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This document provides instructions for Problem Set 10 in AEP4340. Students are asked to review sections on potential flow, including uniform stream flow at an angle, flow past rotating cylinders, and other plane potential flows. They are then given two problems: 1) propose a topic for a short paper and provide two references, and 2) analyze the velocity potential and stream function for a relocated vortex, showing the fluid flows around the new origin.
This document provides instructions for Problem Set 10 in AEP4340. Students are asked to review sections on potential flow, including uniform stream flow at an angle, flow past rotating cylinders, and other plane potential flows. They are then given two problems: 1) propose a topic for a short paper and provide two references, and 2) analyze the velocity potential and stream function for a relocated vortex, showing the fluid flows around the new origin.
This document provides instructions for Problem Set 10 in AEP4340. Students are asked to review sections on potential flow, including uniform stream flow at an angle, flow past rotating cylinders, and other plane potential flows. They are then given two problems: 1) propose a topic for a short paper and provide two references, and 2) analyze the velocity potential and stream function for a relocated vortex, showing the fluid flows around the new origin.
Due
by
Mon.
Apr
18
at
5pm
In
section
8.1
jog
your
memory
by
reading
“Review
of
Velocity
Potential
Concepts”,
and
start
reading
again
in
section
8.2
at
“Uniform
Stream
at
an
Angle
alpha”
through
“Lift
and
Drag
of
Rotating
Cylinders
in
section
8.4.
It
may
help
to
keep
you
interested
to
know
that
people
model
thin
airplane
wings
with
lines
of
vortices,
and
that
the
cylinder
as
a
limit
of
a
Rankine
oval
can
be
mapped
to
a
less
thin
airplane
wing.
Start
reading
again
at
8.5
“Other
Plane
Potential
Flows”
through
“Flows
around
a
Corner
of
Arbitrary
Angle”,
and
in
8.7
read
“The
Kutta
Condition”
and
“Potential
Theory
for
Thick
Cambered
Airfoils”.
In
Kundu
read
section
14.5,
which
is
discussed
below.
Problem
1
Give
a
topic
that
you
are
thinking
about
discussing
in
your
short
paper
and
give
2
references
that
you
could
use.
(See
upcoming
handout.)
Think
about
whether
you
understand
the
derivation
you
are
going
to
talk
about
–
office
hours
might
help
but
there
are
no
guarantees!
Note
that
a
rough
draft
of
your
title
and
introduction
should
be
emailed
to
Alejandro
by
5pm
Friday
April
22
in
order
to
get
additional
credit
for
drafting
that
on
time.
[Last
week
you
learned
that
adding
ψ
for
a
uniform
stream
plus
ψ
for
a
fluid
source
gives
ψ
for
flow
past
the
front
half
of
an
oval-‐like
shape,
and
if
you
switch
the
source
to
a
sink
you
get
the
flow
past
the
back
half
of
an
oval-‐like
shape,
so
it
shouldn’t
surprise
you
that
uniform
flow
toward
+x
plus
a
source
at
(-‐a,0)
plus
an
sink
of
equal
strength
at
(a,0)
gives
flow
of
an
initially
uniform
stream
past
an
oval.
One
can
add
circulation
to
the
flow
outside
the
object
by
adding
ψ
for
a
vortex.]
Problem
2
Recall
that
we
studied
a
vortex
which
only
had
vorticity
along
the
axis
at
x=0,y=0,
which
I
personally
call
the
Zed
axis
if
I
need
z
for
something
else.
There
was
no
net
rotation
of
any
bit
of
fluid
away
from
this
axis,
even
though
the
velocity
was
purely
in
the
phi
direction
in
cylindrical.
(You
showed
this
by
finding
that
the
curl
of
velocity
was
zero
everywhere
EXCEPT
at
r=0
in
2D
polar
coordinates.)
This
is
in
fact
the
same
vortex
White
discusses
in
chapter
8,
and
it
will
be
crucial
for
proofs.
White
gives
these
forms
for
a
vortex
passing
through
the
origin:
ψ = −K ln r ,
φ = Kθ ,
but
he
is
using
2D
polar
coordinates
and
ignoring
the
direction
perpendicular
to
the
r − θ
plane
(because
nothing
varies
in
that
direction).
a)
Referring
to
the
same
plane
as
the
x-‐y
plane,
we
might
want
to
study
such
a
vortex
passing
through
another
point
in
that
plane:
r ' = ( x ', y') .
