Icp-Xn-t∏m-cp-∂-Xv. s]mXp-hmb `mjbpw
tKm{X-a-cym-Z-bpsS \nb-am-h-enbpw aptJ-\-bmWv Ah¿ a‰p
]Øm≥Im-cp-am-bp≈ _‘w Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
kp{]-kn-≤c - mb Fgp-Øp-Im-cpsS Cu F√m {KŸ-ßf - n¬
\n∂pap≈ D≤-cW - nIƒ H∂mbn ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ, C¥y-
bpsS AXn¿Øn-I-fnepw kao-]-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-ep-ambn ImW-
s∏-Sp∂ A^vKm-\n-If - pw, Iivao-cn-Ifpw C{km-tb-ense ImWm-
sX-t]mb tKm{X-ßf - n¬s∏´ _\o-C{kmt-b¬ Xs∂-bm-sW
∂v \njv]-£-\mb GsXm-cmƒ°pw ZrV-t_m≤yw hcnI
Xs∂ sNøpw. Cu ]pkvXI - Ø
- ns‚ c≠mw `mK-Ø,v A√mlp
C—n-®p-sh-¶n¬, tbip-hns‚ C¥y-bn-te-°p≈ bm{X-bpsS
A¥n-a-e£yw F√m C{kmt-ben tKm{X-ß-fnepw kXy-{]-
t_m-[\w sNøp-I-sb∂ Xs‚ I¿Øhyw ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°p-
I-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ hkvXpX IqSp-X¬ hni-Z-ambn sXfn-bn-
®p-Im-Wn-°m≥ Rm≥ {ian-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. kphn-ti-j-ß-fn¬
At±lw hy‡-am-°o-´p-≈Xp Cu bmYm¿∞y-am-W-s√m.

AXn\m¬, At±lw C¥y-bnepw Iivao-cnepw h∂n-´p-≠m-
bn-cn-°m-sa-∂-Xn¬ A¤p-X-s∏-Sm-s\m-∂p-an-√. t\sc-a-dn-®v,
At±lw Xs‚ IS-aI - ƒ ]q¿Øn-bm-°m-sXbpw \n¿∆-ln-°m-
sXbpw kz¿§-tØbv°v Itc-dn-t∏mbn F∂-XmWv B›-cym-
h-l-am-bn-Øo-cpI! Cu N¿® Rm≥ ChnsS Ah-km-\n-∏n-
°p-∂p.
an¿km Kpemw AlvaZv

akolv auDuZv
JmZn-bm≥, Kp¿Zm-kv]q¿
1899 G{]n¬ 25
-A-\p-_‘w
(APPENDICES)
tbip-hns‚ {Iqivkw`hw:
]p\-cp-∞m-\tam ]p\-cp-÷o-h-\tam?
RESURRECTION
OR
RESUSCITATION?
am¿K-c‰v tembnkv tUhnUv

(_n.-F, _n.Un; Fkv.Sn.-Un)
s{Sh¿ F.- tem-bnUv tUhnUv
(Fw.-Un, F^v.-B¿.-kn-.]n.)
a\p-jy-hw-i-Øns‚ ]m]-s∏m-dp-Xn-°p-th≠n tbip{In

kvXp Ipcn-in¬ {]mW-XymKw sNbvXpsh∂mWv {InkvXo-b-
temIw GI-IW - Tv a
- mbn tLmjn-°p-∂X
- .v "Ipcn-ip-ac- W
- '- sØ
bpw (Crucifixion) "]p\-cp-∞m-\'-sØbpw (Resurrection) Xß-fpsS
aX-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-X-Øz-ß-fmbn kzoI-cn® {InkvXym-
\nIƒ, ]utemkv At∏m-kvX-e≥ ]Tn-∏n-®-X-\p-k-cn®v ""{In
kvXp \ΩpsS ]m]-ßƒ°pth≠n Xncp-sh-gp-Øp-If - n≥ {]Im
cw acn®p'' (sIm-cn-¥y≥, 15:3) F∂pw ""{InkvXp Dbn¿ sØ-
gp-t∂-‰n-ń-s√-¶n¬ Rß-fpsS {]kwKw hy¿∞w, \nß-fpsS
hnizm-khpw hy¿∞w'' (sIm-cn-¥y≥ I, 15:14) F∂pw ""{InkvXp
\ap°v th≠n im]-am-bn-Øo¿∂p \ymb-{]-am-WØ - ns‚ im]-
Øn¬\n∂v \sΩ hne°p hmßn'' (K-em-Xy¿, 3:13) F∂pw
hniz-kn-®p-t]m-cp-∂p.
blq-Z¿ ]d-bp-∂X - m-Is
- ´, tbip I≈-{]-hm-NI
- \
- m-Ib
- m¬
Xßƒ tbipsh Ipcn-in¬ Xd®p sIm∂psh∂pw ""Xq°-
s∏-´-h≥ i]n-°-s∏-´-h≥'' (B-h.21:23) F∂ Xncp-sh-gp-Øp-
Iƒ {]Imcw tbip i]n-°s - ∏-´h
- ≥ Bbn-cp∂psh∂p-as - {X.
tbip-hns‚ Bflmhv kz¿§-tØbv°v Db¿Ø-s∏-Sp-I-b-√,
]mXm-fß
- f- n¬ (\-cI
- Ø- n¬) ]Xn-°p-Ib - m-Wp-≠m-bs- X∂pw
blq-Z¿ tLmjn-°p∂p!
F∂m¬, Ign™ Bbn-c-Øn-\m-\qdp sIm√-Øn-tesd
Ime-ambn hnip-≤J - p¿-B\- n¬ tLmjn-®p-h∂
- n-´p-≈Xv ""At±-
lsØ Ah¿ (b-lq-Z¿) h[n-®n-ń√; {Iqin®psIm∂n-´p-an√;
adn-®p, Ah¿°v At±lw ({Iq-in-°-s∏-´-h-s\-t∏m-se) kZr-
io-Ic- n-°s
- ∏´p'' (4:157) F∂pw, ""Ah¿ At±-lsØ \n›-b-
ambpw sIm∂n-ń√'' (4:158) F∂p-a-s{X.
{InkvXp Ipcn-in¬ acn-®n-ń-s√∂v Ign™ c≠p \q‰m≠p
Ime-Øn-\n-Sb
- n¬ F{Xtbm _p≤n-cm-£k - ∑ - m¿ {]Jym-]n-°p-
Ibpw AXp kw_-‘n® N¿® \S-Øp-Ib - p-ap-≠m-bn. At\
Iw Kth-jW - ß- ƒ CXp kw_-‘n®p \S-Øn-bn-´p-ap-≠v. {In

