Philippines Under

Spanish Rule
De Pano, Ma. Fatima
Lejano, Anna Isabelle
Pandy, Jan Hillary
Que, Micaela
Yao, Selena
 BRIEF HISTORY
• Magellan Expedition (1518-1521)
– Original destination is Maluku (spice islands-modern day
Indonesia)
– Landed in Mactan, Cebu (March 17, 1521)
– Magellan was killed by Lapu-Lapu in April 1521
– One ship from the expedition made it back to Spain
• Maluku and the Philippines
– 3 other expeditions followed after Magellan’s
• Saavedra (1527-29), Villalobos (1541-46), Legazpi (1564)
• Treaty of Zaragoza (1529)
– King Charles V ceded his rights to Maluku to John III of
Portugal
 BRIEF HISTORY
• Villalobos Expedition
– Departed Mexico and reached the coast of Mindanao
(Sarangani) in 1543
– Eventually left Sarangani and surrendered to the
Portugese in Maluku
– Greatest contribution: named Tandaya/Kandaya
(Leyte) as Les Phelipinas in honor of Prince Philip II
• Legazpi-Urdaneta Expedition (1564)
– Legazpi reached Cebu in 1565 and contracted blood
compacts with Si Katunaw and Si Gala at Bohol
– Santo Nino of Cebu (first Spanish town established in
the Archipelago)
 POLITICAL ASPECT

• Governed by the King of Spain by

captaincy-general, through the vice
royalty of Nueva Espana (Mexico)
• Bureaucracy was divided into different
levels: national/central, provincial/city,
municipal, barrio/barangay
 Central Government

• Headed by the gobernador-general

– Commander-in-Chief of the army&navy,
vice-real patron and president of the
land’s highest judicial body: the Real
Audiencia (Supreme Court)
• Main office was located in
Intramuros, Manila
 Provincial

• alcaldia - alcalde mayor

• corregimientos - correjidor
• judge, inspector of alcaldias, chief of
police, tribute collector, vice-regal
patron and captain-general of the
province
• indulto de comerio
• cities or villas - ayuntamiento or city
government
 Municipal
• pueblo or municipio - gobernadorcillo
• preparation of the pardon (tribute list),
recruitment and distribution of men for the
draft labor, communal public work and the
quinto (military conscription), postal clerk,
and judge in civil suits
• Collected tax in cash or kind (very tedious
job)
– Filipinos saw fellow Filipinos were making them
suffer (collecting of tax)
ecks and Balances:
SIDENCIA AND VISITA

• Residencia is a judicial review of a

residenciado (one judged) conducted at
the end of his term of office, supervised
publicly by a juez de residencia.
• Visita was conducted secretly by a
visitador-general sent from Spain and
may occur any time within the official’s
term, without any previous notice.
 LE OF CHURCH IN
HILIPPINE POLITICS

• la sobrania monacal (monastic

supremacy) or frailocracia
(friarocracy)
• Spanish friars or monastic orders ruled
supreme, even over governmental
matters. They controlled all the
fundamental forces of society.
• The Church and its economic role as
landowners
ONOMIC ASPECT:
ercantilism

• Economic theory popular in the 16th-18th

century
• Power (colonies) = wealth (gold)
• Cheap raw materials from the colony →
production and sale of expensive finished
goods → plentiful profits for the home
country
• Centralization of state power
• Tariffs and taxation
• Royally chartered companies
ONOMIC ASPECT: Taxes

• Direct taxes
– personal tribute, income tax
• Indirect taxes
– customs duties, bandala
• Bandala
– forced sale or confiscation of goods (e.g. rice,
coconut oil)
– payment was in promissory notes
– Pampanga and Tagalog regions
– abolished in certain provinces by 1782
ONOMIC ASPECT: Taxes

• Buwis (tribute)
– may be paid in cash or kind
– 15 reales
– rice, textiles, tobacco, blankets
• Samboangan or Donativo de Zamboanga
– ½ real or rice
– special tax collected to crush Moro raids
• Vinta and Falua
– special tax collected to fund the vintas and
faluas that were shielding coastal provinces
ECONOMIC ASPECT: Taxes
• Tax exemptions
– noble class Filipinos who
helped in the pacification
efforts of Spanish
conquistadores
– artillery and arsenal workers
– mediquillos and vaccinators
– students of universities Santo
Tomas, San Jose, San Juan de
Letran, San Carlos
• Cedula Personal
– personal identity paper
– replaced the buwis/tribute by
1884
– mandatory collection from
everyone over the age of 18
o y Servicio Personal
Frestacion Personal