It
turns
out
this
relocated
vortex
has
" 2 2% y − y' ψ = −K ln $ ( x − x ') + ( y − y') ' = −K ln rdiff φ = K Arctan = Kθ d ,
where
. rd = r − r ' = rd eiθd
Take
# &
x − x' appropriate
derivatives
of
ψ
to
find
the
velocity
in
a
different
rd
polar
coordinate
system
whose
origin
is
at
r ' = ( x ', y') ,
and
whose
polar
variables
are
rd , θ d .
Is
the
fluid
simply
going
around
that
different
origin
?
(I’m
making
you
practice
on
the
ψ
function
because
I
assume
you
can
remember
the
velocity
is
also
∇φ .)
b)
Recall
that
if
we
define
W = φ + iψ
then
W
satisfies
the
Cauchy-‐Riemann
conditions
for
our
incompressible,
irrotational
flow.
Write
down
W
for
the
vortex
at
r ' = ( x ', y')
using
the
forms
above
and
show
that
it
would
be
equivalent
to
write
W = −iK ln ( z − z') ,
where
z = x + iy and z' = x '+ iy' .
c)
For
W = iK ln(z − z') ,
which
way
would
the
fluid
be
going
around
z’
for
positive
K?
(Clockwise
or
counterclockwise,
if
your
view
has
the
positive
x
axis
extending
toward
the
right
and
positive
y
axis
pointing
up?)
Using
the
same
convention
for
viewpoint,
also
say
which
way
the
circulation
is
going
around
in
the
vortex
in
eq
8.36
of
White,
for
positive
K.
d)
Look
at
White’s
results
for
the
stream
function
and
potential
of
a
source
at
the
origin
(eq
8.13)
and
a
vortex
at
the
origin
(eq
8.14).
Write
W = φ + iψ
for
the
source.
Would
multiplying
that
W
by
−i
give
the
potential
for
the
vortex,
if
you
don’t
care
about
the
name
of
the
constant?
(yes
or
no)
e)
Given
the
discussion
of
φ
for
a
vortex
above,
I
hope
that
ψ
for
a
source+sink
at
the
start
of
“Superposition:
Source
plus
an
Equal
Sink”
makes
sense,
but
let’s
consider
a
case
where
a
is
small,
so
that
we
have
a
“doublet”.
Write
down
W = φ + iψ
for
a
source
of
strength
m
(m>0)
at
−z0
plus
a
sink
with
–m
at
z0 .
Expand
both
assuming
small
z0 ,
keeping
up
through
the
first
term
that
does
not
cancel
in
each
case.
Combine
results,
assume
that
z0 = a
(with
a
real),
plug
in
λ = 2am ,
and
take
an
imaginary
part
to
find
ψ
for
the
doublet.
Show
all
these
steps.
f)
Now
look
at
how
that
term
is
included
in
eq
8.36
for
a
cylinder
made
of
uniform
stream
plus
a
doublet,
with
a
vortex
included
to
give
circulation.
When
he
chooses
λ = U∞ a 2
,
is
he
now
using
a
for
cylinder
radius?
(yes
or
no)
(He
argues
this
choice
matches
the
dimensions
of
λ = 2am
with
m
being
a
source
strength,
but
I
think
he
could
have
chosen
a
different
doublet
halflength
name.)
g)
Figure
8.14b
is
a
case
where
K = U∞ a .
What
are
the
angles
of
the
points
with
zero
velocity
on
the
cylinder
edge
in
this
case?
For
an
isolated
vortex
with
this
K
value,
what
is
the
tangential
component
of
velocity
at
r=a?
(In
your
mind
I
hope
that
the
angle
of
stagnation
makes
very
rough
sense,
if
you
remember
a
uniform
upstream
flow
will
increase
velocity
as
it
goes
around
a
round
thing.)
h)
Would
making
K
more
positive
(using
the
convention
in
Figure
8.14)
make
the
size
of
the
total
velocity
above
the
cylinder
higher
or
lower?
Given
Bournoulli’s
equation,
would
that
make
the
pressure
higher
or
lower
in
that
region
above
the
cylinder
(recall
that
we’re
ignoring
boundary
layers
right
now).
Would
more
positive
K
in
this
convention
tend
to
increase
the
size
of
lift?