kvXp Ipcn-in¬ acn®psh¶n¬ acn-°m-\p-≠mb ico-ci - m-k{v X-
]-ca
- mb Imc-Wß - ƒ hy‡-am-°p-∂X - n\p kq£vaa- mb hni-
I-e\- ß- ƒ \S-tØ-≠X - p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AØcw hni-Ie - \
- ß- -
fn¬ {Iqin¬ acn®psh∂ hnizmkØns∂mc-Sn-ÿm-\-hp-an-
s√-∂mWv sXfn-™-Xv. Cu bmYm¿∞yw ]e cq]-Ønepw
IqSp-X¬ IqSp-Xe - mbn sXfn-™p-hc - p-sa∂v Ckvem-an¬ {]h-
Nn-°s - ∏-ń-´p-≈X- p-am-Wv. AX-\p-kc - n-®p≈ Hcp hni-Ie - \- ]
- -
T-\-amWv ChnsS A\p-_-‘-ambn tN¿Øn-´p-≈-Xv.
{InkvXp-aX kwc-£-I≥ (Defender of the Faith) F∂ _lp-
aXn∏´w \evIs - ∏´ {_nójv knwlm-k\ - Ø
- ns‚ Ah-Im-in-
bmb {_nójv cm⁄n-bpsS ap≥cm-P-Iob NnIn-’-I-\mb
tUm. s{Sh¿ F.-tem-bnUv tUhnUpw At±-lØ - ns‚ sshZn-
I-hn-Zp-jn-bmb ]Xv\nbpw tN¿∂p e≠-\nse tdmb¬ tImtf-
Pv Hm^v ^nkn-jy≥kns‚ P¿W-en¬ Fgp-Xnb Hcp teJ-\-
Øn¬ tbip Ipcn-in¬ Xd-®X - p-sIm≠v acn-®n-ń-s√∂v kq£va
hni-Ie - \w \SØn ÿm]n-®n-´p≈ Imcyw Cw•-≠nse {Inkv
Xob k`-If - n¬ hºn® tImfn-f°w krjvSn® kw`-ha - m-Wv.
1991 G{]n-en¬ {]kn-≤s - ∏-Sp-Ønb Cu teJ\w Cw•-≠n¬
Hcp hm¿Øm-hn-πhw Xs∂ krjvSn-®n-cp-∂p.
˛ hnh¿Ø-I≥
]p\-cp-∞m-\tam
]p\-cp-÷o-h\
- tam?
tbip-hns‚ Ipcn-ip-kw-`hw kw_-‘n® saUn-°¬ tÃm
dn hfsc efn-X-am-Wv. KXvi-a-\-bnse hnja]q¿Æ-amb Hcp
cm{Xn-bv°p-tijw tbip AdÃv sNø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw XS-hn-em-
°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw tamsibpsS \ymb-{]-am-WØ - n-s∂-Xnsc {]h¿
Øn-®p-sh∂p Btcm-]n-°-s∏´ \ne-bn¬ XnI®pw A\p-`m-
h-iq-\y-amb Hcp \ym-bm-k-\-Øn\p apºn¬, kpt\-{Zn-b-Øn-
\p1 apºn¬ lmP-cm-°s - ∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. tbip-hn\p sIme-
in£ hn[n-bv°-s∏-´-Xn-\m¬ (sh-≈n-bmgvN kqcym-kvX-a-b-
Øn\p aptº2 acWw kw-`-hn-°-W-sa∂p≠mbn-cp-s∂-¶n¬
XnI®pw Ak-a¿∞-ambn F∂p-Xs∂ ]d-b-Ww) tdma≥K-
h¿-Æd- mb s]m-¥n-bqkv ]nem-tØm-kns‚ ASp-°¬ sIm≠p-
t]m-bn. kpt\-{Znbw Akq-b-bm-emWv C{]-Imcw {]h¿Øn-
®n-cp-∂s
- X∂p ]nem-tØmkv ImWp-Ib - pw, eqt°m-kns‚ kp
hn-ti-j{- ]-Imcw tbip-hns\ sIme-in-£bv° - n-cb
- m-°p-∂Xv
Hgn-hm-°m≥ sltcm-Zm-hp-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-N\ \S-Øp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. AhnsS IqSn-\n∂ P\-°q-´-tØmSp tbip-hns\
1 C{kmt-b-ense 12 tKm{X-ß-fn¬ Hmtcm-∂n¬\n∂v 6 {]Xn-\n-[n-IƒhoXw
Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-XmWv kpt\-{Zo-bw. \nc-h[n ]cn-Nm-c-I-∑m-cp-≠m-Ipw.
2 kphn-ti-j-ßƒ C°m-cy-Øn¬ Jfin-X-amsbm∂pw ]d-bp-∂n-√. tbip-
hns\ cm{Xn hfsc sshIn-bmWv XS-hn-em-°n-b-Xv. kpt\-{Zn-b-Øn-\p-ap-
∂n¬ (A-sXmcp ASn-b-¥nc tbmK-am-bn-cn-°-Ww) lmPcmbXp AXn-cm-
hnte-bpw. ]nem-tØm-kns‚ apºn¬ {]Xy-£s - ∏-´X
- m-Is´ D®-b°
v pw. AXm-
bXv, ]I¬ kabw Bdp aWn-°p-ap-tº, Nm´ ASn A-S-°-ap≈ ]n∂sØ
kw`-hß - f- psS hnh-cW- Ø- n¬ hyXym-ka - p-≠.v aq∂mw aWn-°q-dn-emWv Ah¿
Ahs\ {Iqin-®-sX∂v am¿t°mkv ]d-bp-∂p(15:25) tbml-∂m≥ kqNn-∏n-
°p-∂Xv Bdmw aWn-°p-tijw (12 aWn) F∂m-Wv. Cu Znhkw Bcw-`n-
°p-∂Xv kqcym-kvXa - b
- t- Øm-sS-bm-Wv. tami-bpsS \nbaw {]am-Wn® \ne-
bn¬ tbip-hns‚ acWw sh≈n-bmgvN AkvX-a-b-Øn\p aptº kw`-hn-
®n-cp-∂n-cn-°Ww (i-\n-bmgvN i∫Øp \mfm-Wt√m!). Bdmw aWn-t\cw
apX¬ (12 aWn) HºXmw aWn-hsc (15 aWn-°q¿) A‘-Imcw (kq-cy-{K-l-
Ww) D≠m-bn-cp∂psh∂-Xn¬ aØm-bnbpw am¿t°mkpw eqt°mkpw GIm-
`n-{]m-b°- m-cm-Wv.
sIm√m≥Xs∂ DØ-c-hn-´-Xm-bn3 ]nem-tØmkv Adn-bn-®p.