• Polo - “community labor” • From 40 days, it was reduced

• Similar to the Mexican to 15 days in 1884
repartimiento (forced • Falla - a fee paid for
labor selection) exemption from the polo (1.5
real per day)
• Polistas were male
• Planting and harvesting
laborers of Filipino or
seasons often came in
Chinese descent aged
conflict with polo drafts
from 16-60 years old
• Forced relocation or
• Obligation to offer separation from family
personal service for • Caused several uprisings
community projects (e.g. – e.g. Sumuroy Rebellion
construction and repairs, • Many males fled to the
logging) mountains to avoid the polo
 ONOMIC ASPECT:
ncomiendas

• Inspired from Mexico

• Power and control granted by the
King to certain Spaniards over a
specific area (15-60 sq. mi.) and its
inhabitants
• Further emphasized the practice of
private land ownership
• Ranching and agriculture (e.g. rice,
tobacco, sugar, fruits)
 ONOMIC ASPECT:
ncomiendas
• Encomenderos
– defend his encomienda
– help propagate Christianity
– maintain peace and order
– collected tributes
• Royal encomiendas (realenga or encomienda de
la real corona)
– for the royals of Spain
– principal towns and ports (e.g. Bagumbayan,
Tondo, Navotas, Betis)
• Private encomiendas (encomienda de
particulares)
– for the King’s men and those who helped in the
 ONOMIC ASPECT:
ncomiendas

• Violations were committed by encomenderos

– hoarding staples (e.g. rice) and raising prices
exorbitantly during times of scarcity
– collections were arbitrary
– seizure of of rice and possessions which caused
starvation
• Tulisanes or remontados - men who fled to
the mountains to avoid tributes
• Income from encomiendas were a very small
part of the economy
 Manila-Acapulco
leon Trade (1565-1815)

• Philippines was mostly just a point of exchange

between Asia and the Americas
– raw materials in the Philippines were not overly exploited,
unlike in other European colonies
• Spices and silk from Asia, silver and dos mundos from
the Americas
• In 1953, restrictions were put in order by the King
– a limit was imposed on the value of Chinese exports
– only 2 ships (incoming and outgoing) can be used in the
galleon trade every year
– Spanish industries were affected by competition brought
about by Chinese goods
– too much silver was leaving Spain
 Manila-Acapulco
leon Trade (1565-1815)

• Increased immigration from Asian merchants and service

providers
– mostly Chinese businessmen converged in the Parian
(“Alcaiceria”) in Binondo, Manila
– service, retail, and credit businesses (e.g. gardeners, weavers,
brickmakers, carpenters, apothecaries, masons)
– housed the physical trading and packed the goods to be
shipped off
• Generated significantly more income than agriculture in
the encomiendas
– local industries (e.g. agriculture, weaving) were neglected in
favor of trade
– involvement of Filipinos was extremely limited to forced labor in
shipbuilding, which led to uprisings
 Manila-Acapulco
leon Trade (1565-1815)

• Cultural exchanges between Asia and the

Americas
– from Mexico: Virgin of Antipolo, Black Nazarene,
flora and fauna (e.g. avocado, papaya, guava,
pineapple, cattle, horses), language (e.g.tiyangge,
tsokolate, singkamas, sayote, kakaw)
– from the Philippines: food and drink (e.g. mango de
Manila, tamarind and rice, tuba), cockfighting,
carabaos, nipa palm raincoats (chino), language
(e.g. tuba, Parian, hilanhilan)
– from China: fireworks, chinaware, tea, textiles (e.g.
manton de Manila)
al Economic Society of
nds of the Country (1780-1895)

