MGG (1-2) - Modul#1 - KonsepDasarREKRAD

9/3/2018
TTH413
Rekayasa Radio
Module 1 :
Konsep Dasar Rekayasa Radio
Minggu 1-2
Pendahuluan Rekayasa Radio dan Terminologi Penting
Dr. Nachwan Mufti Adriansyah, ST., MT
Module 1
Konsep Dasar Rekayasa Radio
Minggu 1 Pendahuluan dan Terminologi

Outline Penting
Transmission Network Planning, Network
Topology, Nominal Plan, Transmission
media choices, Network layout & Topology,
Important terminologies, Quality objectives
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Problem Besar, Bahan Kajian, dan LO

Learning Outcome
PROBLEM BAHAN KAJIAN Mengetahui dan memahami sejumlah
Apakah konsep-konsep yang konsep dasar yang penting dalam
MODUL 1 rekayasa radio
harus diketahui & dipahami
KONSEP-KONSEP DASAR
dalam konteks Rekayasa
REKAYASA RADIO
Radio
Contents:
Bagaimana membuat kondisi MODULE 2 • Pendahuluan Rekayasa Radio dan

LOS antar Tx-Rx dan LINE OF SIGHT (LOS) PLANNING Terminologi Penting (Transmission Network
membuat peta profile DAN PETA PROFILE Planning, Network Topology, Transmission
media choices, Network layout & Topology,
Important terminologies, Quality objectives
Bagaimana menghitung MODULE 3
redaman propagasi berdasar PATHLOSS CALCULATION (Rec.
Rec. ITU 530 dan link budget? ITU No. 530) & LINK BUDGET
Outline
Transmission Network Planning, Network Topology
Transmission media choices
Network layout & Topology
Important terminologies
Quality objectives
Modul 1 - Introduction to Transmission Network Planning and Design 4
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Transmission Network
Planning Overview
Network Planning Scope
Preliminary Initial Network Detailed Network Installation &

Network Design Design Verification
Planning Comissioning
• Posisi BTS, kapasitas kanal BTS ditentukan dari RNP

• Posisi aktual BTS, Line Of Sight Planning, Kapasitas trunk ditentukan dari TND
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ResponsibilitasTim
Network Planning Team dan Customer ...responsibilitas
Network Planning Team Customer Network Planning Team Customer
3 2 1 OK 14
Capacity, spare Network Technical 13 Network

capacity and architecture and information about rollout plan including
the existing Management & equipm ent lists and
transport media cross-connection
analysis granularity analysis network synchronisation managem ent and
principles synchronization principles
4 5 6
Restrictions in 17 16
Management and Equipm ent transmission
synchronisation architecture 15
media & capacity,
analysis analysis Physical route Detailed network
and equipment
calculations diagram Updated
architecture
technical
requirements
9 8
Network
architecture and 7 21 19 18
Protection and
capacity planning cross-connection
granularity Technical Timeslot Managem ent Synchronisation
planning requirements planning planning planning
21
10 Detailed
Cost and
Not OK network plan
network
analysis
OK
Not OK
11
Rough 12
equipment list Rollout
for one year ready?
OK 14
7
Review: Cellular network planning
Radio part design Fixed part design: planning transmission
BTS
BSS BTS
MSC BSS
BSC Hub
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
Radio Network Planning Transmission Network

(RNP) Design (TND)
• evaluation of expected traffic density • connection points to the PSTN
• use of CAD network planning tool • possible leased lines
• determination of suitable MSC, BSC, • frequencies available for microwave links
BTS sites 8
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Typical cellular network
Transmission Network Planning
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Transmission Network Design
Nominal Plan
Initial Planning / Network Dimensioning
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Nominal transmission plan
•Pendekatan pertama jaringan transmisi

•Sewaktu-waktu dapat berubah karena perubahan lokasi site dan
kondisi LOS yang tidak diketahui di awal
•Model lengkap jaringan, berisi:
•BTS, BSC, MSC sites
•Transmission links with capacity estimate
•Transmission media
•Equipment needed
•Use of existing network, if available
Modul 2- Transmission Network Design and Documentation 13
Nominal Plan Contents (=high level planning, dimensioning)

Topology plan including media and technology selections
Capacity calculations including future expansions
General network layout drawings
Initial synchronisation plan (tdk mutlak)
General transmission management network plan (tdk mutlak)
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Document Template: Utk Nominal Plan (High Level)
1. BSC
Number of:
Capacity: BTS TRX A-ter
Location:
2. BTS transmission:
Used media:
priority 1:
priority 2:
priority 3:
priority 4:
3. Needed equipment: (estimation)

