Transportation Engineering I

CE 304
Dr. Anjan Kumar S
Assistant Professor
Civil Engineering Department
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
Email: sak@iitg.ernet.in
Course Contents

• Introduction to Transportation Engineering

• Vehicle and Driver Characteristics

• Geometric Design of Highways

• Characterization of Pavement Materials

• Pavement Analysis and Design

• Introduction to Superpave
Texts and References
• Texts:
• S.K. Khanna, C.E.G. Justo, and A. Veeraragavan. Highway Engineering, Nem Chand Bros., 2014.
• S.C. Saxena and S.P. Arora, A text book of Railway engineering, Dhanpat Rai, 2001.

• References:
• P. Chakroborty and A. Das, Principles of Transportation Engineering, Prentice Hall India, 2003.
• C.J. Khisty and B.K. Lall, Transportation Engineering: an introduction, Prentice Hall India, 2003.
• Y. H. Huang, Pavement Analysis and Design, Pearson Education, India, 2008.
• C.S. Papacostas and P.D. Prevedouros, Transportation Engineering and Planning, Prentice Hall India, 2001.

• Codes and Specifications

• IRC
• MORT&H
• ASTM
• AASHTO
Evaluation Structure
• Quizzes and Exams
QUIZ 1 MIDSEM QUIZ 2 ENDSEM
10 (Marks) 30 (Marks) 10 (Marks) 50 (Marks)

• Grading
• Out of 100 Marks

AA AB BB BC CC CD DD F

90-100 80-89 70-79 60-69 50-59 40-49 30-39 0-29

• Attendance
• AS PER INSTITUTE NORMS (MIN 75%)
Introduction
• Transportation System
• Consisting of the fixed facilities, the flow entities, and the control system that permit
people and goods to overcome the friction of geographical space efficiently in order to
participate in a timely manner in some desired activity

• Fixed Facilities
• Roadway, railway, pipelines, airports

• Flow entities
• Vehicles, Trains, Ships, Aircrafts

• Control system
• Vehicular Control
• Vehicle and Driver
• Flow control
• Signals, marking and signs
Introduction
• Importance of Transportation
• Emergency
• Role of Transportation • Law and order
• safe, economic, efficient transport • Defense
→ Overall development • Medical

• Economic development • Rural areas

• Production or supply • Farm to Market
• Distribution or demand • Diversification and Commercialization
• Access to education, health and
• Social effects finance services
• Sectionalism
• Concentration
• Safety
Introduction
• Basic Media • Major Modes of Transportation
• Land • Roadways or Highways
• Water • Railways
• Air • Waterways
• Airways
• Others !!
• Pipelines
• Ropeway
• Hyperloop
• How about Telecommunications?
Overview of Major Transportation Systems
Passenger Freight
System Ubiquity Mobility Efficiency Mode
Service Service
Highways Very high: Speeds are Not high as Truck Negligible Intercity, local
land owners limited by regards farm to
have direct human safety, processing and
access to a factors and energy, and market centers.
road or speed limits. some costs Small
street. Direct Capacity per shipments;
routing vehicle is low containers
limited by but many Bus Intercity Packages
terrain and vehicles are and local (Intercity)
land use. available
Automobile Intercity Personal items
and local only
Bicycle Intercity Negligible
and local
Overview of Major Transportation Systems

Passenger Freight
System Ubiquity Mobility Efficiency Mode
Service Service
Rail Limited by Speed and Generally Railroads Mostly < Intercity, mostly
transport large capacity can high, but 300 miles bulk and
investment in be higher labor costs and oversized
route than for may result in suburban shipments;
structure. highway low cost commuters containers
Also modes. efficiency. Rail transit Regional, None
constrained intracity
by terrain.
Overview of Major Transportation Systems
Passenger Freight
System Ubiquity Mobility Efficiency Mode
Service Service
Air transport Airport costs Speeds are Fairly low as Air carriers Mostly > High-value
reduce highest, but regards 300 miles freight (no bulk)
accessibility. capacity per energy and and across on long hauls;
Excellent vehicle is operation bodies of containers
opportunity limited costs water
for direct General Intercity; Minor
routing. aviation business,
recreation
Overview of Major Transportation Systems

Passenger Freight
System Ubiquity Mobility Efficiency Mode
Service Service
Water Direct Low speed. Very high: Ships Cruise Bulk cargos,
transport routing and Very high low cost, low traffic. Ferry especially
accessibility capacity per energy use. service petroleum;
limited by vehicle Safety varies. containers
availability Barges None Bulk cargos,
of navigable especially
waterways petroleum;
and safe containers
ports
Hovercraft Ferry Minor
service
Overview of Major Transportation Systems
Passenger Freight
System Ubiquity Mobility Efficiency Mode
Service Service
Continuous- Limited to Low speeds. Generally Pipelines None Liquid, gases
flow systems few routes High high: low- and slurries on
and access capacity cost energy short and long
points use. hauls
Belts Escalators Bulk materials
and belts for handling,
short mostly < 10
distances miles
Cables Lifts and Materials
tows for handling in
short rough terrain
distances in
rough
terrain
Road Transport
• Characteristics
• Nearest to people
• Used by
• Wide variety of automobiles
• Cycles and carts
• Pedestrians
• Low investment
• Freedom of Choice
• Facilitates whole society

• How about Limitations?