• Jose de Basco y Vargas - “despotismo ilustrado” or

enlightened despot
• Members were business and industry professionals
• Increased exploration and exploitation of the
Philippines’ vast resources
• Plan General Economico
– monopolies on tobacco, betel nut, spirited liquors
– cash incentives and medals of recognition for
excellence in farming
• Training grants, local and foreign scholarships
• Endowment fund for a professional chair in agriculture
• Academy of design
• Introduction of mynah birds
• Conservation of carabaos
al Philippine
mpany (1785-1814)
• King Charles III; 25 year charter aimed at uniting
commerce in Asia and the Americas
• Monopoly on bringing Philippine, Chinese and Indian
goods to and from Spain via the Cape of Good Hope
• Received much opposition from Dutch, English and
Spanish-Manila Traders (Consulado y Comercio de
Manila)
– to appease the people, 3,000 shares were
distributed to merchants and religious corporations
(out of 32,000 shares)
• Led to political unrest and economic losses for the
Manila-Acapulco Trade
• 40% of profits were used for research, technology, and
community development
• Bolstered early growth of agriculture in the country
 Philippines in World
mmerce (1834 - 1898)

• Opening of Philippine ports to

international trade
• Demand for export crops increased
• Filipino and Chinese businessmen
became wealthy
• Exports rose from P4,795,000 (1810) to
P33,149,894 (1984)
• Imports rose from P5,329,000 (1810) to
P28,558,552 (1984)
rastructure and Transportation

• Ferrocarril de Manila (1892)

– 120 miles from Manila to Dagupan, Pangasinan
– only railway system in the Philippines at the time
– constructed by Filipino laborers
• Street car service lines
– connecting the city with the suburbs
– Compania de los Tranvias de Filipinas (1885)
– horse drawn (Malate, Tondo, Sampaloc, Intramuros)
or steam powered (Malabon, Binondo)
• Animal-pulled tramcar service between Talisay
and Dos Hermanas
rastructure and Transportation
• Horse-drawn vehicles for hire
– quiles - de lux carriages
– arana - one horse
– victoria - two horses
– calesa or caretela
• Puento Colgante (Quezon Bridge)
– Gustav Eiffel
– 110 meters long, 7 meters wide
– .50 centavos per pedestrian
– 2 centavos per horse
• Bridge of Spain
• Steamships
– Hong Kong, Japan, Barcelona
ecommunications

• Mail service (1839)

– postage stamps were in use by 1854
• Telegraph (1872)
– Manila-Corregidor
– Ilocandia, Bikolandia
• Telegram (1882)
– Manila-Hongkong
• Telephone (1890)
– offices in Binondo and Intramuros
– Iloilo telephone service (1894)
• Interisland submarine cable
– Manila-Iloilo, Cebu, Bacolod
blic Utilities
velopment
• Coconut oil
– used as early as 1814
• Gas and kerosene for
richer areas (e.g. Sta.
Cruz, Binondo, Sampaloc,
Quiapo)
– “kingke” - this French gas
lamp was banned in nipa
houses as fire prevention
• La Electricista de Manila
(1893)
ng

• Banco Espanol-Filipino de Isabel II

(1851)
– first Philippine bank
– issued paper money in 1852
– presently called Bank of the Philippine
Islands
• Monte de Piedad (1882)
– first savings bank
urism and Recreation
• Hotels
– Hotel de Oriente
– Fonda de Lala (Fonda Francesca)
• Newspapers (1846)
• Smuggling of illegal pornography from abroad
• Horseracing
– Manila Jockey Club (1867)
• Bullfighting
– Paco and Pasay
• Theatres
– Teatro Filipino, Circo de bilibid, Teatro Zorilla, Teatro
de Colon, Teatro de Porvenir
– zarzuelas, classical operas, moro-moro
– Salon de Perterria - first movie was shown in 1897
UCATIONAL
ANSFORMATION

