Chapter 01: Continuity

01 Continuity

Subtopics
1.0 Introduction (Revision)
1.1 Continuity of a Function at a Point
1.2 Discontinuity of a Function
1.3 Types of Discontinuity
1.4 Algebra of Continuous Functions
1.5 Continuity in an Interval
1.6 Continuity in the Domain of the Function
1.7 Continuity of some Standard Functions
Type of Problems Exercise Q. Nos.
Examine the Continuity of Function at a 1.1 Q.1
given point Miscellaneous Q.3 (iii,v)
Types of Discontinuity (Removable 1.1 Q.3
Discontinuity/Irremovable Miscellaneous Q.1
Discontinuity)
Find the Value of Function at given
1.1 Q.4
point if it is Continuous
Find Value of k/a/b/α/β if the Function 1.1 Q.2,5
is Continuous at a Given Point Miscellaneous Q.2, Q.3(ii)
Examine Continuity of a Function over Q.1(v, vi, viii, ix),
1.2
given Domain/Find points of Q.2 (i, ii, iii, iv, v, vii, viii, ix, x)
Discontinuity/Show that given Function
Miscellaneous Q.3 (iv), Q.4(i, iii), Q.5
is Continous
Find the Value of k/a/b/α/β if the Q.1(i, ii, iii, iv, vii),
1.2
Function is Continuous over a given Q.2 (vi)
Domain Miscellaneous Q.3(i), Q.4 (ii)

1
Std. XII : Perfect Maths - II

Introduction (Revision)
In this chapter, we will discuss continuity of a function which is closely related to the concept of limits. There are
some functions for which graph is continuous while there are others for which this is not the case.
Limit of a function:
A function f(x) is said to have a limit l as x tends to ‘a’ if for every ∈ > 0, we can find a positive number δ such
that,
f ( x) − l < ∈ whenever 0 < |x − a| < δ,
If lim f (x) = lim f (x),
x→a + x→a −

then the common value is lim f (x).

x→a

Algebra of limits:
If f(x) and g(x) are any two functions,
i. lim [f(x) + g(x)] = lim f(x) + lim g(x) ii. lim [f(x) − g(x)] = lim f(x) − lim g(x)
x→a x→a x→a x→a x→a x→a

 f ( x)  lim f ( x)
x →a
iii. lim [f(x)⋅g(x)] = lim f(x)⋅ lim g(x) iv. lim   = , where lim g(x) ≠ 0
x→a x→a x→a x →a  g( x )  lim g( x) x→a
x →a
n
v. lim [k.f(x)] = k⋅ lim f(x), where k is a constant. vi. lim [f(x)]n =  lim f ( x ) 
x→a x→a x→a  x→a 

vii. lim n f ( x) = lim f ( x) viii. lim log[f(x)] = log  lim f ( x ) 

 x→a 
n
x →a x →a x→a
lim g ( x )
ix. lim [f(x)]g(x) = lim f ( x )  x→a
x→a  x →a 
Limits of Algebraic functions:
i. lim x = a ii. lim xn = an
x→a x→a

iii. lim k = k, where k is a constant. iv. lim r

x= r
a
x→a x→a
xn − an
v. If P(x) is a polynomial, then lim P(x) = P(a) vi. lim = nan −1
x→a x →a x−a
Limits of Trigonometric functions:
sin x x tan x x
i. lim = 1 = lim ii. lim = 1 = lim
x →0 x x →0 sin x x →0 x x →0 tan x

sin −1 x x tan −1 x x
iii. lim = 1 = lim iv. lim = 1 = lim
x →0 x x →0 sin −1 x x →0 x x →0 tan −1 x

sin x° π
v. lim = vi. lim cos x = 1
x →0 x 180 x →0

sin kx sin x cos x

vii. lim =k viii. lim = lim =0
x →0 x x→ ∞ x x→ ∞ x
1 1
sin   tan  
 x = 1= x sin ( x − a ) tan ( x − a )
ix. lim lim x. lim = 1 = lim
x→ ∞ 1 x→ ∞ 1 x →a x−a x →a x−a
x x
2
 Chapter 01: Continuity
Limits of Exponential functions:
ax −1 ex − 1
i. lim = log a, (a > 0) ii. lim =1
x →0 x x →0 x
1 x
 1 a mx − 1
iii. lim (1 + x) x
= e = lim 1 +  iv. lim = m log a = log am
x →0 x→ ∞
 x x →0 x

