MACRO PERSPECTIVE IN TOURSIM AND 2. PHOENICIANS
HOSPITALITY (REVIEWER) - They toured the Mediterranean as traders.
- They are great travelers as they were the
LESSON 1 one to use directions in travelling Lebanon-
HISTORY OF TOURISM Syria- Northern Israel.
TOURISM 3. ROMANS AND GREEKS
- Derived from the Hebrew word “torah” which - Were well- known traders and as their
means studying, learning, and searching. respective empires increased, travel become
necessary.
 EARLY TOURISM - Most Romans will travel to Greece, to trade
- Earlier travel was essentially to seek food or to food, alcohols, weapons, and even women.
escape danger.
 TOURISM AS A FORM OF PILGRIMAGE
TWO FORMS OF EARLY TOURISM - Travel for pilgrimage reason took the form of
- Travel for business pilgrimages to places of worship.
- Religious Travel - Pilgrimages were made to fulfill a vow as in
case of illness or not great danger or as
TOURISM AND EARLY CIVILIZATIONS penance for sins.
1. SUMERIANS - Besides Rome and Jerusalem, St. James of
- The invention of money, writing and wheel Galicia was the foremost destinations of
(Chariot) by the Sumerians facilitated travel English pilgrims in the 14th century.
and exchange of goods. - Beginning in 1388, English pilgrims were
required to obtain and carry permits, the
forerunner of the modern passport.
- The first ever passport was released in
 TOURISM IN THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD
- During this period, travel declined.
- No one during this time travelled for pleasure.
TRAVEL
- Derived from the word “travail”.
-
 TOURISM DURING THE RENAISSANCE
AND ELIZABETH ERAS
- Travelling for education was introduced by
the British in the 16th century.
- Under Elizabeth I, young men seeking
positions in court were encouraged to travel to
the continent to widen their education.
THE GRAND TOUR
- Queen Elizabeth I required all the noble men of
United Kingdom to travel and study abroad,
to learn the culture of other countries.
 TOURISM DURING THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
- Was the transition to new manufacturing
processes in the period from about 1760 to
sometime between 1820 and 1840.
- This transition included going from hand
production methods to machines.
- It improved Europe`s transport infrastructure
with a turnpike road network, a canal and
waterway network, and a railway network.
 TOURISM AND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
- Steamed power machines and vehicles
began to developed and spread.
 TOURISM IN THE 19TH CENTURY
- Two technological developments in the early
part of the 19th century had a great effect on the
growth of tourism.
1. Introduction of the Railway
2. Development of Steam Power
THOMAS COOK
- Father of modern tourism.
- Another milestone in Tourism and Travel
Industry happened during the 19th century is
the invention of Orville and Wilbur (Wright
Brothers) the first human controlled
airplane in 1903.
- The first excursion trip was between
Leicester and Loughborough in 1841 with 570
passengers at a round-trip fare.
- A travel agency putted up that was named
“Thomas Cook and Son Travel and Tour”
- In 1866, he organized his first American Tour.
- In 1874, he introduced “circular notes” which
were accepted by banks, hotels, and shops.
(The first travelers cheques)
- In the United States, American Express was
founded by Henry Wells and William Fargo.
- Photograpy and guide- books became
popular.
- The most popular guide- book was
Baedecker, first published in 1839, which
became the leading guide for European
countries at the end of the century.
 TOURISM IN THE 20TH CENTURY
PALAWAN
- Is the only province in the Philippines who has
sustainable tourism.
DEVELOPMENTS (20th CENTURY)
- International Bookings
- Travel and Tourism Fares
- Tourism and Hospitality Marketing
- Big and Modern Aircrafts and Cruise Ships
(BOEING 777- Biggest Aircraft)
- Recreation and Medical Tourism
LESSON 2
PRINCIPLES OF TOURISM
TOURISM
- Is the sum of the phenomena and
relationships arising from travel and stay of
non- residents, in so far as they do not lead to
permanent residence and are not connected to
 any earning activity.
- It is also the temporary short term movement
of people to destinations outside the places
where they normally live and work and their
activities during their stay in particular place.
“IT`S MORE FUN IN THE PHILIPPNES”
5 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF TOURISM
1. Combination of Experience, Pleasure, and
Relationships.
2. Dynamic Element- Journey ; Static Element-
Stay
3. Journey and stay must be outside the place of
residence and work.
4. The movement to destinations is temporary and
short term with the intention to return with in
few days, weeks or months.
5. Destinations are visited for purposes not
connected with paid work or business and
vocational purposes.
 VISITOR
- In 1963, a United Nations Conference on
International Travel and Tourism recommended
a new definition of a “visitor” as any person
visiting a country other that of earning
money.
TWO TYPES OF VISITORS (Tourist and
Excursionist)
1. TOURIST
- Temporary visitors staying atleast 24 hours
whose purpose could be classified as: leisure,
such as recreation, holiday, health, study,
religion or sport, business, family, mission, and
meeting.
TWO TYPES OF TOURISTS (Domestic and
International Tourist)
1. DOMESTIC TOURIST
- Residents visiting their own country.
2. INTERNATIONAL TOURIST (TYPES OF
INTERNATIONAL TOURIST)
A. INBOUND
- Non- residents visiting other country rather than
his own country.
B. OUTBOUND
- Residents visiting another country.
C. INCIPIENT MASS TOURIST
- Looks for amenities of western societies in
hotels and other related facilities.
- A mixture of both pleasure seeker and business
travelers.
D. MASS TOURIST
- Comes from middle class.
- He arrives in the destination with other
tourist not related to him.