1:
2:
3:
4:
4. Topology
Main principle:
Allowed exceptions:
5. Capacity needs
Most common capacity used:
Exceptions:
Spare capacity for expansion: (%
Modul out of total
2- Transmission capacity)
Network Design and Documentation 16
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6. Availability objectives
ITU-T or ITU-R recommendation used as reference
Objectives
SESR:
Allowed unavailability:
7. Appendiks
Map ( and countour map)
Capacity calculation
Detail calculation and topology
General network layout drawing (sinopsis, channeling plan, etc)
BoQ (bill of quantity)  year by year
Detailed Network Planning

 Optimizing / fine tuning
Detailed network diagram
Protection plan (protection topology, synchronisation)
Management plan
Timeslot plan
Synchronisation plan
Physical route calculations.
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Example Documents
Nominal Planning
Capacity Calculations
Rate total Rate total untuk
Rate minimum total
Untuk jaringan lokal akses keperluan video Rekomendasi kapasitas
Link yg diperlukan
radio CDMA2000 1x conference radio
(kbps)
(kbps) (kbps)
Tabang – Kembang Janggut 3840 256 4096 4 E1 (8 Mbps)
Kahala – Kembang Janggut 3840 256 4096 4 E1 (8 Mbps)
Kembang Janggut – Mr Kaman 11520 768 12288 16 E1 (34 Mbps)
Muara Muntai – Kota Bangun 5760 256 6016 4 E1 (8 Mbps)
Muara Wis –
3840 256 4096 4 E1 (8 Mbps)
Kota Bangun
Kota Bangun –
19200 768 19968 16 E1 (34 Mbps)
Mr Kaman
16 E1 (34 Mbps) -STM1 (155

Muara Kaman – Tenggarong 32640 1792 34432
Mbps)
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Contoh : Sinopsis Link

Synopsis Diagram
Detailed Synopsis Diagram
22
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Site Parameters
No Lokasi Tinggi tower Tinggi Diameter antena Bearing Kapasitas radio Link to
(m) antena (m) (m) (derajat) link
50 1.8 168 8 Mbps Loakulu
72 1.8 60 34 Mbps T. Seberang
1 PKM Tenggarong 72 72 3 315 STM1 Muarakaman
50 3 150 STM1
2 Loajanan 35 30 1.8 151 8 Mbps
Palaran
3 Samboja 87 85 2.4 8 16 Mbps
100 2.4 222 16 Mbps
4 Muara Badak 102

60 2.4 357 8 Mbps Marangkayu
Contoh : Channelling Plan
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Transmission Media Choices
Transmission Media
• Cable installation is a very expensive and time consuming task
+
• When building a new network with a tight schedule installing
new physical media is not an option
• Existing fiber • Existing copper

• SDH • HDSL modems
• Optical access mux • Line terminals
• Air • Lease connection
• Microwave radios • Leased Lines
• ISDN
• Customer may set specific requirements on the media
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Leased Lines
 Transmission lines rented from a “3rd party” operator
 Leased line provider is usually also a competitor
Pros: Cons:
No implementation effort for buyer high operating costs
No extra infrastructure to buy unpredictable lead times (installation)
Long distances are uncritical difficult to deploy (may include digging,
Savings in transmission O&M costs groundwork..)
no control over the physical route or the quality
of the link
Analyse cost structure of Leased Line tariffs to decide

whether LL or microwave links are more economical
Microwave Links
 The preferred media when building new access network links
 High capacity transmission links
 from 2x2Mbps to 16x2Mbps, 34Mbps and STM-1 (155 Mbps)
 Operating frequencies: 2,7,13,15,18,23,26 and 38 GHz band
Pros: Cons:
low operating costs needs frequency license
easy to install environment dependant link quality (e.g.
flexible rainfall)
quick & reliable solution not always available at ideal sites (LOS path)
Repeater
station
Terminal Terminal
station A Modul 1 - Introduction to Transmission Network Planning and Design station B 28
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Network Layout & Topology
Network Topology
Menspesifikasikan bagaimana node-node berbeda di dalam
network harus diinterkoneksikan
Konsiderasi:
 Transmission Media  Roll-out speed
 Buy or lease  Practical aspects
 Efficiency  Towers, equipment
 Equipment utilization concentration
 Flexibility
 Easy to expand?
 Quality
 Network quality
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Topologi Chain
Typical application: Connecting road-sites
Fundamental Topology-star
Typical application: Hub-sites, leased lines
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Fundamental Topologies-ring
Typical application: Enhancement of availability of important
traffic
BSC/TRC
Ring
High availability
Non protected systems
One additional link segment required
Every node in the ring requires connections in two directions
Combined Topologies
BSC/TRC
Tree
Flexible roll-out
Efficient equipment utilization by grooming
Vulnerable for link failure
Expansions might require upgrading or rearrangement
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Cluster Topology
12
12
12
2x2 42 0
71
4x2 0 0
12 8x2 0 0
17x2 6 0
12
12
Cluster Topology - Characteristics