Limits of Logarithmic functions:

log (1 + x ) log a (1 + x )
i. lim =1 ii. lim = loga e, a > 0, a ≠ 1
x →0 x x →0 x
log (1− x )
iii. lim =−1
x →0 x

Continuity of a function at a point

Left Hand Limit:

lim f(x) denotes the limit of f(x) when ‘x’ approaches to ‘a’ through values less than ‘a’.
x→ a−

∴ L.H.L. = lim− f(x) = lim f(x) = lim f(a − h), (h > 0) ….[Left hand limit]
x →a x→ a h→0
x< a

Right Hand Limit:

lim f(x) denotes the limit of f(x) when ‘x’ approaches to ‘a’ through values greater than ‘a’.
x→ a+

∴ R.H.L. = lim+ f(x) = limf (x) = lim f(a + h), (h > 0) ....[Right hand limit]
x →a x→a
x> a
h →0
Y
lim f(x) and lim f(x) are not always equal.
x→ a− + x→ a
y = f(x)
lim f(x) exists, if and only if lim f(x) = lim f(x) i.e., L.H.L. = R.H.L.
x→a x→ a− x→ a+

Graphically, this can be shown as given in the adjoining figure.

f(a)
Function f is said to be continuous at x = a, if:
i. f(a) exists X
O x=a
ii. lim+ f(x) exists
x→a

iii. lim f(x) exists

x→a −

iv. lim f(x) = lim− f(x) = f(a)

x→a + x →a

Discontinuity of a Function
f is said to be discontinuous at x = a, if it is not continuous at x = a.
The discontinuity may be due to any of the following reasons:
i. lim− f(x) or lim+ f(x) or both may not exist.
x →c x →c

ii. lim f(x) and lim+ f(x) both exist but are not equal.
x →c− x →c

iii. lim f(x) and lim+ f(x) exist and are equal but both may not be equal to f(c).
x →c− x →c

3
Std. XII : Perfect Maths - II
Consider the function defined by Y
f(x) = 1 for 1 ≤ x ≤ 2 = 2 for 2 < x ≤ 3
Here, f(x) is defined at every point in [1, 3]. 3
Graph of this function is as shown adjacently.
Left hand limit at x = 2 and value of f(x) at x = 2 are both equal to 1. 2
But right hand limit at x = 2 equals 2, which does not coincides with
the common value of the left hand limit and f(2). 1
Again, we can not draw the continuous (without break) graph at x = 2. X′
0 X
Hence, we say that the function f(x) is not continuous at x = 2. 1 2 3 4
Here, we say that f(x) is discontinuous at x = 2 and x = 2 is the point
of discontinuity. Y′

Types of Discontinuity:
i. Removable discontinuity:
A real valued function f is said to have a removable discontinuity at x = c in its domain, if lim f(x) exists but
x→ c

lim f(x) ≠ f(c)

x→ c

i.e., if lim− f(x) = lim+ f(x) ≠ f(c)

x→c x→c

Eg.
Consider the following function,
x 2 − 16
f(x) = ,x≠4
x−4
=5 ,x=4
Here f (4) = 5
x 2 − 16 ( x − 4)( x + 4)
lim f(x) = lim = lim
x →4 x →4 x−4 x → 4 ( x − 4)
= lim x + 4 = 4 + 4 = 8 ≠ f(4)
x →4

∴ f is discontinuous at x = 4.
Now, let us find why f(x) is discontinuous at x = 4.
In the above function lim f(x) exist, but is not equal to f(4) since f(4) = 5.
x →4

This value of f (4) is just arbitrarily defined.

Suppose, we redefine f(x) as follows:
x 2 − 16
f(x) = ,x≠4
x−4
=8 ,x=4
Then f(x) becomes continuous at x = 4.
The discontinuity of f has been removed by redefining the function suitably. Note that we have not
appreciably changed the function but redefined it by changing its value at one point only. Such a
discontinuity is called a removable discontinuity.
This type of discontinuity can be removed by redefining function f(x) at x = c such that f(c) = lim f(x).
x →c

ii. Irremovable discontinuity:

A real valued function f is said to have an irremovable discontinuity at x = c in its domain, if
lim− f(x) ≠ lim+ f(x)
x→c x→c

i.e., if lim f(x) does not exist.

x→ c

Such function cannot be redefined to make it continuous.