E. CHARTER TOURIST
- Comes with others of his kind creating an
extremely high amount of business and
receiving a high degree of standardized
services and products.
 staying there for a couple of day or weeks then 3. RESIDENCE OF THE TRAVELER
2. EXCURSIONIST travel again to another country within the same - This denotes the point of origin or the place
- a person visits a place less than a 24 hours not continent. where the visitor come from.
making an overnight stay.
 ELEMENTS OF TRAVEL 4. PURPOSE OF TRAVEL
TYPES OF EXCURSIONISTS 1. DISTANCE - Visiting friends and relatives
A. EXPLORER - A measure that has been used to distinguish - Conventions, seminars, and meetings
- Excursionist that is interested in being an travel away from home, travelled on a trip. - Business
active participant- observer among host - Pertains to how long it takes to reach your - Outdoor Recreation (boating, hunting, and
population or places or artifacts. desired destination. hiking)
- Entertainment (sightseeing, theater)
B. ELITE TRIP - Medical/ Health Purposes
- Excursionist that can afford to pay well for - Defined as each time a person goes to a place - Sports
unusual vacations. to at least 100 miles away from home and
- Well-travelled an usually known as the “Jet- returns. NATURE OF A TOUR
Setter”
MODE OF TRANSPORTATION DOMESTIC TOURISM
C. OFF- BEAT - Refers of using transportation to reach the - The travel taken exclusively with in the
- Those excursionist that adapts as well to point of interest. national boundaries of the traveler`s own
simple accommodations and services - By land, by air, by water. country.
provided for the occasional guest.
2. LENGTH OF STAY AT DESTINATION INTERNATIONAL TOURISM
D. BACKPACKERS - How many days, weeks, or months a traveler - Involved movements of people or group of
- Those visitors who visited a particular country will stay in his desired place or destination. people across international boundaries.
PACKAGE TOUR
- Also called as inclusive tour.
- Refers to an arrangement in which transport
and accommodation is bought by the tourists at
an all inclusive price.
INDEPENDENT TOUR
- An arrangement in which the tourist buys these
facilities separately either making
reservations in advance through a travel
agent or en route during his tour.
GROUP INCLUSIVE TOUR
- Arrangement in which the tourist travel in the
company of other tourists (usually friends
and relatives).
INDIVIDUAL INCLUSIVE TOUR
- Refers to an arrangement in which the tourist
travels to his destination alone. (e.g.
backpackers)
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TOURIST
PRODUCTS
1. INTANGIBILITY
- Tourist product is an intangible item.
- It cannot be inspected by prospective
purchases before they buy as they can with
manufactured goods.
2. VARIABILITY
- The tourist product tends to vary in standard
and quality overtime unlike the production of
tangible goods.
- STANDARD AND QUALITY
3. INSEPARABILITY
- The production and consumption of the
tourist product is simultaneous.
- The product is consumed by the tourist as it is
produced.
4. PERISHABILITY
- The supply of the tourist product is fixed.
- The number of hotel rooms available in a
particular resort cannot be varied to meet the
changing demands of tourists during a
particular season.
TOURIST DESTINATION
- “a country, state, region, city or town which is
marketed or markets itself as a place for
tourists to visit”
- Are naturally formed or can be constructed.
FACTORS AFFECTING TOURIST DESTINATION
 ATTRACTIONS
- The action or power of evoking interest,
pleasure, or liking for something.
TYPES OF ATTRACTIONS
1. SITE ATTRACTION
- One in which the destination itself has an
appeal.
2. EVENT ATTRACTION
- One in which tourist are drawn to the
destinations solely because of the fiesta/
 festivals happening in the particular place.
3. NATURAL ATTRACTIONS
- Include mountains, beaches, hills, climatic
features and other natural phenomenon.
4. MAN MADE ATTRACTIONS
- Includes buildings, or any historical
destination attracted the tourists.
 AMENITIES/ FACILITIES
- Includes accommodations or different
recreational activities, food, transportation
and communications even entertainment.
 ACCESSIBILITY
- Means having regular and convenient forms
of transport in terms of distance and time to
destination from the originating place with a
reasonable price.
UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF TOURISM
 In tourism products are not brought (you
cannot buy happiness through experience
at all) you have to travel and go purchase it.
 Tourism is a labor- intensive industry.
 Tourism is people- oriented.
 Tourism is a multi- dimensional
phenomenon.
 Tourism industry is not seasonal.
 The industry can create as many jobs as it
can. This industry has an expiration (in
positive way) of it employees.
IMPORTANCE OF TOURISM
 Tourism has become one of the world`s
major industries. Both developing and
highly developed nations are now taking a
closer look at the potential benefits from
tourism.
 Contribution to the Balance of Payment
 Dispersion of Development
 Effect on General Economic- Development
- Expenditures by tourist can have beneficial
effects on all economic sectors and lead to the
development of different industries and other
economic activities.
 Employment Opportunities
- Tourism is a service industry which could have
a significant effect on those countries with
surplus labor.
 Social Benefits
- Social exchange takes place when tourists
come in contact with the inhabitants of the
places they visit.
 Cultural Enrichment
- Tourism emphasizes a sharing ad appreciation
of cultures rather than the lack of trust brought
about by isolation. Tourism likewise contributes
to the preservation and development of the
world`s cultural heritage.
 Educational Significance
- Tourism enhances one`s education.
International conferences, seminars, study trips
held each year enable people of all nations to
exchange ideas, propose solutions to problems
and share their concerns.
 A Vital Force for Peace
- Tourism, properly designed and developed can
help bridge the psychological and cultural
distances that separate people of different
races, colors, religions and stages of social and
economic development.