COMMODITY

PROFILE OF
THE
PHILIPPINE
MANGO
A. Brief Introduction of the Commodity

Description

Mango (Mangifera indica) a tropical Asian anacardiaceous evergreen tree, cultivated

in the tropics for its fruit. The mango is native to the South Asia from where it was
distributed worldwide to become one of the most cultivated fruits in the tropics.
While other Mangifera species (e.g. horse mango, M. foetida) are also grown on a more
localized basis, Mangifera indica – the 'common mango' or 'Indian mango' – is the only
mango tree commonly cultivated in many tropical and subtropical regions. It is the
national fruit of India, Philippines, Pakistan.

Mangoes are lowland tropical plants tolerant of a wide range of rainfall, but need dry
weather at the time the fruits are formed. This is the reason why there is year round
production of the commodity in most parts of the country. Its sweet and slightly acidic
taste has made it one of the most popular fruits in the international market. With this,
the Philippines was distinguished as one of the producers of best fresh mangoes.
Likewise, the country is producing the best processed mangoes in the world.
Currently, the mango is one of the priority fruit crops of DA, DOST, DTI and DOT.

Economic Value

Mango is the third most important fruit crop of the country based on export volume
and value next to banana and pineapple. It is used in many ways. The immature or
green mango is used as salad ingredients, appetizer and juice. The mature or ripe fruit
is served as a table fruit and can be processed into nourishing beverage and
confectionaries like jam, candy pulp, ice cream and mango pie.

The commercially important mangoes grown in the country are the carabao and pico
varieties. The carabao, a prime export variety, is internationally known as Manila
Super Mango. Pico, on the other hand, is primarily grown for the local market.

Cultural Practices and Management

Adaptation

Mango grows best in well-drained deep loam to clay loam with ph of six to eight.
However, mango can be also grown in heavy soils. The ideal climate for mango is
distinct wet and dry season with at least five months dry period. Most of the
provinces with distinct dry and wet season fall under type A of the new
climatological classification. Elevation should be below 600 meters.

Propagation

Mango is propagated sexually and asexually. The asexual propagation is preferred

since tree grown from seeds take longer time to bear, grow excessively large and is
 difficult to manage. Besides, asexually propagated plants are true to type. Cleft
grafting is the most common and popular vegetative propagation in the Philippine.

Land Preparation

The following are the directions for the land preparation before mango planting:

1. For backyard planting, prepare the land simply by digging a hole wide and deep
enough to accommodate the ball of soil that goes with the planting material.
2. Set aside the topsoil to be used to fill the hole after planting/transplanting.
3. For orchard planting in flat or slightly rolling before the onset of the rainy
season, plow the field as deep as possible and harrow the field twice until five
tilt is attained. Put stakes where a hole will be dug at a 10-14 meters distance
between each hole.

Planting

The following are the directions for mango planting:

1. Carefully remove the plant material from its container and set it in the hole.
2. Fill the extra space with topsoil or compost. Preferably, this activity should be
done at the onset of rain. The recommended distance is 10-14 meters between
trees.

Intercropping

The following are the directions for intercropping:

1. Use leguminous plants as intercrop to add fertility to the soil and to keep down
the weeds.
2. Fertilize the intercrop to avoid competition with the major crop.

Irrigation

The following are the directions for irrigation of the mango trees:

1. Irrigate the young and newly established trees whenever necessary during the
first season (dry) of its growth. This will extensively develop the root system of
the tree and will spare irrigation in the subsequent dry seasons.
2. For matured trees, water or irrigate the plants during flowering and fruiting.
Fertilization

This is necessary to stimulate early growth and rapid development of young and
bearing trees. The following are the directions for the fertilization of the mango trees:

1. For one-year-old trees, apply 200-300 grams per tree of complete fertilizer in
two equal doses. For older trees, mix 300-500 grams per tree of complete
fertilizer and 200-300 grams of urea and split. Apply at the start and before the
end of the rainy season.
 2. For bearing trees, apply 1.5-2.5 kilograms per tree of complete fertilizer. The
usual method of applying fertilizer to young and bearing trees is to dig 10-15
holes of approximately 3-5 inches deep following the tree canopy. The fertilizer
is then placed into the hole and covered with soil.