4
 Chapter 01: Continuity

Exercise 1.1
1. Examine the continuity of the following functions at given points
e5 x − e 2 x
i. f(x) = , for x ≠ 0
sin 3 x at x = 0
= 1, for x = 0
log100 + log (0.01 + x )
ii. f(x) = , for x ≠ 0
3x
at x = 0
100
= , for x = 0
3 0

xn − 1
iii. f(x) = , for x ≠ 1
x−1 at x = 1
= n 2, for x = 1
log x − log 7
iv. f(x) = , for x ≠ 7
x−7 at x = 7
= 7, for x = 7
1
v. f(x) = ( 1 + 2 x ) x , for x ≠ 0
at x = 0
= e2, for x = 0
10 x + 7 x − 14 x − 5 x
vi. f(x) = , for x ≠ 0
1 − cos 4 x
10 at x = 0
= , for x = 0 [Oct 13]
7
vii. f(x) = sin x − cos x , for x ≠ 0
at x = 0 [Mar 14]
= −1, for x = 0

log (2 + x ) − log(2 − x )
viii. f(x) = , for x ≠ 0
tan x at x = 0
= 1, for x = 0
1 − sin x π
ix. f(x) = 2
, for x ≠
π  2
 2 − x
π
at x = [Oct 15]
  2
π
= 3, for x =
2

x. f(x) =
x
, for x ≠ 0 at x = 0
| x| (where c is arbitrary
= c, for x = 0 constant)
1
xi. f(x) = x, for 0 ≤ x < 1
2 at x =
1 2
= 1 − x, for ≤ x<1
2
5
Std. XII : Perfect Maths - II

x2 − 9
xii. f(x) = , for 0 < x < 3
x−3
at x = 3
= x + 3, for 3 ≤ x < 6
and x = 6
x2 − 9
= , for 6 ≤ x < 9
x+3
sin 2 x π
xiii. f(x) = , for 0 < x ≤
1 − cos 2 x 2 π
at x =
cos x π 2
= , for <x<π
π − 2x 2
1
ex −1
xiv. f(x) = 1
, for x ≠ 0
e +1 x at x = 0
= 1, for x = 0

x + 3 x 2 + 5 x 3 + .... + (2n − 1) x n − n 2
xv. f(x) = , for x ≠ 1
( x − 1) at x =1
n(n + 1) (4n − 1)
= , for x = 1
6
Solution:
i. f(0) = 1 ….(given)
e −e5x 2x e 2 x ( e 3x − 1)
lim f(x) = lim = lim
x →0 x →0 sin 3 x x →0 sin 3 x
 e3x − 1 
e2 x  
 3x  = e2(0)⋅ 1  ex −1 sin x 
= lim …. Qlim = 1, lim = 1
x →0 sin 3x 1  x →0 x x → 0 x 
3x
= e0 = 1 = f(0)
Since, lim f(x) = f(0), f is continuous at x = 0.
x →0

100
ii. f(0) = ….(given)
3
log100 + log ( 0.01 + x )
lim f(x) = lim
x →0 x →0 3x
log (100 × 0 ⋅ 01 + 100 x ) log (1 + 100 x )
= lim = lim
x →0 3x x →0 3x
100 log (1 + 100 x )
= lim
3 x →0 100 x
100  log (1 + x ) 
= (1) …. Q lim = 1
3  x→0 x 
100
= = f(0)
3
Since, lim f(x) = f(0), f is continuous at x = 0.
x →0

6
 Chapter 01: Continuity
iii. f(1) = n2 ….(given)
n
x −1
lim f(x) = lim
x →1 x →1 x −1
 xn − a n n −1 
= n(1)n – 1 …. Q lim = n (a ) 
 x →a x−a 
=n
Since, lim f(x) ≠ f(1), f is discontinuous at x = 1.
x →1

iv. f(7) = 7 ….(given)

log x − log 7
lim f(x) = lim
x →7 x→ 7 x−7
Put x − 7 = h, then x = 7 + h, as x → 7, h → 0
 h + 7 
log 
log (h + 7) − log 7  7 
∴ lim f(x) = lim = lim
x →7 h →0 h h →0 h
 h  h
log 1 +  log 1 + 
 7 × 1 = 1  7  = 1 (1)  log (1 + x ) 
= lim lim …. Q lim = 1
h →0 h 7 7 h →0 h 7  x→0 x 
   
