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3. Multi-Phase Power Grids To operate with equal cables loss of 3 W as in
the 3-phase AC grid the conductor resistance
Symmetrical loaded 3-phase AC grids are a is increased to 1.8 Ohm. Thus 2-phase DC
standard technique to increase the rated power grids have two advantages compared
power of electricity distribution cables and to with 3-phase AC. First, 2-phase DC grid
reduce hereby infrastructure and especially cables require only 4 conductors. One phase
cable cost. This is achieved by compensating conductor or 20 % cable cross section can be
the current in the neutral conductor and by saved. Second, the conductor cross section
saving copper of neutral and protected earth can be reduced by 44 % to increase the
conductors in contrast to multiple single-phase conductor resistance by 80 %. Both features
cables. That feature can be also used with 1- result in a total conductor cross section
phase AC loads that have to be arranged in reduction of 56 % for 2-phase DC grids in
three groups each connected to a different AC comparison to 3-phase AC grid cables.
phase. An example is illustrated with Figure 2. A 5-conductor 3-phase AC cable could be also
A first example considers a 3-phase AC used for 2-phase DC power grids at an output
supplied application equipped with an internal of a central rectifier as depicted in Figure 3.
rectifier module operating with a load of 690W. That configuration is not recommended since it
Electricity is transferred with a 5-wire 3-phase doubles cable power loss. Thus the transfer
AC cable where each phase is loaded with a power of 2-phase DC grids would be even
real current of 1 A. For simplicity a conductor lower than in 3-phase AC grids considering
resistance of 1 Ohm is considered resulting in equal conductor resistance and cable loss.
3 W AC cable losses. The current in the
neutral conductor is also zero with 3 single- 4. Cable Voltage Ratings
phase loads since 3 AC currents with 120°
phase shift and equal amplitudes compensate The higher power capability of the discussed
each other. A current in the neutral conductor low voltage DC grids comes to one part from
is only conducted if loads are not equally the transition of a sinusoidal voltage to a
shared to all three AC phases. constant DC voltage and the definition of a DC
A second example illustrates now the voltage level slightly above the maximum AC
advantage of a 2-phase DC grid in contrast to peak amplitude. The AC mains voltage has a
a 3-phase AC grid. In that example a rectifier practical voltage range of 220 V...240 V ± 10%
module is no longer integrated in applications in Europe. The maximum line-to-earth AC
but located again at the grid connection of a voltage is 264VRMS and 373 VPeak. Line-to-line
building. That rectifier is considered to voltages in 3-phase AC grids are root(3)
generate a 2-phase DC grid with ± 380 V DC. higher 457 VRMS and 646 VPeak.
Loads are either supplied with a line-to-line Cables for the proposed DC power grids fall in
voltage of 760 V DC such as speed-variable three standard cable voltage ratings.
drives of HVAC units. Or loads can be First, cables for 1-phase DC grids with ± 190V
supplied with a single-phase DC voltage of DC nominal voltages with respect to protective
380 V e.g. power supplies of computer servers earth requires cables with “300V/500 V”
or lamp drivers. Again a symmetrical loaded voltage rating (line-to-earth / line-to-line).
DC grid is considered that requires an equal Second, cables for 1-phase DC grids
distribution of single-phase DC loads to both connected to one phase of 2-phase DC grids
phases. A total DC load of 690 W in two with +380 V DC nominal voltage with respect
phases generates two phase currents of 0.91A to protective earth requires cables with
in the conductors of the plus and minus “450V/750 V” rating.
phases. The current in the neutral conductor is Third, cables for 2-phase DC grids with ± 380V
again zero considering symmetrical loads in DC nominal voltages with respect to protective
both DC phases. earth require cables with “600V/1kV” rating.
R 1.0 A Plus 0.91 A R 1.0 A Plus 0.91 A
S 1.0 A AC S 1.0 A AC
T 1.0 A 380 V T 1.0 A 380 V
N N1 0.91 A
0A
230 V
380 V 230 V N2 0.91 A
380 V
N 0A DC Minus 0.91 A N 0A DC Minus 0.91 A
PE PE Loads PE PE Loads
690 W 690 W
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5. Comparison still a significant larger total conductor cross
section due to the considered conductor
A direct comparison of single and multi-phase resistance to limit the loss per cable to 100 W.
