Networking essentials

1. All layers of the OSI model

2. Ethernet
3. ARP
4. Switch information
5. Basic configuration of routers

MUST KNOW THIS ^

multiplexing, segmenting

intermedietary devices direct the path of data, but do not generate or change
data content.

OSI
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Netwrk
2 Data Link
1 Physical

As data is passed down from each level, encapsulation happens. This is when
headers and information is added to the original protocol data unit – pdu

7. Application layer:
Provides the interface to the network. Exchanges data between programs running
on source and destination.
Protocols: proceses, types, syntax, meaning of informational fields, how
messages sent, expected response, interations with the next lower layer
This layer processes and services rely on support from lower layer functions to
successfully manage multiple conversations.
telnet: not secure! Ssh alternate with remote login.
6. Presentation:
coding, conversion to ensure data can be read by destination application.
Compression of data. Encryption of data, decryption of data.
5. Session

4. transport
Dividing data into small parts, and sending these parts from the source to the
destination, enables many different communications to be interleaved
(multiplexed) on the same network.

Segmentation of the data, in accordance with Transport layer protocols, provides

the means to both send and receive data when running multiple applications
concurrently on a computer.
-adds header to PDU from application layer.

Services assigned to ports, so transport layer can direct to the right application.

Segmentation, reassembly, multiplexing.

Dividing data into pieces ensures it is transmitted within limits of media
and ensures multiplexing on the media is possible.

Establish session – prep the apps to communicate before data transmitted. This
results in closely managed data communication.
Reliable delivery - corrupt and lost data can be retransmitted.
Same order delivery – networks providing many routes that can be used to send
data, this layer can reorganise data via transport layer.
Flow control – protocols to request sending applicatiosn to reduce rate of
dataflow. Transport layer regulates amount of data source transmits as a group.
Delay can be used to lessen strain on resources. Can also control data flw by
using dynamic window sizes, so that segments are acknowledged more
frequently. This slows down rate of transmission because th source waits for
acknowledgement more frequently. If receiving host has congestion, it responds
to sendign host with segment with reduced window size. This causes sender to
reduce window size to that which is specified in the segment received.

Reliability – databases, web pages, email – require data to be complete to be

useful. Additional overhead (more data in headers and network processing cost)
- video streams, voice streams – speed more important. If a few
segments drop there may be distortion in the image but may not
be that noticable to the user.

UDP is connectionless, low overhead, DNS, Video, VOIP. Best effort. 8 bytes of
overhead. Not concerned with order of transmission or maintaining connection.
No sequence number. May arrive in different order. DHCP, TFTP, online games,
RIP routing information protocol

TCP is all about handshakes. Connection oriented, aditional overhead, each tcp
segment has 20 bytes of overhead. TCP has SEQUENCE number in header
Header segment: source and destination port. Ip address. Window size. Specifies
amount of data that can be transmitted before an acknowledgement must be
received.
NETSTAT can be used to examine open conections

Resequencing segments:
Tcp process places data from a segment into receiving buffer. Segments are
placed in proper sequence number order, then reassembled, the napssed to
application layer. Segments arriving with non-contiguous sequence numbers are
held for later processing. When the missing segments arrive, these are then also
put into seuence.

Acknolwedgement of received items are sent to source. The number will specify
the last received packet, and the source will resend the bits after it, assuming
that they were lost.
ESTABLISHMENT ^

TERMINATION ^
Network layer
Devices must be indentified with addresses, and the PDUs must be encapsulated
with these ip addresses. After this, it is then prepared for transportation over
media.

May hop across many routers/networks. Packet forwarded, network pdu changed,
but transport layer pdu remains intact until destination host. Host decapsulates
PDU after verifying that the packet was addressed tothat device. If so,
decapsulation and passing up occurs.

Network layer protocols specify packet structure and processing to cary data
from one host to another

Ipv4:
Connectionless – no connection established before sending data packets (eg:
sending letter to someone without notifying the recipient in advance)
Best effort (unreliable) – no overhead to guarentee delivery
Media independent

If packets arrive out of order, upper levels deal with it. All network does is deliver.
This makes it efficient.

One major characteristic of the network layer: maximum size of pdu that
mediums can transport. This is a control communication between data link and
network.

Source and destination address do not change!

next-hop : a router recieves the packet, decapsulates to read the ip, checks if the
route is in the routing table, if so sends it along. If none exist, packet forwarded
to interface indicated by default route. Router at eachhop onl knows the address
of next hop, not the details of pathway.

If, at any router, no route for the destination network is found in the routing table
and there is no default route, that packet is dropped.

This route information can be manually configured (static routing) on the router
or learned dynamically from other routers in the same internetwork. (dynamic
routing)

Static: no netowrk overhead.

Dynamic: up to date info. BUT exchange of route info adds overhead, route info
received is procssed extensively by protocols to make routing table entries. This
means the routers need sufficient processing capacity.

Data layer
Only pdu with a trailer. Includes fcs, error checking and stop frame.

The basic frame format and the IEEE sublayers of OSI Layers 1 and 2 remain
consistent across all forms of Ethernet. However, the methods for detecting and
placing data on the media vary with different implementations.

Ethernet provides unacknowledged connectionless service over a shared media

using CSMA/CD as the media access methods. Shared media requires that the
Ethernet frame header use a Data Link layer address to identify the source and
destination nodes. As with most LAN protocols, this address is referred to as the
MAC address of the node. An Ethernet MAC address is 48 bits and is generally
represented in hexadecimal format.
Ethernet II is the Ethernet frame format used in TCP/IP networks.

The ARP cache links mac addresses to ip addresses. In datalink, mac address of
source host is used as source.gateway mac address used as destination mac
address. Frame also ids the upperlayer protocol of ipv4 in type field, preamble,
ends with CRC and end sequence.
Data link then uses CSMA/CD to control placing of the frame onto the media.