as‰√m sIme-∏p-≈n-Is - fbpwt]mse Cø-aW - n-Ifpw Bńs‚
aq¿®-bp≈ F√n≥I-jW - ß
- fpw Xq°n-bn´ A©mdp tXm¬
hm-dp-Iƒ saS™ Nm´-sIm≠p tbip-hns\ Ah¿ {]l-cn-
®p. AXp ITn-\-amb \o‰epw ]pI-®nepw thZ-\bpw D≠m-
°p∂ apdn-∏m-Sp-Iƒ kr-jvSn-®p. F{X-Xh - W ASn®p F∂-dn-
4
bp-∂n-√ . ]S-bm-fn-Iƒ sIm√-Øn-sem-cn-°¬ hm¿jn-I® - S- ß- m
bn HØp-IqSn aZn-®p-√-kn-°p∂ ssk\n-I-N-Xz-c-Øn¬ (Pra-
etorium) Ah¿ tbip-hns\ sIm≠p-t]m-bn. hfsc CSp-ßnb
ÿeØv ]´m-f° - m-cpsS Iq´w (600 Hmfw t]cv) Hcp-an®p IqSn-
bm¬ lo\-amb F¥pw \S-°p-sa∂p \n›-ba - m-Wt- √m. AXn-
\n-S-bn¬ tbip-hns‚ s\‰n-Ø-S-Øn¬ Hcp tImep-sIm≠v
({Ko°v Ie-tam-k)v 5 HcSn hoWp. CXp]t£, {]mtZ-in-Ia - mbn
6
dn{Iq´v sNbvX ]´m-f° - msc kw_-‘n-®n-St- Øm-fw A[n-Imc
Zfin-\p-]I - c
- a
- m-bp≈ Hcm-bp[ambn-cp∂p! ZrIvkm-£n-If - psS
A`m-h-Øn¬ F¥p-\-S∂p F∂-Xn\p tcJ-I-fn-√. arKo-b-
amb s]cp-am-‰Ø - n-\m-sW-¶n¬ tdma≥ ]S-bm-fn-Iƒ H´pw Ipd-
™-hc - √
- X
- m-\pw.
\Sp°w krjvSn-°p∂ {Iqc-hn-t\m-Z-ßƒ Zo¿Ln-∏n®p
3. Penrose L.S.''On the objective Study of Crowd Behaviour'' Lond. H.K. Lewis
1952. 6-12.
4. Bucklin R. {InkvXp-hns‚ hnNm-cW - b- p-sSbpw ac-WØ
- n-s‚bpw \nb-a] - c
- hpw
ssZh-im-kv{X-]-c-hp-amb hi-ßƒ ˛ Science and Law 1970; 10:14-þ26 tdma-
°m¿ tamsi-bpsS \ymb-{]-am-W-Øn-s∂-Xn-cmb Ip‰-ßƒ°v \n›-bn-°-s∏´
ASn-bpsS FÆw \mev]-Xn¬ h¿≤n--∏n-°n-s√∂v˛ 39 BWv {]tbm-K-Øn¬˛
_°vƒ sX‰mb \ne-bn¬ Icp-Xp-∂p. aq∂n-semcp `mKw ASn amdn-S-Ønepw
_m°n ]pdØpw ASn-°-Ww. Ip‰-hmfn apt∂m-´m™ \ne-bn¬ ]ptcm-ln-
X≥ Cu in£ kn\-tKm-Kn¬h®v ]ip-°p-ń-bpsS tXmep-sIm-≠p saS-™p-
≠m-°nb aq∂p hmdp≈ NΩ-ń-sIm≠p {]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
5. {Ko°v aqe-Øn¬ ""Ia-temkv'' F∂mWv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. AXns‚
A¿∞w ""Rmß-Wt- °m¬'' AYhm RmßW sIm≠p-≠m-°nb G¥p hSn,
Aºv, Fgp-Xm-\p≈ D]-I-cWw AWßWsb-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ hkvXp-\n-jvT-
amb F¥p-am-Imw.
6. tdma≥ `c-W-I¿Øm-°ƒ sNt¶m¬, Iøn-te-¥m-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.
IqSm-bn-cp-∂p. ITn-\-amb s\mºcw \nanØw \mUo-`n-Øn-I-

fn¬ c‡w In\n-™p-IqSn io¿j-\m-Un-If - n¬ Fcn-®n-ep-≠m-
°p-Ibpw AXp lrZ-bØ - p-Sn-∏ns‚ Xmf-thKw Ipd-°p-Ibpw
(Brady Cardia) D≠mbn. c‡kΩ¿±hpw \mUn-an-Sn∏pw hfsc
Ipd-bp-Ibpw ]n≥`m-KsØ apdn-hp-I-fn¬\n∂v c‡w In\n-
s™m-gp-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. tbip afi-]-Øn¬ \nh¿∂p
\nevt°-≠n-h∂ - n-cp-∂p. AhnsSh®p-≠mb ]oU-\ß - f- mepw
\nµ-\-ß-fmepw ico-c-im-kv{X-]-c-amb \jvS-]-cn-lm-c-{]-{In-
b-Iƒ XS- s - ∏-ń-cn-°m\pw km≤y-Xb - p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. sIme-
in-£bv°v hn[n-°-s∏´ F√m-h-tcbpwt]mse tbip-hn\pw
sIme-acw (Patibulum) AYhm Ipcnip {]nt´m-dn-bØ - n¬\n∂v
sIme-°-f-amb sKmevtKm-Øm-hsc 600-˛700 hmc (546-˛637)
ao‰¿7 Npa-t°-≠-Xp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 7 ASn (2.1 ao‰¿) x 6 C©v
(15 sk.-ao.) x 4 C©v (10 sk.-ao.) Af-hnep≈ Iń-acamsW-
¶n¬ -AXp 40 dmØ¬ (18 In.-{Kmw) Xq°w hcpw. CXp Npa-
°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-hn[w tbip £oWn-®n-cp-∂p.
tbip-hns‚ ap≥ssI-Iƒ aWn-°-≠-Øn\p sXm´p-ap-I-
fn-embn Ipcn-in-t∑¬ AXp \ne-Øp-In-S-°p-tºmƒXs∂
BWn Xd®p _‘n-®n-cp-∂p. s]cpw-R-c-ºn\p ]cn-t°-‰n-ń-
s√-∂mWv tXm∂p-∂X - v. ]n∂oSv Ipcn-in-t\m-sSm∏w tbip-hn-
s\bpw Db¿Øn-\ndpØn. AXn¬]ns∂ Ipcnip XSn-a-c-
tØmSp tN¿Øn-´p. AtXmsS Ipcnip kwhn-[m\w ]q¿Øn-
bm-bn. tbip-hns‚ N¥n XSn-a-c-Øn¬\n-∂p D¥n-\n∂ Hcp
Xmßn¬ sIm≈n-®p-\ndpØn. s\-cn-bm-Wnbv°pw IpXn-R-c-
ºn\pw CSbn-embn BWn-b-Sn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xn\v Im¬ap-
´p-Iƒ Ccp-`m-K-tØbv°pw ]nW-®p-h-®p.8 tbip-hns‚ Xe
Ct∏mƒ IqSn-\n-∂-h-cn¬\n∂p GXm≠p 18 C©v (45 sk.-
ao.) Db¿∂pIm-Wpw; km[y-am-sb-¶n¬ Ah-tcmSp kwkm-cn-
7. hmk-ÿ-e-ßƒ Fhn-sS-bm-sW∂p \n›-b-an-√. AXn-\m¬ IW-°m-°-
s∏-Sp∂ Zqchpw ka-bhpw G‰hpw \√ A`yql-ß-fm-Wv.
8. ]mZ-ßƒ°v Xm°w sh°p∂ k{º-Zmbw ]nev°m-eØ - p-≠m-bX
- m-Wv.
°m≥ Ign-bpw-hn[wXs∂.
Hcp sh≈n-bm-gvN-bmWv tbip-hns\ Ipcn-in-®-Xv. aWn-
°q-dp-Iƒ°ptijw (\n-th-Z\ - ß- ƒ {]Imcw aq∂p) Hcp kqcy-
{K-lWw kw`-hn-®p. CXn¬]ns∂ aq∂p aWn-°q-dp-Ig - n™v
tbip Hcp i_vZw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®p. CXn\p ]e-hn-[Ø - n-ep≈
hymJym-\-ßfpw \evI-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. tbip acn®psh∂-Xn¬
t\m°n-\n-∂h - ¿°v kwi-ba - p-≠m-bn-√. {Iqiv kw`hw aqe-ap
≈ acWw km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ aq∂pw-\mepw Znhkw hsc
\o≠p-\nev°p-∂Xpw [cm-I¿j-W-Øn-s∂-Xn-cn¬ hfsc
{]bm-ks - ∏´p izmkw Ign-°m-\p≈ sh{]m-fß - fpw ]nSn∏pw
9
D≠m-°p-∂X - p-amb Hcp Zo¿L {]{In-bb - m-Wv. CØcw Imcy-
ß-fn¬ AXy-[n-I-amb A\p-`-h-]-cn-N-b-ap≈ Bfmbn Icp-
X-s∏´ ]nem-tØmkv Xmsg-bn-d° - m-\p≈ A\p-hmZw \evIp-
∂-Xn\p aptº tbip acn-®p-I-gn-™pthm F∂p Dd-∏p-h-cp-
Øp-∂X - n-\p≈ At\z-jWw \S-Øn-®p. sKmevtKm-Øm-bn¬
\n∂p ]nem-tØm-kns‚ sIm´mcØn-te-°p≈ hgn-Zqcw IW-
°n-se-Sp-Øm¬ tbip-hns\ Ipcn-in¬\n∂p Xmg-Øn-d° - m≥
]nem-tØm-kn¬\n∂v kΩ-Xs - a-Sp-°p∂ Ht∂m ct≠m aWn-
°q¿ th≠n-h∂ - n-cn-°pw. Cu kw`-hh - n-hc
- W
- ß - f
- n-ep≈ apg-
®p-\nev°p∂ hen-sbmcp t]mcmbvI Ipcn-in¬\n∂v icocw
Cd-°n-sb-Sp-°p-∂Xp kw_-‘n® hnh-cWw Cs√-∂p-≈X - m-
10
Wv. \mep kphn-ti-j-ß-fn¬ tbml-∂m≥ am{Xta Ip¥w-
sIm≠v hnem-∏p-dØv IpØn-bt- ∏mƒ c‡hpw sh≈hpw Xpfn-
®p-h-∂-Xmbn ]d-bp-∂p-≈q. Aßs\ bYm¿∞-Øn¬ kw`-
hn®psh¶n¬ (em-kd - psS IY11 aqehpw a‰p Imc-Wß - f - m-epw12
9. Ipcn-in¬ Xd-®p-sIm-√¬ G‰hpw {Iqchpw lo\-hp-amb in£m-co-Xn-bmWv.
Crudelissimum Laetertimumque supplicium - (In Verrem, V.64, The Verrineorations,
Loeb Classical Library, London: Heinemann, 1928 - 1935). AXv AXn-{Iq-c-am-
sW∂ Imc-W-Øm¬ F.-Un. 351-˛¬ tIm¨Ã‚-bn≥ N{I-h¿Øn {Iqin®p
sIm√¬ (Crucifixion) \ndpØ-em-°n.
10. tbml-∂m≥, 19:34
tbml-∂ms‚ hnizm-kyX sshZy-imkv{X ho£-WØ - n¬ kwi-