• La Letra Con Sagre Entra (spare the

rod, spoil the child)
– The Society of Jesus (teaching order) and
the Spanish missionaries believed that
the children were the key
– secondary schools were built for the sons
of native ruling families not only for
Christianizing but also to be able to teach
them how to be gobernadorcillos and
cabezas de barangays in the future.
YS’ Colleges and
condary Schools
• Colegio Maximo de San Ignacio, College of San Ildefonso
(University of San Carlos), College of San Jose
– Built by Society of Jesus for sons of Spaniards
– San Ignacio- two trainings: for priesthood and general secondary
education
• College of the Immaculate Conception (ADMU)
– For poor boys, founded by Jesuits
• Escuela Normal de Maestros de Manila
– Built by Society of Jesus to train male teachers for primary schools
• Colegio de Nuestra Senoa del Santisimo Rosario (UST)
– Tertiary education for both boys and girls, by the Dominicans
• Seminario de Ninos Huerfanos de San Pedro y San Pablo (San
Juan de Letran)
– For orphaned Spanish children
– Oldest secondary school in PH
 Girls’ Schools
• Colegios of Santa Potenciana and Santa Isabel
– Boarding schools for Spanish girls, for the benefit of orphan
Spanish girls
• Beaterios
– Exclusively for daughters of upper class beatas who lived a
secluded life
– Two beaterios (see book): established to teach Spanish
culture and values to young Filipinas and were founded by
Filipino women
• Escuela Normal Superior de Maestras
– Prepare Filipino women teachers for primary schools
• Municipal Girls’ school
– Normal school for women teachers in girls’ schools
ucational Decree
1863

• secondary and higher education made

available to local inhabitants
• free compulsory publicly-supported
system of primary schools
• two parts:
– establishment of at least two primary schools
in each town - one for boys and one for girl
– creation of a normal school to train men as
teachers, supervised by the Jesuits
ticisms of Education

• Lack of means of education – authority can’t provide

simple books on morality, geography, history of
Philippines written in own language
• Lack of school buildings – parish house, barracks,
jails, town hall
• Only ilustrados (wealthy locals) were able to afford it
• Lack of motivation to study
– there is humiliation through beatings
– no prize or reward
– no pleasure in what he is studying because he does not
understand, it is not useful to him
 SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION

• Hispanic Names
– Governor Narciso Claveria (1849)
– Names came from saints, geographic names,
Chinese and indigenous ancestors, arts, and
flora and fauna
– Surnames such as Rizal, Del Pilar, or Luna
– Retained indigenous names: Mabini, Malantic,
Dandan, Panganiban
– For tax collection and polos y sercisios
– To avoid tax evasion and unauthorized
migration
 Life at Home
• Houses
– Bahay kubo for the poor
– Bahay na bato for noble Filipinos
• Ground Floor: stones and bricks
• Second Floor: wood
– Aljibe – balon
• Food
– Influence of Spanish and Chinese Cuisine
– Spaniards
• vinegar and spices for preservation
• Adobo, menudo, sarciado, puchero, mechado (Espanyol)
• Sautéing with garlic and onions
– Chinese
• Pancit Malabon at Pancit Luglog (Tsino)
 Fashion
• Men
– Barong Tagalog
• embroidered thin
upper garment
– Camisa Chino
• undershirt
– Pants
– Hats, shoes and
slippers
Fashion
• Women
– Baro’t saya
• Baro - short-sleeved
and collarless blouse
• Saya - long plaid or
stripped skirt
– Mestiza Dress -
butterfly sleeves
– Peineta - decorative
comb
 WIKA
• Loan words from Spanish language
– Rezar = dasal
– Ventana = bintana
– Viaje = biyahe

• Loan words form Filipino

– Kamalig = camarin
– Karihan = carinderia
– Mulawin = molave
FIESTAS & RITUALS
• Fiesta
– Honoring saints
– Births of Spanish royalty
members
– To attract Filipinos who
haven’t been converted
into Catholics
– Senakulo - sufferings of
Jesus Christ
– Komedya o moro-moro -
play showing battles
between Christians and
Muslims
• Rituals
– Compadrazgo
• co-parenting
• godparents during
baptism and marriage
• to strengthen
relationship among
family ties and
connection
• Magellan : Rajah
Humabon
• Legazpi : Rajah Tupas
– Burying in cementeries
• La Funeraria (1883)
– Carlos March
– Coffins and
embalming
 MESTIZOS

• “mixed bloods”
• fruit of intermarriages
• Some mestizos led in revolutionary
movements
LTURAL ASPECT:
guage and Literature