7 7
1
=≠ f(7)
7
Since, lim f(x) ≠ f(7), f is discontinuous at x = 7.
x →7

v. f(0) = e2 ….(given)
2
 1 1

lim f(x) = lim (1 + 2 x ) = lim (1 + 2 x ) 2 x 
x
x →0 x →0 x →0
 
2

=  lim (1 + 2 x ) 2 x 
1

 x →0 
 1

= e2 …. Q lim (1 + x ) x = e 
 x→0

= f(0)
Since, lim f(x) = f(0), f is continuous at x = 0.
x→ 0

10
vi. f(0) = ....(given)
7
10 x + 7 x − 14 x − 5x 2x.5 x − 5x − 7 x.2 x + 7 x 5x ( 2 x − 1) − 7 x ( 2 x − 1)
lim f(x) = lim = lim = lim
x →0 x →0 1 − cos 4 x x→ 0 2sin 2 2 x x →0 2 sin2 2 x

(2 x
− 1)( 5x − 7 x )

= lim
(2 x
− 1)( 5 − 7 x x
) = lim x2 [1 Mark]
2
x →0 2 sin 2 x x →0 2sin 2 2 x
x2
(2 x
− 1)  5 x − 1 7 x − 1 
−
 
x  x x 
= lim
x →0 4 sin 2 2 x
2×
4 x2
7
Std. XII : Perfect Maths - II
 2x −1   5x − 1 7x −1 
 x→0
lim  lim − lim 
= 
x   x →0 x x →0 x 
2
 sin2 x 
8 lim  
x →0
 2x 
log 2 ( log 5 − log 7 )
= [1 Mark]
8(1)2
 5
log 2  log 
=  7
≠ f(0)
8
Since, lim f(x) ≠ f(0), f is discontinuous at x = 0. [1 Mark]
x →0

vii. f(0) = −1 ….(given)

lim f(x) = lim (sin x – cos x) = lim sin x − lim cos x = sin 0 – cos 0 = 0 – 1 = −1 = f(0) [1 Mark]
x →0 x →0 x →0 x →0

Since, lim f(x) = f(0), f is continuous at x = 0. [1 Mark]

x →0

viii. f(0) = 1 ….(given)

log ( 2 + x ) − log ( 2 − x )
lim f(x) = lim
x →0 x →0 tan x
2+ x
log  
= lim 2− x
x →0 tan x
 x
1+ 2 
log 
x
1− 
= lim  2
x →0 tan x
 x  x
log 1 +  − log 1 − 
= lim  2  2
x →0 tan x
  x  x
 log 1 + 2  − log 1 − 2  
    
= lim  x 
x →0  tan x 
 x 
 
 
 x  x
log  1 +  log  1 − 
lim  2  − lim  2
x →0 x x →0  x 
 ×2   × ( −2)
=  
2  −2 
tan x
lim
x →0 x
 x  x
log 1 +  log 1 − 
1
lim  2  + lim
1  2
2 x → 0 x 2 x → 0  −x 
 
=
2  2 
1
8
 Chapter 01: Continuity

1 1  log(1+ x) 
=
(1) + (1) ….  ∵ lim =1
2 2  x→ 0 x 
=1
Since, lim f(x) = f(0), f is continuous at x = 0.
x →0

π
ix. f = 3 ….(given)
2
1 − sin x
lim f(x) = lim 2
π 
π π
x→ x→
2 2
 − x
2 
π π
Put – x = h, then as x → , h → 0
2 2
π 
1 − sin  − h 
lim f(x) = lim  2  = 1 − cos h
[1 Mark]
∴ lim
x→
π h → 0 h 2 h → 0 h2
2

h  2h  h
2
2sin2  sin  sin
= lim 2 = lim 1  2  = 1  lim 2 1 2
2  h →0 h  = (1) [1 Mark]
h →0 4 2 h→ 0 2  h  2   2
h  
4  4   2 
1 π
= ≠ f 
2 2
π
Since, limπ f(x) ≠ f   , f is discontinuous at x = .
π
[1 Mark]
x→  
2 2
2

x
x. f(x) = ….(given)
x
Thus, |x| = x, if x → 0+ = −x, if x → 0–
x
∴ f(x) = = 1, if x → 0+ = −1, if x → 0–
x
Now, lim f(x) = lim (−1) = –1
x →0− x →0−

and lim f(x) = lim (1) = 1

x →0+ x →0+

Since, lim f(x) ≠ lim f(x), f is discontinuous at x = 0.