bm-k]
v Z- a
- m-bn-´p-≠)v AXp NΩń {]tbm-KØ
- n-ep-≠mb Hcp
\o¿Ip-anf ]S-bmfn t\cw-t]m-°n\v IpØn-s∏m-ń-®X- m-hmw.13,14
Hdn-Pn≥ (Origen) F.-Un. 185-˛254 ˛ c‡hpw sh≈hpw
Xpfn-®p-h∂ \ne-bnepw tbip acn-s®-∂p-Xs∂ hniz-kn-s®-
¶nepw arX-tZ-lØ - n¬\n∂v c‡w In\n-bp-Ib - n-s√∂p At±
lw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-Ib - p-≠m-bn. 1847¬ kvs{‰uUv (Stroud)16
15
tbip-hns‚ ac-W-Im-cWw I≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ ]cn-{i-an-°p-∂-

X-ph-scbpw B hgn°v Hcp {iahpw \S-Øs - ∏-ń-cp-∂n-√. {]Xy-
£-amb Xf¿®sb ]cn-K-Wn®p lrZbw \n›-e-am-b-XmWv
(Ruptured heart) ac-WI- m-cW
- s- a∂v At±lw hniz-kn-®p. AtXb
h-k-c-Øn¬Øs∂ tbip kzta-[bm Bflm-hns\ hnSp-I-
bmtWm sNbvXXv F∂ {]iv\w kvs{‰uUv A\p-`m-h] - q¿∆w
N¿®-sN-øp-I-bp-ap-≠m-bn. 1887-˛¬ dnkvU¨ s_∂‰v (Risdon
Bennet)17 ""am\-kn-I-]o-U-\-I-fmep≠mb lrZbØI¿®-bm-
emWv (Rupture of heart from mental agony) tbip-hn\v acWw kw`-
hn-®-sX∂pw AXp Ip¥w-sIm≠p hnem-∏p-dØv IptØ-‰-
Xns\ XpS¿∂v h¿≤n-®n-cn-°m-sa∂pw A`n-{]m-bs - ∏-´p-sIm≠p
11. tbml-∂m≥, 11:38
12. Barret C.K. - The Gospel according to St. John. London: SPCK, 1962, 461
13. Brown R.E. - Gospel according to John. The Anchor Bible London: Geoffry
Chapman, 1978, Vol. 2, 935. Nyssein F∂ {Ko°v ]Z-Øns‚ A¿∞w t\cnb
ap\-sIm≠v kv]¿in-°p-I, IpØp-I, Xpf-b°
v pI F∂n-ßs- \-bmWv. hƒtK-
‰n¬ {Ko°v]mTw sX‰mbn hmbn-®p-sIm≠p Xpd-°pI F∂¿∞-ap≈ aperire
F∂mWv A¿∞w \evIo-´p-≈-Xv. The AV and RSV use 'Pierced' to translate
both nyssein and, more accurately. ekkentein in John 19:27.
14. Wilkinson J. tbml-∂m≥ 19:34 se c‡hpw sh≈hpw Xpfn-®p-h∂ kw`hw
Scot J. Theal 1975, 28:149 (Wilkinson was medically qualified and ordained.)
15. Origen, Contra Celsum, (trans.H.Chadwick), Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1953, 96
16. Stroud W-Treatise on the Physical Cause of the Death of Jesus Christ and its
Relation to the Principles and Practice of Christianity. London: Hamilton & Adams,
1847, 489.
17. Risdon Bennett J. Diseases of the Bible, London: Religious Tract Society, 1887,
119 - 32 Sir James Risdon Bennett, FRS, was PRCP (London) 1876 - 1881
Hcp eLp-teJ {]kn-≤o-Ic - n-®p. Ima-tdmWpw (Camaron)18 sd≥

