INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH

 A process of collecting, analyzing and

interpreting information to answer

questions or solve a problem.

What Is Research?

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Characteristics of Research

•Orderly and Systematic

•Control
•Empiricism
•Generalization

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Importance of Research

1. Professionalism

2. Accountability

3. Social Relevance

4. Decision Making

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•Identification
• Description
• Exploration
• Explanation
• Prediction
•Control The Purpose of Research

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TYPES OF RESEARCH

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 BASIC OR PURE RESEARCH APPLIED RESEARCH

Directed to develop theories that can increase the state of Directed to solve problems or make decisions for what are considered practical purposes.

knowledge
Also directed at clinical trials aimed at developing and evaluating new program, program,
Pursuit of knowledge or finding truth product, method or procedure.

Generates or refines theory Knowledge intended to directly influence practice

Often uses laboratory setting Also directed or aimed at developing or evaluating new program, program, product, method

Findings may not be directly useful in practice or procedure

Conducted in actual practice conditions

Evaluate interventions

Test/validate theories

Evaluate “Basic” research knowledge for usefulness

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 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Uses questionnaires, surveys, interviews or

Formal, objective, systematic process using
observations to collect data without intervening
measurement
hypothesis testing
data analysis

Two types:Descriptive and Experimental

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QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

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Evaluate subjective life experiences and give meaning

to them

Focuses on understanding phenomena from an

individual’s perspective

Approaches: observation, in-depth interviews, case

studies, narrative analyses

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Triangulation
Using both quantitative and qualitative methods to collect

data

May combine various research designs/data collection

techniques in the same study – combine psychosocial

surveys, interviews, observations

Two approaches are complimentary and can give an

accurate reflection of reality.

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QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

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DESCRIPTIVE/OBSERVATIONAL

TYPES

1. Case

2. Case series

3. Cross-sectional

4. Cohort or prospective or longitudinal

5. Case-control or retrospective

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CASE CASE SERIES

The simplest descriptive study Studies of a few cases

Reports data on only one subject

ex: a study of an outstanding athlete

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TIME DIMENSION

CROSS-SECTIONAL LONGITUDINAL

Collects data atone point in time Studies examines variables of interest over a

What exists today? period of time

Advantages –ability to collect data on the

same individual over time

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TIME DIMENSION

RETROSPECTIVE PROSPECTIVE

Examines data already collected in the past Examines data being collected in the present

Ex: Review of school records to examine Ex: Study describing social support and
previous history of drop-outs among pupils coping mechanisms of Parents with ADHD
with Dysfunctional Family School Ager Children

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EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

DESIGN
TYPES

1. Without a control group

Time Series

Crossover

2. With a control group

Control Group and a Treatment/Experimental

group

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Comparison

EXPERIMENTAL NON-EXPERIMENTAL

Researcher manipulates or controls variable(s) and Describes or looks at relationships(s) or correlation

observes effect in other variable(s) between variables.

Evaluates cause and effect relationship Variables are not manipulated by the researcher

Ex: Does an Early LET Review Program to  Chances of Passing the Ex: Correlation between study habits and grades
Board Exams for Teachers?

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Comparison

TRUE EXPERIMENTAL QUASI EXPERIMENTAL

Criteria is an empirical study used to estimate the causal

Control impact of an intervention on its target population

without random assignment.

Intervention or Manipulation of variables

Random selection of Subjects

Random assignment of groups to control and

experimental conditions

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TIME SERIES CROSS-OVER STUDY

Time Series Research Designs is that each participant or subject The administration of two or more experimental
is observed multiple times, and its performance is compared to
therapies one after the other in a specified or
its own prior performance. In other words, each subject serves
random order to the same group of patients.
as its own control.

Is a repeated measurements design such that each

experimental unit (patient) receives different

treatments during the different time periods, ex. The

patients crossover from one treatment to another

during the course of the trial.

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ADVANTAGES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

It allows the The result is reliable Standards are usually Personal biases can Process involved are

researcher to since the study uses used in choosing the be avoided since simplified since the

measure and a big sample of the instruments, in personal interaction steps in doing
sampling procedures,
analyze the data to population. is not part of the quantitative
and in choosing the
arrive at an research process. research are made
most appropriate
objective answer to easy and
statistical treatment,
the problem posed systematic.
thus making the
or stated.
research replicable.

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DISADVANTAGES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

The context of the Having a large study Results are limited It provides less In experimental

study or the sample requires since they are elaborate accounts research, the level

experiment is researchers to usually based on the of human of control might not

ignored in such a spend more analysis of numbers perceptions. be normally placed

way that it does not resources. and are not obtained in the real world

consider the natural from detailed because it is usually

setting where the narratives. done in a laboratory.

study is conducted.

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DISADVANTAGES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Preset or fixed Findings can be

alternative answers may influenced by the

not necessarily reflect researcher’s

the true answers of the perspective since most

participants. of the time,

participants are

unknown to him/her.

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Quantitative vs Qualitative

Research

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Comparison

QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE

Variables Phenomena

Narrative Data
Numeric Data

Patterns of Association
Relationships
Trustworthiness
Reliability, validity

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Large image

Based on the following criteria, write the difference between

QUALITATIVE and QUANTITATIVE research.

1. Purpose
2. Group studied
3. Type of data analysis
4. Type of data collected
5. Results

ASSESSMENT

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 Insert or Drag and Drop

your Photo Here

VARIABLES

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What is variable?

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Thank You

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