Flower Induction

a. Smudging - make smoky fire below the tree canopy and allow smoke to pass
through the foliage for several days. To produce heavy smoke, place green grasses
and use fires on top of combustible materials.
It is done continuously for several days and stopped when no flower within two
weeks. Repeat this process one-month to two months later.

b. Chemical Induction - Spraying with Potassium Nitrate (KNO3), is a more reliable

method of inducing off-season flowering. Besides being effective, KNO3 forces
mango to flower more uniformly and is much cheaper to use. The spray solution is
prepared by dissolving 10g KNO3 per liter of water or 200g KNO3 /Kerosene can of
water.
For large scale spraying, boom type power sprayers are needed.
For small-scale operations, simple spray equipment rate is suitable.
Flushes produced from October to December can be sprayed to flower from
February onward of the following year. Sprayed trees usually flower seven (7) to
fourteen (14) days. If no flower will come out, repeat the spraying.

Pest and Disease Control

a. Pest - Mango hoppers, mango tip borers, mango twig borer, fruit flies and scale
insects can be controlled by spraying recommended chemicals. Other practices that
may help control the pests are the following: cutting and burning of effected shoots
and twigs, good sanitation, wrapping and bagging of fruits as in the control of fruit
flies.

b. Diseases - Anthracnose, scab, stem rot, sooty mold and storage rot are the major
diseases of mango. These diseases can be controlled by spraying fungicide at
recommended dosages and interval of spraying.
Stem rot infection of the fruit can be prevented by hot water treatment or by
dipping the fruits in 600-1000 ppm Belomyl plus 0.05 between 10 to 40 minutes
before storage and ripening.

Harvesting and Post Harvesting

a. Maturity Indices - for naturally flowering carabao mango, fruits may be harvested
82-88 days from full bloom. There is no single criterion for accurate determination
of mango maturity. A combination of characteristics such as out-growth of
shoulders from stem-end, fullness of cheeks, changes of color of pericles and from
green to yellowish green should be considered in assessing maturity.
 Floatation of the fruits in water is a practical way of determining the maturity of
fruits; mature fruits sink at the bottom while immature fruits float near the surface
of the water. Fruits which are half immersed can be mature.

b. Harvesting - the ideal way to harvest is to pick the fruits by hand. In areas where
hand picking is not applicable, use a long bamboo pole with loop and bag.

Fruits should be handed carefully during harvesting. Avoid picking too early in the
morning, as this will cause rapid exudation of latex.

The recommended harvesting is from 9:00 AM to 3:00 PM when latex flow is

minimal.

c. Washing - after picking, fruits should be washed with water to remove unsightly
stains. If this is not possible in orchard then washing should be carried out inside
the packing shed within eight hours. A one percent acetic solution will help remove
latex stain.

d. Hot Water Treatment - heat treatment is effective in controlling incipient or

latent anthracnose infection in mango. The recommended hot water treatment for
carabao mango is 53 degrees for 10 minutes.
A more promising method of Anthracnose Control is by using hot Benomyl Solution
(50 0 C for 10 minutes at 1000 ppm).

e. Grading - grading and sorting are done by segregating cracked and

infected/defective fruits from clean fruits (those with no blemishes and diseases).
Other farmers separate stunted and latex-stained fruits immediately after harvest.
The relatively clean mangoes are further graded on the degree of cleanliness of the
skin and on the size of the fruit whether small, medium or large.

f. Packaging - in domestic market, mango fruits are commonly packed in kaing with
banana leaves and sheaths as cushioning materials for protection during transport.

B. Brief Situationer of the Industry

World Production

There were no available data on the world production specific for mango. However,
the Food and Agriculture Organization, has the following data on the top producers
of mango, mangosteens and guavas for 2010.
 Table 1. Top World Producer of Mangoes, Mangosteens and Guavas, 20101

COUNTRY Production (Mt) Percent Share (%)

World + (Total) 37,124,742 100
India 15,026,700 41
China 4,351,293 12
Thailand 2,550,600 7
Pakistan 1,845,500 5
Mexico 1,632,650 4
Indonesia 1,287,290 3
Brazil 1,188,910 3
Bangladesh 1,047,850 3
Philippines 825,676 2
Nigeria 790,200 2
Others 6,578,073 18

As shown in Table 1, the Philippines is one of the top producing countries of

mangoes, mangosteens and guavas. The country captures about 2% of the total
world production of the said commodities with the production of 825,676Mt.