 Fast roll-out of the network  Limited number of cascaded
as clusters are built links inside each cluster,
independently of each other resulting in low capacity links
 Several independent clusters  Easy introduction of ring
leading to increased topology for increased
flexibility availability
 Easy redesign of paths when  High network availability due
sites are moved or to elimination of long
obstructed without major cascaded chains
changes to the network  Distribution of “hub” sites in
 Easy insertion of new base the network, leading to
stations for capacity increase reduced equipment
without major changes to the concentration at the BSC
network sites (reduced radio link
 Elimination of long chains of interference)
high capacity links
close to the BSC
36
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Important Terminologies
System degradation factors
Faktor Degradasi Sistem
AVAILABILITY
FADING
REDAMAN
NOISE
DIVERSITAS
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AVAILABILITY
Definisi AVAILABILITY atau REALIBILITY:
 Kemampuan sistem dalam memberikan pelayanan sesuai standard link
yang diinginkan
AVAILABILITY
AVAILABILITY yang harus dicapai masing-masing grade link
standard diatur oleh dokumen rekomendasi ITU-R
Contoh :
 Pada high grade link dengan panjang end to end : 280 – 2500 km,
berdasarkan :
 CCITT 695  Avaibility =
 0.3  L 
100  %
 2500 
 Dimana : L = panjang lintasan (km)
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AVAILABILITY
Kebalikan dari AVAILABILITY adalah UNAVAILABILITY atau
OUTAGE TIME yang artinya kegagalan sistem dalam memberikan
pelayanan sesuai dengan standard link yang diinginkan.
AVAILABILITY
Availability Lintasan/Path dinyatakan dengan persamaan berikut :
Dimana :
Av path  (1  UnAv path ) 100%
UnAv path  6.10 5.a.b. f .L3 .10 FM /10
4  untuk permukaan tanah halus, air

a 1  untuk permukaan tanah biasa
f = Frekuensi
1/4  untuk pegunungan
L = Panjang lintasan (km)
1/2  untuk iklim panas FM = Fading margin (dB)
b 1/4  untuk iklim subtropis
1/8  untuk iklim sangat dingin
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AVAILABILITY
Tabel Hubungan antara Availability dengan Outage Time
Toleransi outage time untuk masing-masing layanan didefinisiakan sebagai

berikut :
JENIS INFORMASI BATAS TOLERANSI AKIBAT YANG DITIMBULKAN
VIDEO 100 MIKRO DETIK LOSS OF SYNCH
DATA 10 MIKRO DETIK ERROR
VOICE 100 MILI DETIK LOSS
AVAILABILITY
Availability perangkat dinyatakan dengan persamaan berikut :
MTBF
Avdevice 
Dimana : MTBF  MTTR
MTBF = Mean Time Between Failure
MTTR = Mean Time To Repair
Availability Total pada satu link radio digambarkan sebagai berikut :
Avhop_1 Avhop_2 Avhop_(N-1)
Avdevice_1 Avdevice_2 Avdevice_3 Avdevice_N

Avpath_1 Avpath_2 Avpath_(N-1)
Avlink= Avsistem= Avhop_link = Avpath_link Avdevice_link

