84.

In case of indirectly heated tubes, the filament of the vacuum tube is usually made from
a. nickel b. fin
c. tungsten d. foil
85. Vacuum tubes has fins and are usually found in the anode for what purpose?
a. collect maximum number of electrons
b. reduce escape electrons
c. eliminate rebounding of electrons
d. dissipate heat produced
86. The difference between the valence band and the conduction band of a semiconductor is called
a. Energy density b. vacon
c. Band gap d. Extrinsic effect

87. Amount of energy needed to liberate electrons from the surface of metals.
a. Ionic discharge b. corona
c. work function d. potential

88. _________is an excess property of P-type semiconductor.

a. neutron b. proton
c. hole d. electron

89. What do you call the bond that hold the crystal?
a. ionic b. valent
c. covalent d. James

90. What type of bonds are formed by sharing the valence electrons with neighboring atoms?
a. ionic b. valent
c. covalent d. James

91. Avalanche breakdown in a semiconductor diode occurs when

a. the potential barrier is reduced to zero
b. forward biased exceeds a certain value
c. reversed bias exceeds a certain value
d. forward current exceeds a certain value

92. Which of the following material finds application in light emitting diodes?
a. silicon b. sulphur
c. phosphorus d. gallium phosphide

93. Which of the following material is used for infrared LEDs?

a. gallium arsenide b. calcium phosphide
c. silicon d. H2O

94. Heaters for vacuum tubes normally take a voltage value of what?
a. 1V b. 6.3 V
c.2.3 V d. 220 V

95. If the effective value of a half wave rectified sine wave is 20. The average value of the
wave will be
a. 27.7 b. 18.8
c. 23.3 d. 12.7

96. The quality of a power supply is judge by

a. size b. regulation
c. voltage d. power

97. In radio receivers, excessive ripple causes

a. hum b. change in frequency selection
c. reduced power consumption d. no effect

98. What is the typical speed of a cassette tape for a tape recorder?
a. 1 inch/sec b. 5 cm/sec
c. 1 7/8 inch /sec d. 2 2/3 inch / sec
99. What is the typical impedance of a loudspeaker?
a. 1 ohm b. 12 ohms
c. 100 ohms d. 10000 ohms

100. What will be the dB gain for an increase of power level from 13 to 26 W?
a. 2 b. 3
c. -3 d. 6
84. The type of cathode that is in by far the greatest use is the oxide coated cathode. These may be used with indirectly heated
cathodes, unlike the tungsten and dull emitter cathodes that must be directly heated as a result of the temperatures involved. This
type of cathode is normally in the form of nickel in the form of a ribbon, tube or even a small cup shape. This is coated with a
mixture of barium and strontium carbonate, often with a trace of calcium added.

https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/electronic_components/valves-tubes/electrodes-cathode-grid-anode.php

85. The anode is generally formed into a cylinder so that it can surround the cathode and any other electrodes that may be present.
In this way the vacuum tube can be constructed in a tubular fashion and the anode can collect the maximum number of electrons.

https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/electronic_components/valves-tubes/electrodes-cathode-grid-anode.php

86. The energy difference between the highest occupied energy state of the valence band and the lowest unoccupied state of the
conduction band is called the band gap and is indicative of the electrical conductivity of a material.

https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Conduction_band

87. Photoelectric Effect: If light beyond a specific threshold frequency hits a metal surface, electrons are ejected from the surface of
the metal. The minimum energy required to eject an electron from the surface is called the work function of the metal. These
ejected electrons are called photoelectrons.

https://study.com/academy/answer/the-minimum-frequency-of-light-needed-to-eject-electrons-from-a-metal-is-called-the-threshold-
frequency-a-find-the-minimum-energy-needed-to-eject-electrons-from-a-metal-with-a-threshold-frequency-o.html

88. The doping of group 3 elements in silicon crystal leads to P-type semiconductor. In this P-type semiconductor holes are the
majority charge carriers and electrons are the minority charge carriers.