Local Production

The table below shows the distribution of mango production among regions in the country
from 2007-1011. Based on the data presented, it can be derived that the largest production
of mangoes was consistently obtained by the Ilocos Region. However, production in the
said region is decreasing with an average growth rate of -10.78%. Meanwhile, fluctuating
trend of production was observed in the rest of the regions.

Likewise, the table shows that the average growth rate of mango production in the country
from 2007 to 2011 was -5.98%. The following regions have the negative average
growth rates: ARMM (-11.63%); Ilocos Region (-10.78%); Cagayan Valley (-8.80%);
CARAGA (-7.31%); Central Luzon (-5.90%); Davao Region (-5.87%); Western Visayas (-
5.24%); Bicol Region (-3.39%); Central Visayas (-2.56%); and CAR (-0.35%).

1
Food and Agriculture Organization Statistics, 2010
 Table 2. Mango Production Per Region, Philippines, 2007-20112

REGIONS 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Average

Growth Rate
PHILIPPINES 1,023,907 884,011 771,441 825,676 788,074 -5.98%
CAR 3,762 3,705 3,738 3,721 3,709 -0.35%
ILOCOS REGION 445,049 382,569 293,993 290,975 276,661 -10.78%
CAGAYAN VALLEY 90,108 66,209 37,910 58,781 46,439 -8.80%
CENTRAL LUZON 84,131 68,314 58,453 64,401 64,053 -5.90%
CALABARZON 45,424 40,887 42,385 44,914 58,628 7.54%
MIMAROPA 7,896 8,022 8,333 9,551 9,582 5.11%
BICOL REGION 1,622 1,438 1,410 1,516 1,398 -3.39%
WESTERN VISAYAS 58,067 46,421 44,487 50,447 45,344 -5.24%
CENTRAL VISAYAS 72,917 65,818 65,293 71,021 65,001 -2.56%
EASTERN VISAYAS 721 828 904 902 885 5.48%
ZAMBOANGA PENINSULA 59,603 53,113 57,809 74,025 78,411 7.98%
NORTHERN MINDANAO 33,685 33,251 35,869 37,593 35,521 1.47%
DAVAO REGION 38,081 36,595 37,048 33,908 29,730 -5.87%
SOCCSKSARGEN 51,152 47,516 53,655 56,264 52,330 0.92%
CARAGA 16,845 17,230 15,404 15,520 12,156 -7.31%
ARMM 14,846 12,094 14,752 12,138 8,226 -11.63%

As you can see on the graph below, there was a drastic decrease in terms of area, volume
and yield in 2007 to 2009. Although, these increased in 2010, a decrease also occurred in
2011.

Figure 1. Philippine mango industry performance in terms of area, volume and

production from 2007-20113

1,200,000 6.00
5.56
1,023,907
1,000,000 4.73 5.00
4.36
884,011 4.10 4.21
771,441 825,676 788,074
800,000 4.00

600,000 3.00

400,000 2.00

184,174 186,770 188,139 189,437 187,073

200,000 1.00

0 0.00
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Volume Area Yield

The total mango production in the country in 2011 reached 788,074 MT. More than 50%
of the production was obtained from Ilocos Region (35.11%), Zamboanga Peninsula
(9.95%), Central Visayas (8.25%) and Central Luzon (8.13%).

2 th
Current Trends on Mango in the Local and Export Market, presented during the 14 National Mango
Congress
3
PHILIPPINE MANGO INDUSTRY : Challenges and Priority Actions, presented during the 14th National Mango
Congress
 Table 3. Major Mango Producing Regions, Philippines, 20114

MAJOR PRODUCING REGIONS TOTAL PRODUCED PERCENT SHARE

PHILIPPINES 788,074 100.00
ILOCOS REGION 276,661 35.11
ZAMBOANGA PENINSULA 78,411 9.95
CENTRAL VISAYAS 65,001 8.25
CENTRAL LUZON 64,053 8.13
CALABARZON 58,628 7.44
SOCCSKSARGEN 52,330 6.64
CAGAYAN VALLEY 46,439 5.89
WESTERN VISAYAS 45,344 5.75
NORTHERN MINDANAO 35,521 4.51
DAVAO REGION 29,730 3.77
Others 35,957 4.56

C. Demand and Exports

The table below shows the major mango exporting countries in the world wherein the
Philippines has a total share of 7.8%.