x→0− x→0+

1 1 1
xi. f  = 1 – x = 1 – =
2 2 2
1
lim f(x) = lim x =
x→
1−
x→
1− 2
2 2

1 1
lim f(x) = lim (1 – x) = 1 − =
x→
1 +
x→
1 + 2 2
2 2

Since, lim− f(x) = lim f(x) = f   , f is continuous at x = .

1 1
x→
1
x→
1 + 2 2
2 2

9
Std. XII : Perfect Maths - II
xii. Case 1:
When x = 3, f(3) = x + 3 = 3 + 3 = 6
 x2 − 9 
lim f(x) = lim   = lim (x + 3) = 6
x→3− − x→3  x − 3  x→3−
lim f(x) = lim (x + 3) = 6
x →3+ x →3+

Since, lim f(x) = lim f(x) = f(3), f is continuous at x = 3.

x→3− x →3+

Case 2:
x2 − 9
When x = 6, f(6) = =x−3=6−3=3
x +3
lim f(x) = lim (x + 3) = 6 + 3 = 9
x →6− x →6−

 x2 − 9 
lim f(x) = lim   = lim+ (x – 3) = 6 – 3 = 3
x →6+ x →6+  x + 3  x →6

Since, lim f(x) ≠ lim f(x) ≠ f(6) , f is discontinuous at x = 6.

+
x→6− x →6

π
sin 2  
π sin 2 x 2 = sin π 0 0
xiii. f   = = = = =0
2 1 − cos 2 x π 1 − cos π 1 − ( −1) 2
1 − cos 2  
2
sin2 x 2sin x cos x
lim f(x) = lim = limπ = limπ 2 cos x = 2 (0) = 0
x→
π− x→
π
2
1 − cos 2 x x → 2 2sin 2 x x→
2
2

cos x
lim f(x) = lim
x→
π+ x→
π π − 2x
2 2

π π
Put x = + h, then as x → , h → 0
2 2
π 
cos  + h 
lim f(x) = lim 2  = lim − sin h = lim 1  sin h  = 1  lim sin h  = 1 (1) = 1
∴    
+ h →0 π  h → 0 π − π − 2h h →0 2
 h  2  h →0 h  2 2
π − 2 + h 
π
x→
2
2 
π π
Since, lim− f(x) ≠ lim+ f(x) ≠ f   , f is discontinuous at x = .
x→
π
x→
π 2 2
2 2

xiv. f(0) = 1 ....(given)

1
e −1
x
lim f(x) = lim 1
x →0 x →0
ex +1
1 1 1
1 1 1
As x → 0−, → − ∞, thus e x → e−∞ = ∞ i.e., e x → i.e., e x → 0
x e ∞
1
e −1
x
0 −1
∴ lim 1
= = −1
x → 0− 0 +1
e +1
x

1 1
1 1
Also, as x → 0+, → + ∞, thus e x → e∞ i.e., e x → ∞ i.e., 1 → 0
x
ex
10
 Chapter 01: Continuity

 
1 −  1 
1
1 
e −1
x  x  1− 0
∴ lim = lim e  = =1
1
x → 0+ 1
→∞   1+ 0
1 +  1 
e +1
x x
1

 x 
e 
Since, lim− f(x) ≠ lim+ f(x), f is discontinuous at x = 0.
x →0 x →0

n(n + 1) (4n − 1)
xv. f(1) = ….(given)
6
x + 3 x 2 + 5 x3 + .... + ( 2n − 1) x n − n 2
lim f(x) = lim
x →1 x →1 ( x − 1)
 x + 3x 2 + 5 x 3 + .... + ( 2n − 1) x n  − 1 + 3 + 5 + .... + ( 2n − 1) 
  n 
= lim …. Q ∑ ( 2r − 1) = r 2 
x →1 ( x − 1)  r =1 
( x − 1) + 3 ( x 2 − 1) + 5 ( x 3 − 1) + .... + ( 2n − 1) ( x n − 1) 
= lim  
x →1 ( x − 1)
 x − 1 3 ( x 2 − 1) 5 ( x 3 − 1) ( x n − 1) 
= lim  + + + .... + ( 2n − 1) 
x →1
 x − 1 x −1 x −1 x −1 