Uv¬tjm¿´pw (Rendle Short)19 am\-kn-Im-Lm-XsØ XpS¿∂v
Bam-ibw hep-Xmbn ho¿Øp-t]m-bX - n-\m-emWv tbip-hns‚
acWw kw`-hn-®-sX-∂p hniz-kn-®p (Acute dilation of the stom-
ach). Ima-tdms‚ A`n-{]m-bØ - n¬ AXp-am-cI - a
- m-bn-cp-∂p. c‡
hpw sh≈hpw Xpfn-®p-h-∂-Xns‚ Imc-W-a-t\z-jn-°p-∂-Xn-
tesd Ah-bpsS ssZh-im-kv{X-]-c-amb A¿∞-ß-fn-emWv
sd≥U¬tjm-ń∂v Xm¬]cyw tXm∂n-b-Xv. lrZ-b-Ø-I¿®-
bmWv ac-W-Im-c-W-sa∂ kvs{‰uUns‚ A`n-{]m-bsØ
sshZn-Ii - m-k{v X-Im-cW - ß - f - m¬Øs∂ Akw-`m-hy-sa∂ph®v
At±lw X≈n-°f - ™- p. tbip Ipcn-in¬ acn-®n-t´-bn-s√∂p
20
{]nwtdmkv (Primrose) A`n-{]m-bs - ∏-´p. ico-cm-hb - h- ß- f- psS
{]h¿Ø\w AXy¥w _e-lo-\a - mb Ah-ÿb - n-emWv D≠m-
bn-cp-∂pXv (Somatic activities having been maintained at a very
low level) F∂pw, _mly-ambn acn® \ne-bn-em-bn-cp∂psh∂pw
Acn-a-Xy-°m-c-\mb tPmk-^n-\p-th≠n \n¿Ωn® I√-d-°p-
≈n¬ sIm≠p-h-®-t∏mƒ ]q¿∆-\ne hos≠-Sp-Øp-sh∂pw
{]nwtdmkv A`n-{]m-bs - ∏-´p. At±-lØ - ns‚ A`n-{]m-bØ - n¬
sh≈w Xpfn-®p-h-∂Xp hb-‰n¬\n-∂m-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\p-I-m
cWw tbip-hns\ ]pdØpw hb-‰Ø - p-amWv Nm´-hm¿ ASn-®-
sX∂p At±lw sX‰mbn hnizkn®Xm-Wv. hn¬In≥k¨
(Wilkinson)21 Cu Bi-bsØ Jfin-°p-∂p. bYm¿∞-Øn¬
CXp Duln-®p-Iq-Sm-Ø-Xm-Wv. tbip thK-Øn¬ acn-®p-t]m-
b-Xn-\p≈ ImcWw hnhcn-t°-≠X - ns‚ Bh-iy-IX - sb hn¬
In≥k¨ Nq≠n-°m-´p-Ib - pw, kphn-ti-jI - ¿Øm-°ƒ tbip-
hns‚ A`yq-ln-Xa - c- W- sØ hnh-cn-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn® hyXy
18. Chameron JL - The Gospel according to Saint John (summarised by RGV
Tasker). London: Tyndale Press. 1960.
19. Rendle Short A - The Bible and Modern Medicine, London: Paternoster Press,
1953, 95.
20. Primrose WR - A surgeon looks at the Crucifixion. Hobart J 1948; 47:387. Prim-
rose was senion anaesthetist at Glasgow Royal Infirmary.
21. Wilkinson J - The physical cause of the death of Jesus Christ. Expository Times
1972; 83;104.
- ƒ22 kzb-tah Poh≥ Dt]-£n-°p-∂-

kvX {Ko°p {Inbm-]Z- ß
Xns\ Ipdn-°p-∂X
- m-bn-cp∂psh∂p Fgp-Xp-Ibpw tbip ]pd-
s∏-Sp-hn® almi_vZw A{]-Im-ca - p≈ ssIsh-Sn-be
- ns\ Im
Wn-°p∂ H∂m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p kqNn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
FUvhmUvkv F‰v A¬ (Edwards at al) Hcp {]_-‘Ø - n¬23
Ipcn-ip-kw-`-h-Øns‚ Akm-[m-c-W-amb \nZm-\-im-kv{X-hn-
h-c-W-tØmsS Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂Xv tbip ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn®
alm-i_vZw B]¬°-ca - mb Ft¥m kw`-hØ - ns‚ ap∂-dn-
bn-∏m-bn-cp∂psh∂pw AXp Imc-Wa - mWv tbip acn-®s
- X∂pw
]d-™p-sIm-≠m-W.v kw`-hn-®n-cn-°m-hp∂ ImcWw c‡w I´-
]n-Sn-®tXm c‡w Ipd-™tXm t]mep≈ H∂m-sW∂v (The
likely cause was thrombotic or arrhithmic in nature) Ah¿ hniz-kn-®p.
tbip Ipcn-in¬ acn-®Xp ITn-\a - mb Xf¿®, ""sslt]m-thm-
fo-an°v tjm°v'' F∂nh Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ ]e Imc-W-ß-fp-
sSbpw IqSn-°p-g® - n¬ sIm≠msW∂ h¿ ]d-™p-sh-¶nepw
B Bi-bsØ IqSp-X¬ hni-Zo-Ic - n-°m≥ Ah¿ apXn-cp-∂n-
√. hnem-∏p-dØv Ip¥w Xpf®p IS-∂n-cn-°m-sa-∂-XmWv Hcp
hnh-cW - w. Xosc \S-∂n-ń-√mØ Hcp kw`-hØ - n¬ hnizmkw
D≠m-°m≥ {ian-°p∂psh∂-Xn-\m¬ CsX-{Xbpw Zu¿`m-Ky-
I-ca - m-bn-t∏mbn!
A\p-am\w:˛ sIme-in-£bv°p hn[n-bv°-s∏´ F√m-h-
cpw-Xs∂ Nm´-hm-dp-sIm≠v {]l-cn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. F∂mepw
Ipcnip Npa-°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-hÆw Ah-cmcpw A{X-tbsd
£oWn-®p-t]m-bn-cp-∂n-√. F∂m¬, tbip-hn\p afi-]Ø - n¬
h®p Gevt°-≠n-h∂ ]oU-\ß - ƒ, a‰p Ip‰-hm-fn-Iƒ°v sN
øm≥ Ign™ Imcyw At±-lØ - n\v sNøm≥ Ign-bmØ Hc-
h-ÿ-bp-≠m°n F∂p-≈-XmWv {]-_-e-amb \nK-a-\w. IqSp-
22 Mark and Luke use exepneusen - he breathed out; Mathew apheken - he sent
forth, let go; and John paredoken - he delivered up, handed over.
23 Edwards WP, Wesely JG. Hosmer FE. On the physical death of Jesus Christ. J
Amer Med. Assoc. 1986; 255:1455.
X-embn Xebv°v Hc-Sn-tb-‰Xp Ipcn-in-t∑¬ thK-Øn¬ Xf