• Safety-ROAD CRASHES
• Long distance travel
• Weather
• Speed
• Inconsistency
Historic Development of Roads

Source: A HISTORY OF ROADS IN VIRGINIA “THE MOST CONVENIENT WAYES”

Development of Roads in India
• Current Status
• Third largest in the world (42 lakh km)
after China and USA
• Density 0.66 km of road per square km of
land similar to USA and much denser than
China
• Road Development Programmes
• National Highway Development Programme
• NHAI, NHIDCL,
• Bharathmala, Sagarmala
• National Rural Road Development Agency
• PMGSY, CMGSY, etc.,
Road Classification
• Generic
• all-weather roads
• fair-weather roads

• Methods of classification
• traffic Volume: vehicle count: ex: vehicles per hour
• load transported or tonnage
• location and function
Road Classification
• Nagpur Road Plan

• National Highways (NH): main highways running through the length and breadth of
India, connecting major ports, foreign highways, capitals of large states, industrial and
tourist centre including roads required for strategic movements for the defence in India.

• State Highways (SH): arterial roads of state, connecting the national highways of
adjacent state, district head quarters and important cities

• Major District Roads (MDR): important roads within a district serving areas of
production and markets

• Other District Roads (ODR): roads serving rural areas of production to markets

• Village Roads (VR): connecting villages or groups of villages

Road Classification
• Modified Classification
I. Primary system
a) Expressways
b) National Highways

II. Secondary system

a) State Highways
b) Major District Roads

III. Tertiary system or rural

a) Other district roads
b) Village roads
Road Classification
• Classification of urban roads

• Arterial roads

• Sub-arterial roads

• Collector streets and

• Local streets
Road Patterns

• Rectangular or Block Pattern

Built
Up
Area
Main Road

Central
Business Area

Cross Roads
Road Patterns

• Hexagonal Pattern
Road Patterns

• Radial or Star and Block Pattern

Central
Radial Roads
Business
Area

Rectangular Pattern

Built Up Area
Road Patterns

• Radial or Star and Circular Pattern Central Business

Area or Focal Point
Built Up
Area
Ring Road

Radial Road
Road Patterns
• Radial or Star and Grid Pattern
Focal Point

Radial Roads

Grid
Road Development Summary
Highway Planning
• Objects of planning
• to plan overall road network
• arrive at road system with maximum utility
• phase development
• prioritization
• future planning
• suitable financing system
Highway Planning
• Planning Surveys (fact finding studies)

I. Economic studies
II. Financial studies
III. Traffic or road use studies
IV. Engineering studies
Highway Planning
• Economic studies
a) Total population and classified distribution
• occupation; income- village; town

b) Population growth trend of groups

c) Agricultural and industrial products

• growth and trends

d) Existing facilities
• communication; education; banks; hospitals etc.,

e) Per capita income

Highway Planning
• Financial Studies
a) Sources of income
• revenue from road transport
b) Standard of living
• trend in changes
c) Resources
• toll taxes; vehicle registration and fines
d) Anticipated development
• generated income
e) Future trends
Highway Planning
• Traffic or road use studies
a) Classified traffic volume- vehicles/hour
• ADT (average daily traffic); AADT (average annual daily traffic); AWT (average week
day traffic); AAWT (average annual week day traffic); PHF (peak hour factor); DHV
(design hour volume)
b) Origin and destination studies
c) Mass transportation facilities
d) Road Crashes
• causes and cost
e) Forecasted trends in travel pattern
• goods
• trips and mode choice
Highway Planning
• Engineering studies
• topographic surveys
• soil surveys
• location and classification of roads
• assessment of developments
• road life studies
• special problems
• drainage; construction; climate; maintenance
Highway Planning
• Interpretation of data
• road length optimization
• project prioritization
• assess road use
• identify areas of congestion
• assess performance
• economic comparison
• predict future trends
• growth in productivity and population
• generate traffic volume
Highway Planning
• MASTER PLAN
• Determination of optimum road length
• saturation system: utility based
• population
• < 500 = 0.25
• 501 to 1000 = 0.50
• 1001 to 2000 = 0.75
• productivity
• one thousand tonnes = 1
• coal & raw materials assigned lower values
Highway Planning
• Four alternate road plans P, Q, R & S with different road length is
proposed for an area under consideration. The details of
population and products served are given below. Determine the
optimum road plan.

Number of town and villages served with

Road Total
population range
Proposal length, productivity,
(utilities: 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.5 respectively)
km thousands
1001-2000 2001-5000 5001-10000 >10000
P 300 160 80 30 6 200
Q 400 200 90 60 8 270
R 500 240 110 70 10 315
S 550 248 112 73 12 335
Highway Planning
Road Total Total
Utility per Priority based
Proposal length, population productivity,
length on utility
km units thousands

325/300 =
P 300 125 200 II
1.083
445/400 =
Q 400 175 270 I
1.112
525/500 =
R 500 210 315 III
1.050
556/550 =
S 550 221 335 IV
1.010

(𝟏𝟔𝟎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓) + (𝟖𝟎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎) + (𝟑𝟎 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟎) + (𝟔 ∗ 𝟐. 𝟓) = 𝟏𝟐𝟓

Summary
• Transportation
• diverse field: planning; design; construction; operation and management
• Good transportation
• safe; economic and efficient
• Multidisciplinary
• economics; geography; statistics
• Why, when and how people move? COMPLEX ISSUE
• Transportation and Sustainability
• strong connection
• Advanced technologies
Phases and Scope
• Development: planning; master plan; surveys and alignment
• Highway design
• geometric
• structures
• Traffic Performance and its control
• regulation; control; design
• Materials, Construction and Maintenance
• Economics, Finance and Administration