 x2 − 1   x3 − 1   xn − 1 
= lim 1+ 3  lim  + 5  lim  + ....+ (2n − 1) lim
 x →1 
x →1  x→1 x − 1   x→1 x − 1   x −1 
 xn −1 
= 1 + 3(2) + 5(3) + .... + (2n – 1)(n) …. Q lim = n
x →1 x − 1
 
n n n n
n n
= ∑ ( 2r − 1) r = ∑ ( 2r 2 − r ) = 2∑ r 2 − ∑ r = 2 ⋅ ( n + 1)( 2n + 1) − ( n + 1)
r =1 r =1 r =1 r =1 6 2
( 4n + 2 − 3) n
( n + 1)  ( 2n + 1) − 1 = ( n + 1)
n 2 n
= = ( n + 1)( 4n − 1)
2 3  2 3 6
Since, lim f(x) = f(1), f is continuous at x = 1.
x →1

2. Find the value of k, so that the function f(x) is continuous at the indicated point

i. f(x) =
(e kx
)
− 1 sin kx
, for x ≠ 0
x2 at x = 0
= 4, for x = 0

3 x − 3− x
ii. f(x) = , for x ≠ 0
sin x at x = 0
= k, for x = 0
iii. f(x) = | x − 3 |, for x ≠ 3
at x = 3
= k, for x = 3
iv. f(x) = x2 + 1, for x ≥ 0
at x = 0
= 2 x 2 + 1 + k, for x < 0
11
Std. XII : Perfect Maths - II
1 − cos 4 x
v. f(x) = , for x < 0
x2
= k, for x = 0 at x = 0
x
= , for x > 0
16 + x − 4
log (1 + kx )
vi. f(x) = , for x ≠ 0
sin x at x = 0
= 5, for x = 0
8x − 2 x
vii. f(x) = , for x ≠ 0
k x −1 at x = 0
= 2, for x = 0
viii. f(x) = k (x2 − 2), for x ≤ 0
at x = 0
= 4x + 1, for x > 0
2
ix. f(x) = (sec 2 x )cot x , for x ≠ 0
at x = 0
= k, for x = 0

3 − tan x π
x. f(x) = , for x ≠
π − 3x 3 π
at x =
π 3
= k, for x =
3
Solution:
i. f(0) = 4 ….(given)
Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0
( e kx − 1) sin kx  e kx − 1   sin kx  2  e kx − 1   sin kx 
∴ f(0) = lim f(x) = lim = lim   
k ×  k = k  lim   lim 
x →0 x →0 x2 x →0
 k x   k x   x→0 k x   x →0 kx 
2 2
= k (1)(1) = k
∴ f(0) = k2 ∴ 4 = k2
∴ k=±2
ii. f(0) = k .…(given)
Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0
(3 x
− 1) − ( 3− x − 1)
−x x −x
x
3 −3 3 −1− 3 + 1 x
∴ f(0) = lim f(x) = lim = lim = lim
x →0 x →0 sin x x → 0 sin x x →0 sin x
x
 3x −1  3− x −1
  3x − 1   3− x − 1 
 +    lim  +  lim 
 x   −x  x   x→0 − x  (log 3) + (log 3)
=
x→0
= lim = = 2log 3
x→ 0 sin x  sin x  1
lim
 x →0 
x  x 
∴ k = 2log 3 = log 32 = log 9
iii. f(3) = k ….(given)
Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 3
∴ lim f(x) = lim |x − 3| = lim − (x − 3) = lim −x + 3 = −3 + 3 = 0
x → 3− x → 3− x → 3− x → 3−

lim f(x) = lim+ |x − 3| = lim+ x − 3 = 3 − 3 = 0

x → 3+ x →3 x →3

Since, lim f(x) = lim f(x), f is continuous at x = 3.