¿∂p Ipg-™p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn\v Imc-W-am-bn. Ipcn-in-te-‰n-b-
t∏mƒ tbip-hn\v sR´¬ (shock) D≠m-bX - p-Iq-SmsX c‡-k-
Ω¿±w hfsc Ipd-™-Xmbn A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-Ibpw (Hypotensive)
sNbvXp. Xe-t®m-dn-te-bv°p≈ tNmc-tbm´w Ipd-™p-t]m-I-
bm¬ t_m[w \jvSs∏Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn. tbip-hns‚ N¿Ωw
Nmc-\n-da- m¿∂Xpw (Ashen Skin) icocw Ne-\c - l
- n-Xa
- m-bXpw ac-
W-ambn sX‰p-[-cn-°m≥ CS-bm-°n. t\m°n-\n-∂-h¿ tbip
acn®psh∂p-Xs∂ hniz-kn®psh∂-Xnsemcp kwi-bhpan√.
tbip ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® alm-i_vZw tamlm-ek - y-Øn\p (Synco
pe) aptºbp-≠mb H®-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb izmkw-hn-Se√msX as‰m-
∂p-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. F¥mWv H®-bn-´-sX∂ Imcy-Øn¬ GIo-
I-cn® hnh-c-W-an-√-Xm-\pw. Xe-t®m-dn-te-bv°p≈ HmIvkn-
P≥kssπ -h-fsc Ipd-™p-t]m-bn-cp∂psh¶nepw A]-IS- h - n-
Xm-\t- Ømfw XmWn-cp-∂n-√. ]n∂oSp icocw Ipcn-in¬\n-∂n-d
°n tXm´-Ønse I√-db - n¬ sIm≠p-h® - t- XmsS c‡-]c- n-hmlw
km[m-cW - K - X
- n-bn-em-bn. kqcy-{K-lW
- t- h-fb- n¬ D≠mb ioX-
°m‰v c‡-k-Ω¿±w \ne-\ndpØm≥ klm-b-I-am-°n.
tbip Poh-e£
- W - ß
- ƒ ImWn-®p-Xp-Sß
- n-bt- ∏mƒ]ns∂
I√-d-bn¬h®n-√. i-∫-Øns‚ Xte-∂mƒ cm{Xn J_v-d-S-°-
I¿Ω-ßƒ Hgn-hm-°p-∂-Xn\pt±-in-®n-cp-∂n-cn-°mw. icocw
Ahn-sS-\n∂p FSp-Øp-sIm-≠p-t]mbn ImØp-kq-£n-®p.
tbip-hns‚ ]n∂o-Sp≈ {]Xy-£o-I-c-W-ßƒ AXp b
Ym¿∞ambmepw km¶ev]n-Ia - m-bmepw ]p\-cp-∞m-\Ø - n-s‚
tbm ]p\-cp-÷o-hs
- ‚tbm A\n-tj-[y-Zr-jSv m-¥ß
- f- √
- . ktµ-
24
lm-kv]-Z-amb kz¿§m-tcm-l-Ww (Ascension) Hgn-®p-\ndpØn-
bm¬ At±-lsØ ]n∂o-Sp-I-≠-h¿ Bcp-an-√. tbip-hns‚
24. I√-d-bn¬ tbip-hns‚ icocw kv{Xo ImWm-™-t∏mƒ kphn-ti-j-ßƒ Hscm‰
Imcy-Øn¬ am{Xsa tbmPn-°p-∂p-≈q. I√v Dcpń am‰-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. tbip-hns\
Bcpw Xs∂ I≠n-√. (Visualised) aØm-bnbpw (25-:166) am¿t°mkpw(16:7) ]d-bp-
Imev]-\nI ac-WsØ XpS¿∂p≈ aWn-°q-dp-I-fnepw Znh-

k-ß-fnepw BgvN-I-fnepw injy∑mcpw kv{XoP-\-ßfpw
Xßƒ°p Xosc \nb-{¥n-°m-\m-hmØ hnIm-c-Xo-{hX aqe-
∂Xv ""Ah≥ ChnsS C√'' F∂p Hcp amemJ AYhm Hcp sNdp-∏-°m-c≥ ]d™p
sh∂mWv (eq-t°mkv 24:16). acn-®-h-cn¬ Pohn-®n-cn-°p-∂-hs\ \nßƒ Xnc-bp-∂-
sX¥p? F∂p Ah¿ tNmZn-®-Xmbpw \nth-Z\w sNøp-∂p. tbml-∂m≥ BIs´,
IqSp-X¬ Imc-W-ß-f-S-ßnb Hcp IY-bmWv Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv (20:166). injy-
∑m¿ Xß-fpsS hoSp-I-fn-te°v t]mb-tijw aKvZ-e\°mcn adnb iq\y-amb I√-d-
bn¬ Ip\n-™p-t\m-°n-b-t∏mƒ tXm´-°m-c-s\∂p sX‰n-≤-cn® Hcmƒ Ccn-°p-∂Xp
I≠p-sh∂pw F∂n´p tbip-hm-sW∂v hnizm-k-ambn F∂-Xp-amWv AXn¬ ]d-bp-
∂-Xv. I√-d-bpsS Dƒh-i-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ (tXm-a-kns‚ km∂n-≤y-Øntem Akm-∂n-
≤y-Øn-tem) hnh-cWw (20:19), (20:24) kwi-bm-kv]-Z-amb sXfn-hp-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-
∂-Xm-Wv. Keo-ebn¬ tbip-hns‚ km∂n≤yw tbml-∂m≥ A\p-am\n°p-∂p-s≠-
¶nepw (21:1) Bsc-¶nepw I≠-Xmbn ]d-bp-∂n-√. bcpi-te-an\v 7 \mgnI AIse
FΩm-hp- n-te-°p≈ hgn-bn¬ CtX Xc-Øn-ep≈ kw`hw \S-∂-Xmbn eqt°mkv
(24:29) tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. tbip-hns\ Bsc-¶nepw I≠n-cn-°m-sa∂pw H∂m-asØ
{]kvXm-h\ kz¿§m-tcm-l-W-L-´-Øn¬, _Øm-\-e-bn-te-°p≈ ""hgn-bn¬ Ah¿
t\m°n-\nevs°'' ({Ko-°n¬ Blepo) F∂ hm°p-I-fn-emWv AS-ßn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. (A-
t∏m. {]hr-Øn-Iƒ 1:9)
Cu {]Xy-£o-I-c-W-ßƒ km¶-ev]n-I-X-bpsS kvac-Wn-I-bm-bn-cn-°m-sa∂ i‡n-
a-Ømb A`n-{]mbw {Ko°v aqe-tØmSv tbmPn-°p-∂p-≠v. aØm-bnbpw eqt°mkpw
tbml-∂m≥t]m-epw, Cu {]Xy-£o-I-c-W-ß-sf-∏‰n hnh-cn-°p-tºmƒ ""slmdmthm''
(Horao) F∂ {Ko°v {Inbm-]-Z-amWv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb ImW¬
F∂-Xn-t\m-sSm∏w a\ psIm≠p ImWp-I, Zriy-am-Ip-I, A\p-`-hn-®-dn-bpI F∂n-
ß-s\bpw A¿∞-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-XmWv B ]Zw. tI∏mbv°pw ]{¥≠p t]¿
°pw ]n∂oSv A™q-dn-e-[nIw ktlm-Z-c∑m¿°pw bmt°m-_n\pw X\n°pw tbip
{]Xy-£-\m-b-Xns\ hnh-cn-°p-hm≥ ]utemkv CtX hm°m-Wp-]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≈Xv
(sIm-cn, 15:5). ]utem-kns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ U-a-kvI-kn-te-°p≈ hgn-bn¬h®p-≠mb
{]Xy-£o-I-c-W-Øn¬ tbip-hns‚ imco-cnI km∂n-≤y-Øn\p km≤y-X-bn-√-t√m.
a‰p {]Xy-£o-I-c-W-ßfpw CtX-X-c-Øn-ep-≈-Xm-sW∂v At±lw hy‡-ambpw Icp-
Xn-bn-cp-∂p.
""Aev]-k-abw Ign-™m¬ \nßƒ Fs∂ ImWp-I-bn-√, ho≠pw Aev]-k-abw
Ign-™m¬ \nßƒ Fs∂ ImWpw'' F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ tbip-hns‚ {]kvXm-h\
(tbm-l-∂m≥ 16:16)bn¬ tbip c≠p hyXykvX {Inbm-]-Z-ß-fmWv D]-tbm-Kn-®sX¶n
epw Cw•o-jn¬ CXp c≠pw ''see''(ImWp-I) F∂mWv ]cn-`m-js - ∏-Sp-Øo-´p-≈X
- v. BZy
sØ ImW¬ (see) {Ko°p-`m-j-bnse "Xntbm-dntbm' (theoreo) F∂ ]Z-Øns‚
X¿÷-abpw (t\-cn´p {]Xy-£-am-bn-Xs∂ ImWpI F∂m-Wn-Xns‚ A¿∞w) c≠m-
a-sØXv ho≠pw "slmdmthm' (Horao) F∂ ]Z-Øns‚ X¿÷-abpw!
Lindard B (Bodily resurrectionb but not empty tomb theology 1986, 59:90) injy-∑m-
cpsS ap∂n¬ tbip-hns‚ {]Xy-£o-Ic - W
- ß- sf hni-Zo-Ic- n-t°-≠X - ns‚ Bhiyw Imc-
W-am-bn-´mWv Hgn™ I√-dsb°pdn-®p≈ IY D≠m-bs - X∂pw ico-cn-Ia - mb Dbn¿sØ-
gp-t∂ev]v Xs∂-bmbn AXn-\¿∞w \evtI-≠X - m-bnńs√∂pw Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p.
ap≈ am\-knI hn{`m-¥n°v ASn-s∏-ń-cp-∂n-cn-°W - w. hy‡n-

