OPHTHALMOLOGY

1ST LE

1. Movt of upper eyelid-muscles involve?

-orbicularis oculi muscle
-levator palpabrae superioris
-muller muscle
2. opening bet upper and lower lid- palpebral fissure
3. found in the medial canthus- caruncle
4. upper lid lags lower than normal- ptosis
5. inability to close lids together when blinking- lagopthalmos
6. middle layer of the tear film- aqueous layer
7. structures at the posterior half of the eyelid
- tarsus
- palpebral conjunctiva
- meibomian gland
8. 3 bones that make the floor of the orbit
- Maxilla
- Palatine
- Ethmoid
9. Lens- what layer= posterior chamber
10. Measures shape of the cornea= keratometer
11. Cornea remains clear because:
- Avascular
- Demyelinated
- Keratin dehydration
12. EOM supplied by CN III
- Superior rectus
- Inferior rectus
- Medial rectus
- Inferior oblique
13. Primary action- depression, secondary- extortion, tertiary- adduction=INFERIOR RECTUS
14. Lens placode begin to invaginate= week 5-6
15. Visible light spectrum= 380-770 nm
16. Tears which constitute aqueos layer come mainly from?
- Krausse
- Wolfring
- Lacrimation
17. Reflex tear secretion is mainly derived from= lacrimal gland
18. Aqueous humor is produced by the= non pigmented epithelium of ciliary body
19. Largest and 1st to appear = alpha crystalline
 20. Main composition of vitreous humor= water
21. Refractive power of cornea= 43D
22. Change in the curvature of the cornea= astigmatism
23. Redness localized near the limbus= ciliary injection
24. Lump seen at the lacrimal sac area= hordeolum
25. Pt couldn’t see counting finger but can tell where the light stimuli= light projection
26. Blink reflex or corneal sensitivity test, efferent arm is= CN V
27. 15x magnification with an upright margin= direct ophthalmoscope
28. Night blindness= nyctalopia
29. Simple assessment of fovea centralis= visual acuity
30. Occur after trauma with axial purplish discoloration of lids= orbital hemorrhage
31. Upper jaw with open bite= treacher collies syndrome
32. Acute staph infection of the lid margin involving gland of zeiss and moll= external hordeolum
33. Chronic granulomatous inflammation of meibomian gland without gross inflammatory
signs=chalazion
34. Transparent innermost layer of the choroid= bruch’s membrane
35. Elevation, intortion, adduction= superior rectus
36. Acute staph inf of the meibomian gland= internal hordeolum
37. Chronic inf and inflammation of the meibomian gland usually assoc with blepharitis=
meibomanitis
38. Excessive tearing= epiphora
39. Normal IOP= 10-21 mmhg
40. Blood in anterior chamber= hyphema
41. Pus in AC= hypopyon
- Questions about glaucoma also included in the 1st LE, extracted directly from Dr.
Bernardino’s slides
- There were Questions about the history, real definition and a bit of drugs ( pilocarpine I
think) pls refer on the lecture