Dimana :
Avpath_link = Avpath_1  Avpath_2  …  Avpath_(N-1)
Avdevice_link = Avdevice_1  Avdevice_2  …  Avdevice_N
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Fading
Definisi FADING :
 Fenomena fluktuasi daya sinyal terima akibat adanya proses propagasi dari
gelombang radio.
 Fading terjadi karena adanya efek shadowing, pembiasan, difraksi, hamburan,
redaman, serta multipath.
 Pengaruh fading terhadap level sinyal terima adalah dapat menguatkan ataupun
melemahkan tergantung phasa dari sinyal resultan masing-masing path.
WR
WR_thres
0 t
Fading
• Mekanisme terjadinya multipath fading :
Ground environment atmosphere environment
phenomena phenomena
C
A
B
Transmitter Receiver
A: direct path
B: reflection
C: diffraction
D: scattering
• Penentuan seberapa besar fading yang ditimbulkan pada suatu

sistem radio ditentukan dengan pendekatan statistikal
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Fading
Flat fading Mempunyai pengaruh

sama untuk semua
Jenis Fading dalam frekuensi
hubungannya
dengan frekuensi : Mempunyai pengaruh
Frequency Selective
berbeda untuk semua
Fading frekuensi
Fast Fading / Small Fading cepat

Scale Fading
Jenis Fading dalam
hubungannya
dengan rate Fading lambat
Slow Fading / Large
perubahan
Scale Fading
fluktuasi :
• Slow Fading adalah harga rata-rata dari Fast Fading
Fading
 Untuk mengatasi fading, maka diperlukan cadangan daya yang
digunakan agar dapat mempertahankan level sinyal terima diatas level
thresholdnya.
 Cadangan daya tersebut biasanya disebut dengan Fading Margin
 Cadangan daya dapat dilakukan dengan beberapa cara, yaitu :
menaikkan daya transmitter, menaikkan gain antena, diversity, dll.
 Hubungan antara Fading, Fading Margin dan Availability :
WR Fading margin
Untuk komunikasi LOS
Fading Margin Availability
10 dB 90%
WR_thres 20 dB 99%
30 dB 99,9%
t1 t2 t3 t4 40 dB 99,99%
t
0 T
T   t1   t 2   t 3   t 4 
Availabili ty   100 %
T
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REDAMAN PROPAGASI
Redaman Propagasi didefinisikan sebagai penurunan level daya sinyal

ketika berpropagasi pada media atmosfer
Redaman
Redaman Redaman Redaman Gas-

Ruang Bebas Hujan gas
Paling Dominan !! Diperhitungkan

jika frekuensi
kerja diatas 10
GHz
REDAMAN PROPAGASI
Redaman Ruang Bebas didefinisikan sebagai rugi-rugi propagasi diruang
bebas antara 2 antena isotropis akibat enersi yang tersebar.
Antena isotropis adalah antena hipotetikal yang memancarkan energi
elektromagnetik ke segala arah, sehingga gainnya adalah 0 dB. Pada
kenyataannya antena ini tidak dapat direlisasikan tetapi dapat menjadi
acuan untuk gain antena dan EIRP.
Rx
Tx
Rumusannya : LFS  32.5  20 log f ( MHz)20 log d( Km) (dB)
Lfs= Loss Free Space (dB) f = frekuensi kerja (MHz)

d = jarak Tx dan Rx (Km)
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NOISE
 Noise atau gangguan adalah sinyal yang diterima oleh receiver tetapi tidak
diinginkan. Dengan kata lain sinyal ini akan mengganggu (meng-interferensi)
kualitas dari sinyal yang ingin diterima.
•Thermal Noise
 Intra-system •Imperfections
•Echo
•Adjacent channel
 Inter-channel •Co channel cross-polarizations
Sumber-sumber •Transmitter & Receiver
Interferensi •Spurious Emission
•Front to Back Ratio

 Inter-hop
•Overreach
•Sattelite system
 Extra-system •Radar
•Sistem radio lain
DIVERSITY
 Diversity didefinisikan sebagai suatu teknik untuk menigkatkan availability sistem dengan
cara memasang secara simultan dua atau lebih sistem atau subsistem
 Diversity lebih diminati oleh para desain sistem dibandingkan dengan penambahan gain
sistem (menaikkan daya HPA, menaikkan sensitivitas LNA, menaikkan gain antena),
karena relatif lebih murah.
 Efek dari pemakaian teknik Diversity ini adalah penambahan kualitas penerimaan sinyal
yang disebut improvement factor.
- Space Diversity
- Frequency Diversity
Macam teknik - Polarization Diversity
diversity
- Angle Diversity
- Time Diversity
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Quality Objectives
Quality Objectives
Availability: G.821
Kemampuan sistem dalam memberikan
pelayanan sesuai standard link yang diinginkan
Hypothetical Reference Connection
25 000 km 1 250 km
1 250 km
LE INT INT LE
Local Medium High Medium Local

grade grade grade grade grade
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Quality and Availability Objectives
G.821
Unavailable time (UAT)
A period of unavailable time begins when one or both of
the following conditions occur for 10 consecutive seconds:
1. The digital signal is interrupted,
2. The bit error ratio in each second of the 10 consecutive
seconds is worse than 110-3. These 10 seconds are
considered to be unavailable time.
Available Time (AT)