]-chpw Iq´m-bp-≈X - p-amb Z¿i-\ß - ƒ (Perceptions) kw`-hn-®n-
´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°mw. F∂m¬, t\cn-´p≈ I≠p-ap-´-ep-Iƒ
(Visualisations) {]Xo-£n®pIqSm-bn-cp-∂p. At±-lØ - ns‚ injy-
∑m¿ AXn-cp-I-S∂ am\-knI kwLm-X-Øn-∂n-c-bm-bn. D∑m-
Z-]-c-amb tXm∂-ep-Ifpw (C-S-hn-´p≈ adn-®p-tXm-∂-ep-Ifpw)
ASn-°-Sn-bmbn kw`-hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ HcpXcw akvXnjvI
{]h¿Ø\w AXp-aqew \S-°p-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p.25 Xf¿®-If - psS
t]mcm´w (Battle fatigue) AYhm akvXnjvI {]£m-f\w (Brain-
washing) Fs∂√mw ]d-bmw. iuens\ (]u-tem-kn-s\) ]c-
am¿in®p {]Xn-]m-Zn-°-sh, B a\-»m-kv{X-]-c-amb {]{In-b-
Isf (Psychological Processes) Hcp At\z-j-Ww, shfn-]m-Sv,
BtZiw F∂n-ßs\ hnfn-°m-\mWv sIm§≥ (Goggen)26 CjvS-
s∏-´-Xv. ho≠p-samcp Pohn-X-Øns‚ A\p-`-h-ßƒ (Reliving
experience) hnIm-cß - ƒ Hgn-®p-am-‰m≥ klm-bI - a
- m-Wv. F∂p-
h-®m¬, injycpw kv{XoI-fp-sa√mw ASn-®a - ¿Ø-s∏´ hnIm-
c-ßf - psS AW-ap-dn-°p∂ A\p-`h - ß- f- n-eqsS (Abractions) IS-
∂p-\o-ßp-Ibpw Aßs\ im¥nbpw ZrV-hn-izm-khpw ssIh-
cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
afi-]Ø - n¬h®p \S-Øs - ∏´ lnwk-IfmWv tbip Xf
¿∂p Ipg-™p-t]m-Im\pw (Collapse) Imte°qń Ipcn-in¬ \n
∂nd-°s - ∏-Sp-hm\pw ]n∂oSv ]p\-cp-÷o-h\w (Resuscitation) \S-
Ø-s∏-Sm\pw CS-bm-°n-b-Xv. injy-cnepw kv{XoP-\-ß-fnepw
ImW-s∏´ hy‡n-KX - hpw Iq´m-bp-≈X
- p-amb A`n-{]m-b{- ]-I-
S-\-ßƒ ]n-∂o-Sp-≠mb {]Xy-£o-I-c-W-ß-fpsS dnt∏m¿´p-
Iƒ°v hniZo-I-cWw \evIp-∂p. {Iqip-kw-`-hsØ he-bw-
sN-øp∂ Ncn-{X-]c - a
- mb kw`-hß - sf Cu A\p-am\w AwKo-
I-cn-°p-∂p-sh-¶nepw B[p-\nI hn⁄m\Øns‚ shfn-®-
25. Sargant W.'The mind Possessed' Lond. Hainemann. 1973, 13.
26. Coggan D Paul: Portrait of a Revolutionary London: Hodder & Stroughten, 1984, 37
Øn¬ F¥mWv bYm¿∞-Øn¬ kw`-hn-®-sX∂p hni-Zo-I-

cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.27
aX-hn-izmkw Nn¥ Isøm-gn-°-W-sa∂v Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-I
tbm imkv{Xo-ba - mbn kzoIm-cy-a√- mØ [mc-WI - ƒ°v kΩ-
X-ac- p-fp-Itbm sNøp-∂n-√. sXfn-bn-®p-Im-Wn-°s - ∏´ Adn-hp-
Iƒ hnizm-kk - w-ln-Xb- n¬ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂X - p-sIm≠v N¿®v˛- -
{In-kvXp-aX - w-˛- Iq-Sp-X¬ i‡n-bm¿÷n-°p-Itb D≈q. Aß
s\ sNøm-s\m-cp-ßp-∂n-s√-¶n¬ Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂Xv IÆ-S®
hnizmkw am{X-am-Ipw. A[n-Ia - m-fp-If
- p-sSbpw hI-Xn-cn-hn-√m
Ø hnizm-k-Øn-s‚bpw (Credulity) A∏p-d-Øp-≈-Xm-Wn-Xv.
\µn: t{]m’m-l\ - ß
- ƒ \evIn-bX - n\v s{]m^-k¿, B¿.-
F-^v. Fkv.-jn-√nw-Kv, CBE, MD, FRCP Ah¿Iƒ°v Rßƒ
\µn-]-d-bp-∂p.
The Observer, 28-04-1991
27. Ipcn-in¬ F¥v kw`-hn®psh∂m¿°pw H∂padn-bn-√. adn-s®mc`n-{]mbw D∂-bn-

°m≥ B{K-ln-°p-∂-h¿:
a) tbip ka-b-Øn-\p-aptº A{]-Xy-£-amb \ne-bn¬ Ipcn-in-t∑¬ Ipg-™p-
ho-Wp-t]m-bXv (Collapse) kw_-‘n®p hni-Zo-I-cWw \evIp-Ibpw C∂sØ saUn-
°¬ Adn-hp-I-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ ]cn-Nn-¥n-°p-Ibpw thWw.
b) aØmbn-bpsS kphn-ti-j-{]-Im-cw, ]nem-tØm-kns‚ Iev]-\-b-\p-k-cn®v tbip-
hns\ I√-d-bn¬ sh®n-´p-≠m-bn-cp∂psh¶n¬ ]S-bm-fn-I-fmb Imh¬°q-´w-sIm≠p
kwc-£Ww Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-s∏-´-\n-e-bn¬ At±lw c£-s∏-´-sX-ß-s\-sb∂p hni-
Zo-I-cn-°-Ww. At±lw acn-®p-t]m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬, tdma-°m¿°pw kpt\-{µn-b-¿°pw
Ah-cpsS hym]-I-amb cl-kym-t\z-j-W-kw-L-ßƒ aptJ\ icocw Is≠-Øm≥
Ign-bmsX h∂-sX-ßs\? Aßs\ sNbvXn-cp-s∂-¶n¬, Ah-c-ßs\ sNbvXn-´p-
≠m-bn-cp∂psh∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xp-Xs∂ ssIh-cp-Øp-am-bn-cp∂ {]iv\-ßƒ hºn-®-Xm-
Wv.
c) apgp-h≥ kw`-hhpw tbiphpw At±-l-Øns‚ injy-∑m-cpw˛ an°-hmdpw CXp
tXm´-Øn¬h®pXs∂-bm-bn-cn-°Ww ˛ acWamsW∂p hcp-Øn-°qń ka-b-Øn-\p-
aptº icocw Ipcn-in¬\n∂pand-°n-sb-Sp-°-W-sa∂p ap≥Iqń Btem-Nn®p Xo¿®-
s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xm-bn-cp-∂pthm F∂p ]cn-Nn-¥n-°-Ww.
d) c‡w Xpfn-®p-h-∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n tbml-∂m-\n¬ (19:34) ]d-™Xv icn-bm-sW-
¶n¬ tbip {Iqio-I-cWw (Crucifixion) sIm≠-√, Ip¥w-sIm≠p IpØnb apdnhv
Imc-W-amWv acn-®-sX∂ hmZw kzoI-cn-°Ww!