AC and DC power grids is offered in Table 1. Example 4 highlights the advantage of
Reference case example 1 considers a real 2-phase DC grids over 3-phase AC. The DC
power transfer of 11.5 kW by using five single- grid transfers with the same number of cables
phase AC cables in parallel with in total 15 35% more power at 20 % less total conductor
conductors. Cable losses have been fixed for cross section considering equal conductor
all examples to 100 W per cable to consider resistance and loss per cable. Relative cable
equal thermal stress and temperature rise of loss and voltage drop are also further reduced.
all cables that is a typical limitation [4]. A Example 5 uses the higher power capability of
conductor resistance of 0.5 Ω has been the 2-phase DC grid to minimize conductor
selected to illustrate the differences in cable cross sections further under the constraint of
loss and voltage drop within the 5 % limit of equal cable loss and voltage drop like in the 3-
IEC 60364-5-52 [4]. phase AC cables. The result is a 56 % smaller
Example 2 illustrates the advantage of single- conductor cross section as in 3-phase cables!
phase DC grids. Due to lower currents the The 2-phase DC grid also requires 22 % less
conductor resistance can be increase by 172% conductor cross section than the 1-phase DC
to operate with equal cable loss. That results grid cables to transfer the same power at
in 63 % less cable cross section to transfer the equal cables loss due to the absence of
same power. current in the neutral conductor and 60 % less
Example 3 shows the advantage of 3-phase PE conductors.
AC compared with single-phase AC. A similar These examples clearly show that DC power
power level can be transferred with 33 % less grids have advantages beyond 1-phase DC
total conductor cross section due to the grids currently discussed for data centers. The
avoidance of currents in neutral conductors authors also propose to extend earthing
and the lower number of protected-earth (PE) systems for DC grids beyond Isole Terre (IT)
conductors that do not contribute to power earthing discussed for data centers. TN-C and
transfer. Cable loss and voltage drop are TN-S grids should be considered in the
reduced from 4.3 % to 1.8 %. standardization of future DC power grids.
The comparison of examples 3 and 2 Table 2 offers an overview. The option to
illustrates that the 3-phase AC example realize DC grids without mains insulation is
reduces the amount of conductors by 1/3 as important to avoid cost increase since
well as cables loss and voltage drop from rectifiers of today’s drive and lighting systems
4.3% to 1.8 %. But the 3-phase AC case has typically do not have mains insulation.
Examples 1 2 3 4 5
Parameters 5 cables of 5 cables of 1- 2 cables of 2 cables of 2 cables of
1-phase AC phase DC 3-phase AC 2-phase DC 2-phase DC
Voltages 5x 230 V 5x 380 V 2x 3x 230 V 2x 2x 380 V 2x 2x 380 V
Conductor 10 A 6.05 A 8.16 A 10 A 7.41 A
current
Real Power 5x 2300 W 5x 2299 W 2x3x1877W 2x2x3800W 2x2x2815W
11500 W 11495 W 11261 W 15200 W 11260 W
Conductor 0.5 Ω 1.36 Ω 0.5 Ω 0.5 Ω 0.91 Ω
resistance
Cables loss & 500 W 500 W 200 W 200 W 200 W
Voltage drop 4.3 % 4.3 % 1.8 % 1.3 % 1.8 %
Number of 5x 3 = 15 5x 3 = 15 2x 5 = 10 2x 4 = 8 2x 4 = 8
conductors
Relative total 100 % 37 % 67 % 53 % 29 %
conductor
cross section 100 % 80 % 44 %
Real power 767 W 766 W 1126 W 1900 W 1408 W
per conductor 100 % 100 % 147 % 248 % 184 %
Thinner conductor Thinner conductor
Table 1: Comparison of different power cable systems transmitting electricity
at equal loss of 100 W per cable, AC power with power factor of one
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Parameter DC power grids for data DC power grids for general usage
centers
Nominal supply voltages ±190 V DC ± 190 V DC, + 380 V, - 380 V
± 380 V DC
Application DC voltages 380 V DC 1-phase DC loads: 380 V
2-phase DC loads: ± 380 V
Earthing System Isole Terre (IT) earthing IT or TN-C earthing for ± 190 V
TN-S earthing for + 380 V, - 380 V, ± 380 V
Mains insulation Always to achieve IT earthing Not required, optional
Neutral conductor No IT: No
TN-C, TN-S: Yes
PE conductor Yes Yes
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