(In
your
mind,
make
sure
you
understand
whether
the
lift
force
points
up
or
down
in
this
case.)
Problem
3
Recall
that
in
an
earlier
homework
you
proved
this
amazing
theorem
(by
Blasius)
for
the
drag
per
unit
length
(D)
and
lift
per
unit
length
(L)
due
to
incompressible
irrotational
fluid
felt
by
an
2 iρ " dW % object
with
perfect
symmetry
in
the
direction
perpendicular
to
the
x-‐y
plane
:
( D − i L ) = ∫ $ ' dz .
2 C # dz & a)
Note
that
if
the
fluid
has
no
singularities
outside
the
original
contour,
the
residue
theorem
says
we
can
expand
the
contour
to
a
humongous
size
without
changing
the
value
of
the
integral,
and
that
anything
in
the
original
region
will
seem
close
to
the
origin
after
the
enlargement.
Imagine
the
flow
of
interest
has
a
number
of
features
–
for
simplicity
we’ll
consider
W = Uz + C ln ( z − z1 ) − C ln ( z − z2 ) + iK ln ( z − z3 ) ,
which
represents
(for
positive
C)
a
uniform
flow
with
speed
U
and
also
a
source
at
z1
and
a
sink
at
z2
and
a
vortex
at
z3 .
Note
that
we
are
considering
a
situation
where
there
is
no
net
flow
of
fluid
into
or
out
of
a
region
around
the
origin
–
this
is
because
we
want
the
fluid
to
go
around
an
object
whose
outline
contains
the
origin.
Because
no
fluid
leaves
or
enters
a
solid
object,
there
must
be
no
net
flow
of
fluid
through
its
outline
so
the
source
and
the
sink
in
our
model
must
have
the
same
constant
C.
(We
won’t
care
about
the
flow
inside
the
object
–
we’ll
ignore
that.)
Plug
this
W
into
the
integral
and
find
the
resulting
drag
and
lift
from
this
inviscid
model.
Argue
that
the
contribution
from
the
source
will
cancel
the
contribution
from
the
sink.
b)
Use
Stokes
theorem
to
argue
that
both
a
uniform
flow
and
a
source
or
sink
at
the
origin
have
no
circulation
around
any
closed
loop
in
the
plane
of
our
2D
problem.
c)
Rewrite
your
result
for
lift
in
terms
of
the
circulation
of
the
vortex,
and
compare
to
White’s
result,
remembering
that
HIS
D
(in
eq
8.42)
and
L
(for
flow
around
a
cylinder
in
eq.
8.43)
are
TOTAL
drag
and
TOTAL
lift
(not
values
per
unit
length).
d)
Is
it
crucial
to
include
viscosity
to
get
a
reasonable
value
for
drag?
Say
yes
or
no
and
give
2
reasons.
Include
both
the
stress
at
the
surface
producing
a
drag
contribution
from
τ w (x) ,
and
also
the
possibility
of
boundary
layer
separation
producing
a
low
pressure
region
along
the
downstream
side
of
the
object,
which
tends
to
give
a
significant
pressure
force
contribution
to
drag.
Problem
4
In
optional
section
14.4
Kundu
gives
a
partial
explanation
for
why
the
conformal
mapping
b2 z = ζ +
(called
the
Zhukhovsky
transformation)
takes
the
circle
to
the
airfoil
in
his
Figure
14.16
in
ζ section
14.5
(which
is
required).
dW a)
Recall
that
= u − iv .
Argue
that
if
you
have
a
potential
W (ζ ) = φ + iψ
that
describes
flow
past
the
dz circle
in
the
ζ = ξ + iη
plane
in
Figure
14.16,
and
you
apply
the
Zhukhovsky
transformation
to
get
the
dW corresponding
W
in
the
z
plane
for
flow
around
the
airfoil
in
Figure
14.16,
then = u − iv (which
dz dW gives
x
and
y
velocity
components
in
the
z
plane)
is
related
to
= Vξ − iVη (which
gives
ξ
and
η
dζ components
of
velocity
in
the
ζ
plane)
by
Kundu’s
equation
14.9.
dW dW b)
Is
it
true
that
→
for
large
ζ ?
(yes
or
no)
Does
that
mean
that
the
flows
are
the
same
far
dz dζ from
the
origin
in
both
planes?