Table 4. Top Mango Exporting Countries in the World5

Country Share in Global Exports (%)

Mexico 10.30
Philippines 7.80
Pakistan 7.60
Brazil 6.00
India 5.20
Netherlands 3.30
Peru 2.00
Guatemala 1.90
France 1.70
Haiti 1.30

Moreover, as presented on the table below, the fresh produce is still the most exported
form of mango from 2007 to 2011.

4 th
Current Trends on Mango in the Local and Export Market, presented during the 14 National Mango
Congress
5
CIA World Factbook (2011 estimates)
 Table 5. Mango Export Volume By Product Form, 2007-20116

Item 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Quantity Quantity Quantity Quantity Quantity

Mangoes, Fresh 26,337,819 20,844,519 20,380,862 20,114,956 21,150,895

Mangoes, Dried 2,591,323 1,027,235 1,049,919 3,619,962 9,463,639
Mango Puree, 7,898,273 6,771,930 4,986,705 5,160,572 6,090,355
Mango Juice 5,046,179 3,741,153 5,910,623 4,175,418 5,676,113
Other Processed 1,056,882 820,571 1,035,141 797,097 1,007,536
Products
Total All Forms 42,930,476 33,205,408 33,363,250 33,868,035 43,388,541

However, as depicted on the subsequent figure, the exportation of fresh mangoes is

decreasing from 2007 to 2010 which slightly increased in 2011. On the other hand, the
export volume for other mango product forms varied from 2007 to 2011.

Figure 2. Trends in mango exportation by product forms from 2007-20117

30,000,000

25,000,000
Mangoes, Fresh
20,000,000
Volume

Mangoes, Dried
15,000,000

10,000,000 Mango Puree,

5,000,000 Mango Juice

-
2007 '2008 2009 2010 2011

D. Major Market/Buyers

According to the 2011 estimates of the CIA World Factbook, the USA has the biggest
share on mango importation with 43.20%. On the other hand, while China is the second
largest mango producer in the world, it is also the second largest importer of mango with
10.18% share.

6 th
Current Trends on Mango in the Local and Export Market, presented during the 14 National Mango
Congress
7
Current Trends on Mango in the Local and Export Market, presented during the 14th National Mango
Congress
 Table 6. Top Mango Importing Countries in the World8

Country Share in Global Exports (%)

USA 43.20
China 10.18
Netherlands 7.50
UAE 5.20
France 4.90
Malaysia 4.50
UK 3.95
Saudi Arabia 3.90
Germany 3.80
Singapore 2.30

In terms of product form, Japan (excluding Okinawa) is the biggest importer of fresh
mango with 41.13% share or US$ 6,877,334.

Table 7. Major Market for Fresh Mango, 20119

COUNTRY FOB Value (US$) %SHARE

TOTAL 16,721,387 100.00
Japan (Excludes Okinawa) 6,877,334 41.13
Hongkong 6,531,814 39.06
Korea, Republic Of South 2,198,233 13.15
United States Of America 525,965 3.15
Singapore 245,429 1.47
Others 342,612 2.05

Whereas, for dried mango, the United States has the biggest improtation with
US$34,400,826 FOB Value or 43.27% share.

Table. 8 Major Market for Dried Mango , 201110

COUNTRY FOB Value (US$) %SHARE

TOTAL 79,505,662 100.00
United States Of America 34,400,826 43.27
Japan (Excludes Okinawa) 11,253,504 14.15
Hongkong 8,602,832 10.82
Canada 8,131,626 10.23
China, People'S Republic Of 3,513,208 4.42
Others 13,603,666 17.11

For mango puree, Hong Kong has the largest share of importation at 19.53% or
US$1,476,897.