−x →3 + x →3

12
 Chapter 01: Continuity
Now, f(3) = lim f(x) = 0
x→3

∴ k=0
iv. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0
∴ lim− f(x) = lim+ f(x)
x →0 x →0

∴
x →0−
(
lim 2 x +1 + k = lim+ (x2 + 1)
2
) x →0

∴ 2 0 +1 + k = 0 + 1
∴ 2+k=1
∴ k = −1
v. f(0) = k ….(given)
Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0
lim f(x) = lim f(x) = f(0)
x →0− x →0+

1 − cos 4 x 2sin 2 2 x
Consider, f(0) = lim f(x) = lim = lim
x →0− x →0− x2 x →0− x2
2

= 8  lim−
2sin 2 2 x sin 2 2 x sin 2 x 
= lim− 2
= lim− 8 
x →0 4x x →0 4x2  x → 0 2x 
4
∴ f(0) = 8
∴ k=8
vi. f(0) = 5 ….(given)
Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0
log (1 + kx ) k.log (1 + kx )  log (1 + kx ) 
lim k  lim 
log (1 + kx ) x x →0 kx = 
x → 0 kx  = k 1 = k
∴ f(0) = lim f(x) = lim = lim =  
x →0 x →0 sin x x→0 sin x sin x  sin x  1
lim  lim 
x x→0 x  x →0 x 
∴ f(0) = k
∴ k=5
vii. f(0) = 2 ….(given)
Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0
(8 x
− 1) − ( 2x − 1)
8x − 2 x 8x − 1 − 2 x + 1 x
∴ f(0) = lim f(x) = lim x
= lim = lim
x →0 x →0 k −1 x→0 kx −1 x→ 0 k x −1
x
 8x − 1 2 x − 1   lim 8 − 1  −  lim 2 − 1 
x x

 −   x→0 x   x →0 x 
= lim  x x x  =    
x →0  k −1   k x −1 
   lim 
 x   x→0 x 
8
log
  log 4 log 2 2
log 8 − log 2 2 = 2 log 2
= = = =
log k log k log k log k log k
2log 2
∴ =2
log k
∴ log 2 = log k
∴ k=2
13
Std. XII : Perfect Maths - II
viii. Since, f is continuous at x = 0
∴ lim− f(x) = lim+ f(x)
x →0 x →0
2
∴ lim− k(x − 2) = lim+ 4x + 1
x →0 x →0

∴ k(0 – 2) = 4(0) + 1
∴ −2k = 1
1
∴ k=−
2
ix. f(0) = k ….(given)
Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0
1

cot 2 x tan 2 x
 1

∴ f(0) = lim f(x) = lim ( sec 2 x ) = lim (1 + tan 2 x ) =e …. Q lim (1 + x ) x = e 
x →0 x →0 x →0
 x→0

∴ k=e
π
x. f  = k ….(given)
3
π
Since, f(x) is continuous at x =
3
π 3 − tan x
∴ f   = lim f(x) = lim
 3  x → π3 x→
π
3
π − 3x
π π
Put x = + h, then, as x → , h → 0
3 3
π
tan + tan h
3− 3
π  π 3 + tan h
3 − tan  + h  1 − tan tan h 3−
= lim  3  = lim 3 = lim
1 − 3 tan h
h →0 π  h →0 π − π − 3h h →0 −3h
π − 3 + h 
3 

= lim
(
3 1 − 3 tan h − ) ( 3 + tan h ) = lim 3 − 3tan h − 3 − tan h
= lim
− 4 tan h
h →0
(
−3h 1 − 3 tan h ) h →0
(
−3h 1 − 3 tan h ) h →0
(
−3h 1 − 3 tan h )
4 tan h 4 1   tan h  4  1  4
= lim × =  lim   lim  =   (1) =
h →0
(
3 1 − 3 tan h ) h 3  h →0 1 − 3 tan h   h →0 h  3 1 − 3 ( 0 )  3

4
∴ k=
3

3. Discuss the continuity of the following functions, which of these functions have a removable
discontinuity? Redefine the function so as to remove the discontinuity.
sin ( x 2 − x )
i. f(x) = , for x ≠ 0
x at x = 0
= 2, for x = 0
1 − cos 3 x
ii. f(x) = , for x ≠ 0
x tan x at x = 0
= 9, for x = 0
14
 Chapter 01: Continuity