A period of available time begins with the first second of
a period of 10 consecutive seconds of which each second
has a bit error ratio (BER) better than 110-3.
Q & A Objectives, contd

G.821
Errored Second (ES)
Any second containing one or more errors.
Severely Errored Second (SES)

An errored second with a bit error ratio (BER) worse
than 110-3.
Degraded Minutes (DM)

Obtained by subtracting severely errored seconds from
the available time and collecting the remaining seconds
into groups of 60 seconds. Any group with a bit error
ratio worse than 110-6 is considered a degraded minute.
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PRx
BER 10-6
BER 10-3
Time
< 10 s Time > 10 s
DM SES DM DM DM
ES ES ES ES ES
AT UAT AT

G.821
SES: Fewer than 0.2% of one-second intervals

in any month
DM: Fewer than 10% of one-minute intervals

in any month
ES: Fewer than 8% of one-minute intervals

in any month
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End
59
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9/3/2018

Dr. Nachwan Mufti Adriansyah, ST., MT

Minggu 1 Pendahuluan dan Terminologi

Problem Besar, Bahan Kajian, dan LO

Bagaimana membuat kondisi MODULE 2 • Pendahuluan Rekayasa Radio dan

Modul 1 - Introduction to Transmission Network Planning and Design 4

Network Planning Scope

Preliminary Initial Network Detailed Network Installation &

• Posisi BTS, kapasitas kanal BTS ditentukan dari RNP

Capacity, spare Network Technical 13 Network

Review: Cellular network planning

Radio part design Fixed part design: planning transmission

Radio Network Planning Transmission Network

Typical cellular network

Modul 1 - Introduction to Transmission Network Planning and Design 9

Transmission Network Planning

Modul 1 - Introduction to Transmission Network Planning and Design 10

Transmission Network Design

Modul 1 - Introduction to Transmission Network Planning and Design 11

Nominal transmission plan

•Pendekatan pertama jaringan transmisi

Nominal Plan Contents (=high level planning, dimensioning)

Modul 2- Transmission Network Design and Documentation 14

Document Template: Utk Nominal Plan (High Level)

Modul 2- Transmission Network Design and Documentation 15

Document Template: Utk Nominal Plan (High Level)

3. Needed equipment: (estimation)

Document Template: Utk Nominal Plan (High Level)

Modul 2- Transmission Network Design and Documentation 17

Detailed Network Planning

Modul 2- Transmission Network Design and Documentation 18

Modul 2- Transmission Network Design and Documentation 19

Tabang – Kembang Janggut 3840 256 4096 4 E1 (8 Mbps)

Kahala – Kembang Janggut 3840 256 4096 4 E1 (8 Mbps)

Kembang Janggut – Mr Kaman 11520 768 12288 16 E1 (34 Mbps)

Muara Muntai – Kota Bangun 5760 256 6016 4 E1 (8 Mbps)

16 E1 (34 Mbps) -STM1 (155

Modul 2- Transmission Network Design and Documentation 20

Contoh : Sinopsis Link

Modul 2- Transmission Network Design and Documentation 21

Detailed Synopsis Diagram

50 1.8 168 8 Mbps Loakulu

72 1.8 60 34 Mbps T. Seberang

1 PKM Tenggarong 72 72 3 315 STM1 Muarakaman

2 Loajanan 35 30 1.8 151 8 Mbps

100 2.4 222 16 Mbps

4 Muara Badak 102

Modul 2- Transmission Network Design and Documentation 23

Contoh : Channelling Plan

Modul 2- Transmission Network Design and Documentation 24

Transmission Media Choices

Modul 1 - Introduction to Transmission Network Planning and Design 25

• Existing fiber • Existing copper

Analyse cost structure of Leased Line tariffs to decide

Modul 1 - Introduction to Transmission Network Planning and Design 27

Network Layout & Topology

Modul 1 - Introduction to Transmission Network Planning and Design 29

Typical application: Connecting road-sites

Modul 1 - Introduction to Transmission Network Planning and Design 31

Modul 1 - Introduction to Transmission Network Planning and Design 32

Modul 1 - Introduction to Transmission Network Planning and Design 33

Modul 1 - Introduction to Transmission Network Planning and Design 34