8
CIA World Factbook (2011 estimates)
9 th
Current Trends on Mango in the Local and Export Market, presented during the 14 National Mango
Congress
10
Current Trends on Mango in the Local and Export Market, presented during the 14th National Mango
Congress
 Table 9. Major Market for Mango Puree, 201111
COUNTRY FOB Value (US$) %SHARE
TOTAL 7,560,489 100.00
Hongkong 1,476,897 19.53
Japan (Excludes Okinawa) 1,403,264 18.56
United States Of America 1,204,407 15.93
Korea, Republic Of South 972,746 12.87
New Zealand (Excludes 874,665 11.57
Western Samoa)
Others 1,628,510 21.54

Lastly, the major market for mango juice is South Korea with 60.88% share or
US$534,483.

Table 10. Major Market for Mango Juice , 201112

COUNTRY FOB Value (US$) %SHARE
TOTAL 877,887 100.00
Korea, Republic Of South 534,483 60.88
Canada 134,275 15.30
China, People'S Republic Of 64,268 7.32
Australia 55,503 6.32
United States Of America 55,017 6.27
Others 34,341 3.91

E. Major Suppliers

According to the Philippine Exporters Association, the following are the major suppliers
of fresh mangoes:

 Diamond Star Agro Products, Inc. Agrinurture, Inc.

 Fruitful Harvest Corporation Cebu Legacy Marketing Corporation
 G.H. Leonardo Marketing Corporation Divine Providence Trading
 Sancorp Best Fruits, Inc. Weambard International Traders Inc.
 Sucrex Marketing Corporation Alter Trade Corporation
 Wenatchee Marketing, Inc. (WR Trading) Cebu Legacy Marketing Corp.
 Sun Q Technical Trading Company JM Agro Industrial Trading

F. Marketing Practices

The supply chain of the mango industry has been characterized by production-marketing
arrangements between growers and sprayers-contractors who also act as traders. These
growers and traders sell to wholesale markets, processors, wet retail markets,

11 th
Current Trends on Mango in the Local and Export Market, presented during the 14 National Mango
Congress
12
Current Trends on Mango in the Local and Export Market, presented during the 14th National Mango
Congress
 supermarkets and exporters. The major cities such as Manila, Cebu and Davao City are
the key trading centers for mangoes that are sold in the local market.13

Figure 3. Philippine Mango Supply Chain

Farm Managers Suppliers or Spray Exporter

Brokers Contractors

Production
Area

G. Challenges

The following are the challenges being faced by the Philippine mango industry:
 Poor implementation of quality standards
Majority of the stakeholders in this industry are from the backyard sector. This pose
quality control problems since some of these farms are not following the standards in
agricultural chemical application.

 Insufficient supply
Demand for Philippine mango is continuously increasing through the years but the
country cannot meet these requirements. On the other hand, shifting of mango
producers to other crops also contribute to the decreasing supply of the crop.

 Erratic and relatively low yield

It can be observed that in Table 2, mango production in the country from 2007 to
2011 has an average growth rate of -5.98%. This poses a problem since clients,
particularly traders and processors demand for a stable supply of this commodity.

 Susceptibility to a range of insect pests, diseases and disorders

One of the reasons for the lower production is the susceptibility of our mango
varieties to a range of insect pests, diseases and disorders

 Short storage life

Since the Philippine mango has a short storage life, it makes it more difficult to be
transported to its markets.

13
http://davaoagribiz.da.gov.ph/profile/commodity/mango%20profile.html December 11, 2012
  Disaggregate sector and multi-layered marketing
The system results in inefficiencies and high freight costs for the stakeholders.

 High cost of production

Due to pests and diseases, climate change and poor farming practices resulting in the
wrong application of technologies (fertilizer and insecticide), yield in mango
production becomes lower.

 Limited access to quality planting materials

This is due to lack of accredited nurseries and trained propagators.

 High postharvest losses

This is due to insufficient number of postharvest equipments and infrastructure for
the commodity.

