Earthquake Analysis, Design, and Safety

Evaluation of Concrete Gravity Dams

Fifth Colombian National Congress on
Earthquake Engineering

Medellin, Columbia
May 25-27, 2011

Anil K. Chopra
University of California, Berkeley
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 Earthquake Performance of Koyna
Dam

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 Traditional Design Procedures
• Lateral
Earthquake
Forces

• Design Criteria
–Factors of safety against
•Overturning
•Sliding
•Overstressing in compression
–At most small tension permitted
•Cracking possibility not considered

• Stresses generally do not control design

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 Koyna Dam

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 Koyna Dam - Sections

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 Koyna Dam – Plan and Elevation

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 Accelerogram Recorded at Block 1-A of
Koyna Dam on Dec. 11, 1967

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 Locations of Cracks in Koyna Dam Caused by Earthquake

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 Koyna Dam: Downstream Face

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 Koyna Dam: Construction of Butresses

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 Koyna Dam After Adding Butresses

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 Computed Stresses v’s Concrete
Strength in Koyna Dam

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 Limitations of Traditional Design
Procedures

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 Traditional Design Procedures
• Lateral
Earthquake
Forces

• Design Criteria
–Factors of safety against
•Overturning
•Sliding
•Overstressing in compression
–At most small tension permitted
•Cracking possibility not considered

• Stresses generally do not control design

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 Traditional Procedures v’s Dynamic Response

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 Traditional Procedures v’s Dynamic Response

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 Uniform Seismic Coefficient: Undesirable Results
Decreasing Concrete Strength with Increase in Elevation

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 Envelope Tensile Stresses in Koyna Dam Due to
Koyna Earthquake

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 Uniform Seismic Coefficient: Undesirable Results

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 Structures on Dam Crest

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 Traditional Design Procedures

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 Hydrodynamic Effects
Upstream Ground Motion

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 Analyses in Traditional Design
Procedures Do Not Recognize:
• Dynamic response of dam

• Hydrodynamic effects

• Earthquake ground motion properties

• Dam-foundation rock interaction

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 Factors To Be Considered in
Dynamic Analysis

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 Approximate Interaction Model

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 Hydrodynamic and Reservoir Bottom
Absorption Effects
Upstream Ground Motion

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 Hydrodynamic Effects
Upstream Ground Motion

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 Reservoir Bottom Absorption Effects
Upstream Ground Motion

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 Hydrodynamic and Reservoir Bottom
Absorption Effects
Vertical Ground Motion

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 Water Compressibility Effects
Upstream Ground Motion
Es = 0.65 million psi

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 Water Compressibility Effects
Upstream Ground Motion
Es = 4.0 million psi

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 Foundation Interaction Effects
Upstream Ground Motion

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 Dynamic Analysis Procedures

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 Dam-Water-Foundation Rock System
• Factors to consider
– Dynamics of system
– Dam-water interaction including water compressibility
– Reservoir bottom absorption
– Dam-foundation rock interaction

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 Substructure Representation of Dam-Water-
Foundation Rock System

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 Pine Flat Dam: Finite Element Model

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 Taft Ground Motion, 1952

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 Displacement Response
Pine Flat Dam – Taft Ground Motion

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 Critical Stresses
Pine Flat Dam – Taft Ground Motion

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 Pine Flat Dam

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 Forced Vibration Generator

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 Hydrodynamic Pressure Gauge

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 Acceleration and Pressure Frequency Responses

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 Reduction in Fundamental Frequency Due to Water
Analytical v’s Experimental Results

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 Simplified Analysis Procedure

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 Simplified Analysis Procedure
• Purpose: Preliminary design and safety
evaluation
• Objective: Maximum forces from earthquake
spectrum
• Concepts:
– Fundamental mode response (considering dam-
water-foundation rock interaction) from an
equivalent SDF system
– Higher mode response (neglecting both interaction
effects) by “static correction” method
– SRSS combination of the two responses
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 Earthquake Design Spectrum

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 Critical Stresses

Lateral Forces static Stresses

analysis
f1  y  r1
fsc  y  rsc

Dynamic Response

rd   r1   rsc 
2 2

Total Response

rmax  rst   r1   rsc 

2 2

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 Lateral Earthquake Forces
Fundamental Vibration Mode

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 Fundamental Vibration Period and
Mode: Several Cross Sections

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 Standard Fundamental Period and Mode Shape
of Vibration for Dam Design

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 Lateral Earthquake Forces
Fundamental Vibration Mode

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 Hydrodynamic Effects
Period Lengthening Ratio, Rr

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 Lateral Earthquake Forces
Fundamental Vibration Mode

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 Dam-Foundation Rock Interaction
Period Lengthening Ratio, Rf

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 Lateral Earthquake Forces
Fundamental Vibration Mode

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 Hydrodynamic Effects
Added Damping Ratio, r

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 Dam-Foundation Rock Interaction
Added Damping Ratio, f

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 Fundamental Vibration Mode

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 Hydrodynamic Pressure Function, p(y)

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 Lateral Earthquake Forces
Higher Vibration Modes

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 Hydrodynamic Pressure Function, po(y)

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 Critical Stresses

Lateral Forces static Stresses

analysis
f1  y  r1
fsc  y  rsc

Dynamic Response

 r1   rsc 
2 2
rd 

Total Response

 r1   rsc 
2 2
rmax  rst 
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 Pine Flat Dam: Tallest Non-Overflow Monolith

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 Taft Ground Motion, 1952

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 Response Spectrum – Taft Ground Motion

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 Evaluation of Simplified Procedure
Flexible Foundation/Full Reservoir

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 Seismic Design & Safety Evaluation

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 Seismic Design and Safety Evaluation
• Selection of earthquake motion and
design spectrum

• Linear analysis of dynamic response of

dam
– Stage 1: simplified analysis
– Stage 2: refined analysis

• Prediction of dam performance

– tensile stresses < tensile concrete strength
• NO DAMAGE
– tensile stresses > tensile concrete strength
• ESTIMATION OF DAMAGE
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5th Columbian National Congress on Earthquake Engineering
 Tensile Strength of Concrete

ft  2.6 fc2 3

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 Koyna Dam

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 Pacoima Dam

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 Lower Crystal Springs Dam

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 Application to Design of New Dams

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 Richard B. Russel Dam, USA (1980s)
170 ft high

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 Balambano Dam, Indonesia (1997)
Roller-compacted concrete, 90 m high

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 Olivenhain Dam, California (2003)
Roller-compacted concrete, 315 ft high

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 San Vicente Dam, California (2009)
Current height: 220 ft
Raised height: 337 ft

Roller-compacted concrete for dam raise

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 Applications to Evaluation and
Remediation of Existing Dams

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 Thermalito Diversion Dam, California, USA

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 Folsom Dam, California
340 ft high

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 Old Aswan Dam, Egypt

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 Seven Mile Dam, Canada
215 ft high
Seismic remediation:
fifty-two 92-strand post-
tensioned anchors

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 Gatun Spillway, Panama Canal
107 ft high

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 Madden Dam, Panama Canal

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