2nd LE

DSES OF RETINA, VITREOUS & OPTIC NERVE

1. Rod function
- Night blindness
- Peripheral vision
2. Cone fxn
- Visual acuity
- Color
- Fovea
3. Neurofibromatosis= café au lait spots
4. COATS dse= white mass behind lens, yellow white exudative patch beneath telangiectatic vessel
5. RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY= occurs in premature infantswith BW <1500 g
6. STAGE 2= ridge
7. STAGE 3= fibrovascular proliferation
8. CENTRAL/BRANCH RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION= cherry red spots
PUPILS AND DSES OF THE UVEA
9. Pars plana= posterior= accommodation
10. Parts of uveal tract
- Iris
- Ciliary body
- Choroid
11. Koeppe nodule- edge of pupil; nodules at the papillary margin
12. Aniridia- rudimentary to absent iris
13. ELISA- most accurate
14. Phacolytic glaucoma-hypermature cataract
15. Dyscoria- abn shape of pupil
16. Corectopia- pupil displaced from its normal position
17. Polycoria- multiple iris openings
18. Hippus- papillary unrest
19. Anisocoria- unequal size of pupil
20. ARGYLL ROBERTSON PUPIL-failure to constrict with lightbut constricts with convergence
- Bilateral
- Syphilis
21. Pilocarpine 0.125%- test for adies
22. Horner’s syndrome
- Ptosis
- Mydriasis
- Anhydrosis
23. Uveal function
- Nourishment
- Aqueous humor production
24. Scotoma- pie in the sky
25. Coloboma- keyhole
OPTICAL DEFECTS
26. Myopia- front of the eye
27. Emmetropia-upon the retina (normal)
28. Hyperopia-behind the eye
29. Mean axial length- 24mm
30. Asthenopia- eye strain , visual fatigue
31. Physical optics- properties of light-electromagnetic spectrum
32. Geometric optics- how light behaves when affected by various media
33. Refraction- behaviour of light when passing from one optical media to another
34. T/F If light strikes the surface in a PERPENDICULAR fashion, its direction will NOT BE CHANGED
35. If light strikes the interface of a new medium, at an ANGLE, the direction of light WILL BE
CHANGED
36. PRISM- piece of optical quality glass or plastic with triangular face
37. Light bent toward the BASE of the prism
38. Myopia
- Concave
- Minus lens
- Diverging
39. Hyperopia
- Convex
- Plus lens
- Converging
40. The SMALLER the radius of the curvature, the STEEPER the curve of the lens, the more diopter
41. Presbyopia- decreased accommodation when you reach 40y/o
42. Astigmatism- refracting power not the same in all meridians
43. Anisometropia-refractive error of each eye is different
44. Migraine NOT associated with eye problem
45. LASIK- use of laser to correct the cornea by producing a flap
46. Cylinders- treatment of astigmatism
CORNEA & SCLERA
47. 0.506- central thickness
48. Stocker line- base of pterygium (vertical)
49. Ferry line- filtering bleb ( horizontal)
50. Fleischer ring- circular- KERATOCONUS
51. Kayser-Fleischer ring- ring of copper-Wilson Hepatolenticular Degeneration
52. Krukenberg spindle- pigment dispersion syndrome
53. Keratic precipitates- inflammatory cells
54. Chalcosis- copper
55. Corneal abrasion- MC eye injury
56. Herpes simplex-dendritic ulcer
57. Fungal keratitis- preceeded with trauma; dot like satellite opacities
58. Arcus senilis- aging , high cholesterol
59. Corneal gutata- pathognomonic of Fuch’s dystrophy
60. Terrien’s ulcer- slow progressive thinning
61. Episcleritis- benign; recurrent
62. Scleritis- inflammation of deeper portion of sclera; (+) pain & BOV
RETINA part 2
63. Eale’s dse- nonspecific peripheral periphlebitis; recurrent retinal hemorrhage
64. Retinitis Pigmentosa- degeneration of rods; BONE SPICULES
65. Grade 1- AVR normal 2-3
66. Grade 3- cotton wool patches, flame shaped hemorrhage
67. Retrobulbar neuritis- (+) pain
68. Optic neuritis- (-) pain
69. Neuroretinitis- steallate maculopathy
70. 4mm/25days=lens plate=aphakia
71. 5mm/27days=lens pit=ectopia lentis
72. 7mm/29days=incomplete lens vesicle=spherophakia
73. 9mm/30days=intraocular lens=dislocated lens
74. 8mos AOG=tunica vascular lentis= congenital cataract
75. 30-35% protein
76. Alpha crystalline- largest;1st to appear
77. beta crystalline-abundant
78. main intrinsic polypeptide- water insoluble
79. lens- Na: 20 mm
80. aphakia- congenital absence of lens
81. lentiglobus- posterior pole
82. lenticonus- anterior pole
83. phacomorphic- closed angle
84. cataract- opacity in the lens
85. Posterior subscapular cataract- glare
86. Maturity
- Incipient
- Mature
- Hypermature
87. Traumatic-pathognomonic- star shape- stellate
88. Metabolic-DM- macular pinpoint
89. ICCE- larger incision; total removal
90. ECCE- smaller incision
91. Phacoemulsification- remove anterior capsule
92. Exopthalmos- bilateral protrusion of the eyeballs
93. Accomodation
- Ciliary muscle contracts
- Lens zonule relax
- Increase lens A-P diameter
94. P. aeroginosa- MC cause of bacterial corneal ulcer in th Phil.
95. Anterior staphyloma- bulging cicatrix
96. TRUE- the more dense a material is, the higher the index of refraction
97. The light passing thru the pupil must be focused on the retina with the help of two ocular
media= cornea & lens
98. The lens anatomy is a biconvex structure upon birth
99. Diopter is a unit of measurement of refractive power

100.Diopter is equal to the reciprocal of the focal length of a lens in METER.