Chandrayaan-1 (Hindi: [tʃəndɽəjaːn], lit.

'Moon craft' pronunciation (help·info)) was the first

Indian lunar probe under Chandrayaan program. It was launched by the Indian Space Research
Organisation in October 2008, and operated until August 2009. The mission included a lunar orbiter
and an impactor. India launched the spacecraft using a PSLV-XL rocket, serial number C11, on 22
October 2008 at 00:52 UTC from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, at Sriharikota about 80 km (50 mi)
north of Chennai. The mission was a major boost to India's space program, as India researched and
developed its own technology in order to explore the Moon.[6] The vehicle was inserted into lunar orbit on
8 November 2008.
On 14 November 2008, the Moon Impact Probe separated from the Chandrayaan orbiter at 14:36 UTC
and struck the south pole in a controlled manner, making India the fourth country to place its flag on the
Moon.[8] The probe hit near the crater Shackletonat 15:01 UTC, ejecting sub-surface soil that could be
analysed for the presence of lunar water ice. The location of impact was named as Jawahar Point.
The estimated cost for the project was ₹386 crore (US$56 million).
The remote sensing lunar satellite had a mass of 1,380 kg (3,040 lb) at launch and 675 kg (1,488 lb) in
lunar orbit.[13] It carried high resolution remote sensing equipment for visible, near infrared, and soft
and hard X-ray frequencies. Over a two-year period, it was intended to survey the lunar surface to
produce a complete map of its chemical characteristics and three-dimensional topography. The polar
regions are of special interest as they might contain ice.[14] The lunar mission carried five ISRO payloads
and six payloads from other space agencies including NASA, ESA, and the Bulgarian Aerospace Agency,
which were carried free of cost.[15] Among its many achievements was the discovery of widespread
presence of water molecules in lunar soil.[16][17]
After almost a year, the orbiter started suffering from several technical issues including failure of the star
sensors and poor thermal shielding; Chandrayaan stopped sending radio signals about 20:00 UTC on
28 August 2009, shortly after which the ISRO officially declared the mission over. Chandrayaan
operated for 312 days as opposed to the intended two years but the mission achieved 95% of its
planned objectives.[2][18][19][20]
On 2 July 2016, NASA used ground-based radar systems to relocate Chandrayaan-1 in its lunar orbit,
more than seven years after it shut down.[21][22] Repeated observations over the next three months allowed
a precise determination of its orbit which varies between 150 and 270 km (93 and 168 mi) in altitude every
two years.[23]

Chandrayaan-2
(Sanskrit: चन्द्रयान-२; Sanskrit: [t͡ɕən̪d̪ɾəjaːna d̪ʋi]; lit: Moon-craft[14][15] pronunciation (help·info)) is
India's second lunar exploration mission after Chandrayaan-1.[16] Developed by the Indian Space
Research Organisation (ISRO),[17][18] the mission was launched from Satish Dhawan Space Centre on
22 July 2019 at 2.43 PM IST (09:13 UTC) to the Moon by a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch
Vehicle Mark III (GSLV Mk III). It consists of a lunar orbiter, lander and rover, all developed in
India.[20] The main scientific objective is to map the location and abundance of lunar water.
The lander and the rover will land in a high plain between two craters, Manzinus C and Simpelius N,
at a latitude of about 70° south. The wheeled rover will move on the lunar surface and will perform
on-site chemical analysis. It can relay data to Earth through the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter and lander,
which will fly on the same launch.
Launch of Chandrayaan-2 was originally scheduled for 14 July 2019 at 21:21 UTC (15 July 2019 2:51
IST) but was called off due to a technical snag noticed while filling the cryogenic engine of the rocket
with helium[24] at around 56 minutes(56 minutes 24 seconds[25]) before launch.[26][7] It was launched on 22
July 2019 14:43 IST (09:13 UTC) from the Satish Dhawan Space Centreat Sriharikota in Nellore
district of Andhra Pradesh.
A successful landing would make India the fourth country to achieve a soft landing on the Moon,
after the space agencies of the USSR, USA and China.[27] If successful, Chandrayaan-2 will be the
southernmost lunar landing, aiming at 67°S or 70°S latitude.

The next mission will be Chandrayaan-3 . It is suggested to be launched in 2024. India

is likely to collaborate with Japan in this mission but the mission is not yet defined. Most likely it will be
a lander-rover mission to perform In situ sampling and analysis of collected lunar material and
demonstrate lunar night survival technologies.[
India has launched 106 satellites since 1975. Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) is
responsible for India's Space Program. In February 2017, ISRO has created a new record by
launching 104 satellites in one go. Out of these 104 satellites, only 3 of these were Indian
Satellites.

Chandrayaan-2 composite Start of mission

Launch date July 22, 2019, 14:43:12 IST (09:13:12 UTC)[7]

Rocket GSLV Mk III

Mission type Lunar orbiter, lander, rover

Launch site Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad

Operator Indian Space Research Contractor Indian Space Research Organisation

Organisation

Website www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-home
Moon orbiter

Mission Orbiter: 1 year Orbital insertion 20 August, 2019 (planned)[10][11]

duration Vikram lander: <15 days[1]

Pragyan rover: <15 days[1] Orbital parameters

Payload mass Orbiter (wet): 2,379 kg (5,245 lb)[3][4]

Orbiter (dry): 682 kg (1,504 lb)[5]

Vikram lander (wet): 1,471 kg (3,243 lb)[3][4]

Vikram lander (dry): 626 kg (1,380 lb)[5]

Spacecraft properties Pragyan rover: 27 kg (60 lb)[3][4]

Manufacturer Indian Space Research Organisation

Launch mass Combined (wet): 3,850 kg (8,490 lb)

Combined (dry): 1,308 kg (2,884 lb)[5]

Landing date 7 September, 2019 (planned)[
Power Orbiter: 1 kW [6]

Vikram lander: 650 W

Pragyan rover: 50 W

Types of Satellites and Applications

Satellites can be classified by their function since they are launched into space to do a specific job. The
satellite must be designed specifically to fulfill its role. There are nine different types of satellites
i.e. Communications Satellite, Remote Sensing Satellite, Navigation Satellite, LEO, MEO, HEO, GPS,
GEOs, Drone Satellite, Ground Satellite, Polar Satellite. Communications satellites are artificial
satellites that relay receive signals from an earth station and then retransmit the signal to other earth
stations. They commonly move in a geostationary orbit. A remote Sensing instrument collects
information about an object.
Global Positioning System (GPS) consists of up to 32 medium Earth orbit satellites in six different orbital
planes, with the exact number of satellites varying as older satellites are retired and replaced.
Operational since 1978 and globally available since 1994, GPS is currently the world's most utilized
satellite navigation system.