https://www.electronicshub.org/semiconductor-diodes/

89. When ionic crystals are formed, electrons jump their orbits to bond with the corresponding supporting atom. The resultant
combination of negatively or positively charged electrostatic forces stabilizes ions. The physicist Charles Augustin de Coulomb
defined these electrostatic forces, or Coulombic forces, in the form of a law. According to Coulomb's law, the attractive forces
formed between the atoms pull the atoms together, and this action is adversely replicated because of the similar charges between
the same ions. This results in a very strong bond of atoms in the crystals. These highly intense forces attribute high melting points
and rigid structures to these crystals.

https://sciencing.com/types-bonding-crystals-6891243.html

90. A covalent bond, as the name suggests, is a crystal structure in which the electrons do not leave their orbits. Electrons, instead,
are shared between two atoms. A shared electron in this way binds every two adjacent atoms. The bound atoms further share
another electron from the atoms next to them and so on. Covalent bonding between the atoms of a substance results in the
formation of a geometrical crystal.
https://sciencing.com/types-bonding-crystals-6891243.html

91. If the reverse bias voltage exceeds a maximum value, the breakdown voltage, the diode will conduct current and an excessive
current flow can destroy the device. This is called avalanche breakdown. A second form of breakdown, tunneling (or Zener)
breakdown, can also occur.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/diodes

92. So how does a light emitting diode get its colour. Unlike normal signal diodes which are made for detection or power
rectification, and which are made from either Germanium or Silicon semiconductor materials, Light Emitting Diodes are made from
exotic semiconductor compounds such as Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), Gallium Phosphide (GaP), Gallium Arsenide Phosphide
(GaAsP), Silicon Carbide (SiC) or Gallium Indium Nitride (GaInN) all mixed together at different ratios to produce a distinct
wavelength of colour.
https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/diode/diode_8.html

93. Infrared — The wavelength of infrared is λ>760 with a change in voltage < 1.63 and the semi-conductor material is comprised
of gallium arsenide and aluminum gallium arsenide.

https://www.electronicproducts.com/optoelectronics/leds/the_abc_s_of_led_s.aspx

94. A system widely used in Europe known as the Mullard–Philips tube designation, also extended to transistors, uses a letter,
followed by one or more further letters, and a number. The type designator specifies the heater voltage or current (one letter), the
functions of all sections of the tube (one letter per section), the socket type (first digit), and the particular tube (remaining digits). For
example, the ECC83 (equivalent to the 12AX7) is a 6.3V (E) double triode (CC) with a miniature base (8). In this system special-
quality tubes (e.g., for long-life computer use) are indicated by moving the number immediately after the first letter: the E83CC is a
special-quality equivalent of the ECC83, the E55L a power pentode with no consumer equivalent.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube

95. Vav = Vpk x 0.637 = 20 x 0.637 = 12.74 volts

96. The primary power supply specifications are the voltage and current output parameters.
https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/analogue_circuits/power-supply-electronics/specifications-specs.php
97. A bias supply with excessive ripple injects hum directly into the grids of the output tubes. Check that the bias supply diode is not
shorted or leaky, and then bridge the bias capacitor with another one of equal value to see if the hum goes away.

http://www.geofex.com/ampdbug/hum.htm
98. The tape moves past the playback head at 1 7⁄8 inches per second (4.76 cm/s),
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassette_tape

99. So, how do you tell what the impedance of a speaker is? On most cabinets, it should be printed on a label next to the jack. If
the speaker is visible, it may be printed on the speaker label or stamped on the frame or magnet. To measure the true impedance
of a speaker or cabinet requires a rather complex procedure involving signal generators, power amplifiers and high frequency AC
voltmeters. However, with raw speakers and many cabinets, the ohmmeter function of a digital multimeter can help you identify
what the impedance of the speaker should be. Generally, the reading given by an ohmmeter will be about 2/3 to 3/4 of the
impedance of the speaker. So, a 4 ohm speaker will typically measure about 2.5 - 3 ohms, and an 8 ohm speaker will typically read
about 5-6 ohms, while a 16 ohm speaker will measure around 12 ohms.
http://www.prestonelectronics.com/audio/Impedance.html

100. Power Gain (dB) = 10 Log 10 (RF Output Power / RF Input Power)
= 10 Log 10 (13W / 26W)
=3W