(yes
or
no)
c)
The
plan
is
to
force
the
flow
to
be
well-‐behaved
near
the
rear
of
the
airfoil.
Demonstrate
that
point
B=(b,0)
in
the
circle
in
Figure
14.16
does
indeed
map
to
a
point
on
the
positive
x
axis
in
the
z
plane,
if
we
assume
b
is
positive
and
use
the
Zhukhovsky
transform,
what
is
the
x
value
of
that
point
(which
Kundu
calls
B’)?
d)
Argue
using
eq.
14.9
that
the
velocity
at
point
B’
will
typically
NOT
be
well
behaved
except
perhaps
dW in
cases
where
is
zero.
dζ dW [The
plan
is
to
pick
the
circulation
around
the
cylinder
to
make
zero
at
the
point
B
(which
maps
dζ into
B’).
This
means
the
point
B
should
be
a
stagnation
point.
]
e)
White
learned
how
to
force
a
given
point
on
a
circle
(cylindrical
cross
section)
to
be
a
stagnation
point
(with
zero
velocity)
by
adjusting
the
circulation
of
the
flow
around
the
cylinder.
He
found
that
the
angle
between
the
stream
direction
and
a
line
from
the
center
of
the
circle
(of
radius
a)
to
the
K stagnation
point
θ s
is
given
by
sin θ s = ,
where
2π K
is
the
size
of
the
circulation.
Figure
14.16
2U∞ a shows
that
Kundu
maps
a
flow
at
angle
α
to
the
horizontal
approaching
the
cylinder
to
a
flow
at
angle
α
from
the
chord
of
the
airfoil
(which
goes
between
the
center
of
curvature
of
the
front
to
the
rear).
height of circle center above B Notice
in
that
figure
that
sin β = .
What’s
the
desired
value
of
θ s ?
radius of circle
f)
White
related
K
for
an
irrotational
vortex
to
circulation
in
his
“Circulation”
section.
The
circle
that
was
mapped
into
the
airfoil
had
radius
a = b(1+ e) .
Turns
out
e
is
somewhat
small,
and
in
this
limit
Kundu
explains
that
the
maximum
“thickness”
of
the
airfoil
tmax ≈ c (1.3e)
where
c
is
the
chord
length,
which
is
4b
in
this
case,
shown
in
Figure
14.14.
White
defines
the
same
chordlength
as
C
and
the
same
type
of
thickness
t
in
his
Figure
7.22.
Using
all
of
this
information,
derive
White’s
eq
8.70
from
your
K result
for
θ s
and
White’s
sin θ s = .
In
the
process
compare
the
convention
for
sign
of
K
in
White’s
2U∞ a eq
8.39
with
Kundu’s
circulation
sign
in
14.10,
which
he
describes
as
“clockwise”
–
if
you
think
White
alters
his
sign
convention
mention
that.
g)
Kundu
asserts
that
in
the
limit
where
things
like
e
are
fairly
small,
the
(max)
“camber”
of
the
airfoil
βc as
indicated
in
Figure
14.4
is
about
.
Write
down
White’s
verbal
definition
of
h
to
verify
they
use
2 the
word
the
same
way,
although
one
leaves
out
the
word
“max”.
βc h)
In
the
limit
where
β
is
so
small
that tan β ≈ β
,
argue
that
the
value
for
height
in
Figure
14.4
is
2 " ma x camber % consistent
with
White’s
statement
that
β = tan −1 $ '& .
# c/2
(In
your
mind,
you
may
find
it
interesting
to
compare
the
angle
of
the
line
between
B’
and
the
point
where
the
dotted
line
crosses
the
y
axis,
to
the
angle
of
a
line
between
B
and
the
center
point
Q.)
i)
Based
on
the
data
in
Figure
8.24,
do
real
airfoils
have
lift
coefficients
that
are
proportional
to
t (1+.77 ) ?
(yes
or
no)
In
your
mind,
remember
that
the
existence
of
a
boundary
layer
pushes
c streamlines
a
little
away
from
the
surface,
which
is
something
left
out
of
the
inviscid
theory.
Optional
enrichment
fact:
there
is
another
way
to
relate
circulation
to
lift,
by
using
conservation
of
momentum
to
relate
circulation
to
the
net
downward
momentum
given
by
a
properly
shaped
airfoil
to
the
fluid
flowing
past
it.