 Weak product promotion

Opportunities

 Large domestic market/demand

 High demand in the international market for fresh, dried and puree
 Strategic geographical location in ASEAN and whole Asian markets.
 Expanding export markets

Threats
 Strong competition from imported fruits
 Stiff competition from other mango producing countries (Mexico, Thailand, Vietnam)
 Predominance of Florida types in the world market
 Climate change
 Emergence of new pests and diseases
 Declining number of mango growers, spray contractors/financiers
 Massive cutting of mango trees

H. Policy Measures

 Strengthen the accreditation of nurseries and also the plant material certification to
produce quality planting materials
 Rehabilitation of mango trees
 Info dissemination/training and advocacy
 Strengthen traceability system
 Increase quality exportable mango
 Revisit current government fees (including quarantine, inspection costs)
 Strengthen strong linkages with industry players and relevant institutions on
strategic planning, resource mobilization and capacity building.
 Support to research and development (Benchmarking on Industry Good Practices
and Product Development Market-Based Research
  Strengthening of the regulatory services (e.g. certification system, pest risk analysis,
pesticide residue analysis, food safety, quarantine protocols)
 Increase per capita consumption through information dissemination

I. Interventions

INPUTS : Improve availability and quality of planting materials

Key Result Area Action Programs Working

Group
Establishment/ Invest in nurseries LGU
rehabilitation of nurseries Strengthen the accreditation of nurseries Private Sector
and foundation scion grove and plant material certification program DA-RFUs
BPI
Training on proper Conduct of trainings DA -RFUs
handling of planting Reproduce and distribute IEC materials ATI
materials and provision of to farmers LGU
IEC materials Industry
Association
Private Sector

FARM PRODUCTION : Enhance farm efficiency and investments

Key Result Area Action Programs Working

Group
Yield improvement IEC campaign on GAP/best farm LGU
practices Private Sector
DA-RFUs
ATI
Production expansion Production of quality planting materials DA -RFUs
and site identification LGU
Industry
Association
Private Sector

Adoption of GAP Benchmarking and best practices LGU

dissemination Private Sector
Conduct training on modern DA
farm/processing practices
ATI
Develop sanitizing protocols and codes
of practice for compliance of GAP BAFPS

Training on proper Conduct of trainings SCUs

harvesting ATI
DA
 LGU
Private Sector

PROCESSING : Increase export value

Key Result Area Action Programs Time Frame/
Working
Group
Adequate postharvest Provision of postharvest equipment; Private Sector
facilities and equipment fabrication of prototype equipment DA-HVCDP
Philmech
DOST
More value added products Evaluate/monitor field processors SCUs
Develop marketable value-added Private Sector
products thru capacity building and DA
institutional development DTI
DOST

MARKET : Improve market price and quality standards

Key Result Area Action Programs Working Group

Globally competitive Exporters to work with suppliers, Private Sector

product and superior growers and contractors to ensure GAP DA-HVCDP
quality is in place BAFPS
BPI
Enhanced market access Find alternative markets DA-AMAS
and marketing strategies by DTI
strong product promotion

Inadequate market Conduct of trade missions Private sector,

intelligence Tap agricultural attache DA-AMAS, DTI,
DOST

SUPPORT SERVICES
Financing : Access to long-term funds

Key Result Area Action Programs Working

Group
Access to long term Review financing program for mango Private sector
financing Endorsement of proposal to financing LBP
institutions DBP
ACPC
LGU

SUPPORT SERVICES
Policies

Key Result Area Action Programs Time Frame/

Working
Group
Improved collection and Review official data in consultation with Private
recording of industry data the private sector sector
(e.g production, area, BAS
demand, trade) LGU

References:

Commodity Profile of Mango. Agriculture and Fisheries Marketing Information

System. www.afmis.da.gov.ph/index.../907-
commodityprofileofmangoregioni.html. August 7, 2012

Commodity Profile of Mango. Department of Agriculture- Davao region.

http://davaoagribiz.da.gov.ph/profile/commodity/mango%20profile.html
December 11, 2012

Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition

2009 http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mango. November16, 2012

Gregoria Santos. (October, 2012). Current Trends on Mango in the Local and
Export Market. presented during the 14th National Mango Congress

Jennifer Remoquillo. (October, 2012). PHILIPPINE MANGO INDUSTRY: Challenges

and Priority Action., presented during the 14th National Mango Congress

Mango. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango. November 16 2012

Top Mango Exporting countries in the world.

http://www.mapsofworld.com/world-top-ten/mango-exporting-countries.html.
November 18, 2012

Top Mango Importing countries in the world.

http://www.mapsofworld.com/world-top-ten/mango-exporting-countries.html.
November 18, 2012