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tbip-aninlm C¥y-bn¬

lZvdØv an¿km Kpemw-AlvaZv(A)

hnh: F≥. A_vZp¿dlnw

Author: Hadhrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad(A)

Published by: Nazarat Islah-O-Irshad Markazia Qadian

Printing at : Orange Offset Printers,Calicut

Fourth Edition: 2016 March

lZvdØv an¿km Kpemw-AlvaZv(A)

°ƒ ]Tn-∏n-®p-t]m∂ sX‰mb hnizm-kß - f - m-sW∂v hnh-cn®p

ae-°p-IfpsS Npa-ep-If - n-eq∂n `qan-bn¬ Cdßn hcp-sa∂pw,

as‰√m Aap-kvenw-Is - fbpw hmfn-\n-cb - m-°p-Ib

Wv. Ah-bpsS Zp zm-[o-\-ßƒ ImcWw a‰p-≈-h-cp-am-bp≈

Xv. hfsc DZm-c-ambpw kvt\l-ku-io-ey-ß-tfm-SpIq-Snbpw

°-gn™psht∂mWw ImØp-\nev°p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS Iq´-

CXn-\Iw At\Iw kJm-°fpw CjvS-in-jy-∑mcpw \njvI-

Iq´m≥ kΩ¿±-X{- ¥-ßƒ {]tbm-Kn®psht∂m Btcm-]n-°p-

Im-cy-Øn¬ _e-{]-tbm-KsØ Ckvemw Hcn-°epw A\p-Iq-

≈-Ws - a∂pw Xs‚ kJm-°t- fmSpw kvt\ln-Xt- cmSpw cmhpw

3. {]tam-N-\-]-cw˛ F∂ph®m¬, Ckvem-ans\ Bt«-

am{X-a√- , ssZh-Øn¬\n∂p≈ hy‡-amb shfn-]m-S\ - p-kc- n®v

Cu Ime-L´- Ø- n¬ {InkvXym-\n-It- fm-Sp≈ G‰hpw hen

B≥ {i≤m-]q¿∆w hmbn-°p-Ibpw Ckvem-an-te°v Hcmsf

tbip Ipcn-in¬ acn-®n-´n√

h®m¬ lZvdØv Cukm-ak - olv Hcp kXy-{]-hm-NI - \

t]mb BSp-Iƒ. Ah¿ Cu ]q¿∆-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ Xma-k-ap-d-

s∏-´n-cn-t°-≠Xv A\n-hm-cy-amb Hcm-h-iy-am-bn-cp-∂p. "eAv-

kw_-‘n-∏n®p ]d-™p-Iq-SmØ Xc-Øn¬ F-{Xbpw \oNhpw

tbm sNbvXp-I-gn-™m¬]ns∂ B kwK-Xn-bp-sStbm B

∂n-´n-s√-∂Xp sXfns™mcp hkvXp-Xb - m-W.v AXm-bXv Ipcn-

t]mbn-cp-∂X - m-Wt- √m. AXn-\m¬, At±lw ap≥Iq-´n-Øs∂

≈-Xm-sW∂p ]dbmw. Nnte-SØv Ah¿ AXncpIhn™

Cu ]gb ]pkvX-IsØ ]pcm-X\ Ncn-{X-tc-J-bmbn Icp-Xp-

Rm≥ aptº D≤-cn® kphn-ti-jh - N- \ - Ø

{Iqin∏v: c£-s∏-Sm≥ km≤yX

sIm≠p, ]I-ens‚ A¥y-bm-aØ - n-emWv At±-lsØ {Iqin-

°¬ Bf-b-®v, B \oXn-ams‚ Imcy-Øn¬ CS-s]-Sm-Xn-cn-

sNbvXn-cp-∂Xp anin-lm-bpsS c£bv°p th≠nbmbn-cp-∂-

X÷-\y-amb `‡n-]q-Pm-Zn-I-fn¬\n∂pw kzbw kwc-£n-°-

tijw tIhew tXtPm-cq-]n-bmb Bﬂm-hm-bn-´n-cn-°p-tºmƒ

°p-∂X - n-\m-bn´p Hcp te]-\u-j[w Xs∂ bpw Xøm¿ sNø-

Xs∂ km£y-ßƒ e`n-°p-∂p-ap-≠v. eqt°mkv ]d-bp-∂Xp

∂m-Wv. Ipcn-in-t∑¬h®p {Iqin-Xs‚ {]mW≥ t]mIm≥

s≠∂p a\- n-em-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ]nem-tØmkv ssZh-`-b-

∑m¿°v X¿°-ap-≠m-Im\nS-bn-√m-bn-cp-∂p. B cw-KØv hs∂-

Z÷m-se∂pw Ccp-h¿°pw t]cn-Sp-Ibpw c≠m-sfbpw sIme

sNbvXt- ∏mƒ kml-Nc - y-ßƒ Xs‚ {]Xo-£s - °m-Ø√ cq]-

sNbvX {]m¿∞ \Xs∂ kzoI-cn-°s - ∏-´ns√∂ph∂m¬ B

aptº Kp¿Zm-kv]q¿ Pn√m aPn-kvt{S´v tImS-Xn-bn¬ Hcp h[-

Iƒ°ptijw "A√tbm \mYm, \o Fs∂ Cu ]co-£b - n¬

kphn-ti-j-ß-fn¬\n∂p \ap°p e`n-°p∂ km£y-ß-

a\p-jy-]p-{X≥ ho≠pw hcp-tºmƒ

CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ hchv {]h-N\w ]pe¿∂psh∂p hcp-Øn-

am-Wv. kXy-hk - vXp-XbpwXs∂. AXn\m¬, bcq-itew \mi-

{X≥ BIm-i-Ønse taL-ß-fn-t∑¬ alm-i-‡n-tbmSpw

Øp≈ hnizmkw ]pe¿Øn-bt- ∏mƒ a‰p-Nne kap-Zm-bß - ƒ

kw_-‘n® Hcp {]h-N\ - a- mWv Cu hmN-IØ - n¬ AS-ßn-bn-

\n›-ba - mbpw CXn¬\n∂v `n∂-am-Wv. Cu {]h-N\w C°me

]e¿°pw {]Xy-£-ambn '' (a-Øm-bn, 27:53). tbip-hns‚

®phcn-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ AsXm-s°bpw tNm-Zn-®-dn-bm≥ D’p-

FWo‰p h∂p \K-cØ - n-tebv°p \oßp-Ibpw Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw

ImWn-°pw. hf-sc-°m-esØ th¿]m-Sn-\p-tijw Bfp-Isf

am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu Dbn¿sØ-Wo‰ P¥p-°ƒ F¥p-sX-fn-hp-I-

_-lp-am-\hpw Bﬂm¿∞-amb hnizm-k-hn-Im-c-ß-fpap-≠v.