• Pre-Colonial Philippines
– Baybayin- commonly mistaken as Alibata (Alibata
was a term coined by Paul Verzosa in the 1920s due
to its similarity to the word “alphabet”)
– contains 17 characters (3 vowels, 4 consonants);
uses kudlits (diacritics) to modify vowels which
increases total to 54 characters
– last known archives during the Spanish period
written in Baybayin were in Lipa and other cities of
Batangas
– most works written in Baybayin were destroyed due
to them being written in the “language of the devil”
LTURAL ASPECT:
guage and Literature
LTURAL ASPECT:
guage and Literature

• Under Spanish Rule

– Replaced the baybayin system with the Latin
alphabet, speaking in Spanish was encouraged
– First teachers of the Filipinos were the friars
and Spanish missionaries
– Language became a status symbol
• Only the elite could speak Spanish
• In the 1800s-1900s, education became more
accessible to more people so the Philippines saw a
rise in educated Spanish-speaking Filipinos
(Ilustrados)
LTURAL ASPECT:
guage and Literature

• Printing Methods
– Xylography and Movable Typography
• Theocratic Literature
– Centered on religion
– Awit, corridor, metrical romances
– Early writers: Ananias Zorilla, Jose de la Cruz,
and Francisco Baltazar.
• Comedies and Dramas
– Pasyon, Sinakulo, Tibag, Zarzuela
LTURAL ASPECT:
s and music

• Paintings
– Largely secularized by the Spanish
– First known painter Damian Domingo
• Established a formal art school in Laguna “Academia
de Dibujo “
– Only female painter to have stood out in the
19th century: Maria Paz Paterno, who was known
for her still life paintings
– Other famous painters of the period: landscape
artist Jose Honorato, family of Mariano Asuncion
(and his sons Justiniano and Leoncio)
LTURAL ASPECT:
s and music

• Sculptures
– Widely seen in fiestas and other
celebrations
– Bamboo arches (Kalakos), parols,
rosaries
– Most famous examples: santo, retablos
• Santo- sculptures of saints and other
religious figures
• Retablos- houses the tabernacle; found in
Churches
– Most elaborate retablo is found in Intramuros
– Famous sculptors: Crispulo Hocson,
LTURAL ASPECT:
s and music

• Used music in order to help convert locals

• Introduced Western instruments
– Piano, guitar, harp, organ
• Taught Filipinos how to sing and play religious
songs and chants
• A school of music was established in Laguna
– Also taught its students dances
• Fandango (Pandango), Seguidilla, Jota
• Famous musicians
– Marcelo Adonay, famed composer Julian Felipe, and
Dolores Paterno.
URAL ASPECT:
D AND TRADITIONS

• Food historians claim that 80% of

Filipino dishes are influenced by
Spanish cuisine
• Dishes served during fiestas and
special occasions have Spanish
names
– relleno, paella, embutido, kaldereta,
menudo, metchado, adobo
• Also included desserts and other
delicacies
URAL ASPECT:
D AND TRADITIONS

• Siesta
– Afternoon nap
– It was common to take a
siesta before or after having
merienda (Afternoon snack)
• Fiesta
– Started out as religious
celebrations
– Eventually evolved in to
more casual celebrations
– “One fiesta for each day of
the year”
URAL ASPECT:
olicism

• Most evident legacy of Spanish

colonization in the Philippines
• Still the most practiced religion in the
country
– One of the two predominantly Catholic
countries in Asia (East Timor)
• Cebu is considered the birthplace of
Catholicism in the Philippines
URAL ASPECT:
olicism

• In the 1500s, Ferdinand Magellan

landed in Cebu
– First attempt at conversion of the local
Filipinos
• Islam was already present in the
Philippines when the Spaniards
arrived
– First entered the Philippines between
the 10th and 12th century
– If it weren’t for the Spaniards, the
URAL ASPECT:
olicism

• Strategies used by the Spanish to

convert Filipinos
– Mass baptism (usually held from
barangay to barangay)
– Reduccion policies (relocation of smaller
barangays in to bigger cities)
– Use of vernacular (local language) to
teach the natives
– Systematic removal of native belief
system
URAL ASPECT:
olicism

• Religious Hierarchy
– Friarocracy??
– Priests were on top
– Filipinossecular priests—were not
allowed to join any of the religious
orders; could only study but couldn’t
really practice