(e 2x
− 1)tan x
iii. f(x) = , for x ≠ 0
x sin x at x = 0
= e2, for x = 0
1 − sin x π
iv. f(x) = 2
, for x ≠
(π − 2 x) 2
π
2 π at x =
= , for x = 2
7 2
4 x − ex
v. f(x) = , for x ≠ 0
6x − 1
at x = 0 [Mar 16]
2
= log   , for x = 0
3

vi. f(x) =
(e 3x
)
− 1 sin x°
, for x ≠ 0
x2
at x = 0
π
= , for x = 0
60
(8 x − 1)2
vii. f(x) = , in [− 1, 1] − {0};
 x
sin x log  1 + 
 4
Define f(x) in [−1, 1] so that it becomes continuous at x = 0.
viii. f(x) = x −1, for 1 ≤ x < 2
at x = 2
= 2x + 3, for 2 ≤ x ≤ 3
Solution:
i. f(0) = 2 ….(given)
sin( x − x) sin( x 2 − x)
2
sin( x2 − x)
lim f(x) = lim = lim × (x − 1) = lim × (x − 1) = 1 × (0 − 1) = −1
x→ 0 x→ 0 x→ 0 x ( x −1) x → 0 ( x 2 − x)
x
∴ lim f(x) ≠ f(0)
x→ 0

∴ f is discontinuous at x = 0.
The discontinuity of f is removable and it can be made continuous by redefining the function as
sin ( x 2 − x)
f(x) = , for x ≠ 0
x
at x = 0
= −1, for x = 0
ii. f(0) = 9 ….(given)
3x
2sin 2
3x 2 2
2sin
1 − cos 3x 2 = lim x2
lim f(x) = lim = lim
x →0 x →0 x tan x x →0 x tan x x →0 x tan x
x2
2
3x 9  3x 
2sin 2 × 9
sin 
2 4 2
 lim 
9 2 2  x →0 3x  2
2  = 9 (1) = 9
x
= lim 4 = 
x →0 tan x tan x 2 1 2
lim
x x→0 x

15
Std. XII : Perfect Maths - II
∴ lim f(x) ≠ f(0)
x →0

∴ f is discontinuous at x = 0.
The discontinuity of f is removable and it can be made continuous by redefining the function as
1 − cos3 x
f(x) = , for x ≠ 0
x tan x
at x = 0
9
= , for x = 0
2
iii. f(0) = e2 ….(given)
(e 2 x − 1). tan x
2x
(e − 1) tan x x2
lim f(x) = lim = lim
x→ 0 x→ 0 x sin x x →0 x sin x
x2
 2x 
2(e 2 x −1) tan x 2 lim e −1lim tan x 
×  x→0 2 x  x→0 x  2 ×1×1
lim f(x) = lim 2x x = = =2
x→ 0 x →0 x sin x  sin x  1

lim 
x2 x→0 x 
∴ lim f(x) ≠ f(0)
x→ 0

∴ f is discontinuous at x = 0.
The discontinuity of f is removable and it can be made continuous by redefining the function as
(e 2 x −1) tan x
f(x) = for x ≠ 0
x sin x at x = 0
=2 for x = 0

π 2
iv. f   = ….(given)
 2  7
1− sin x 1− sin x
lim f(x) = limπ 2
= limπ 2
x→ π (π − 2 x) 2  π 
x→ 2 x →
2 
 2 − x
  2 

π π
Put − x = h, then x = − h
2 2
π
As x → ,h→0
2
π 
1 − sin  − h 
 2  1 − cos h 1 − cos h 1 + cos h 1 − cos 2h
∴ lim f(x) = lim 2
= lim = lim × = lim
x→ π
2
h→0
(2h ) h →0 4h 2 h →0 4h 2 1 + cos h (
h →0 4h 2 1+ cos h
)
2
sin 2 h 1  sin h  1 1 1 1
= lim 2
= lim
h →0 
 × = × (1)2 × =
h→0 4h (1 + cos h ) 4 h  lim (1 + cos h ) 4 1 +1 8
h→0

π
∴ lim f(x) ≠ f  
x→ π  2 
2

π
∴ f is discontinuous at x = .
2
16
 Chapter 01: Continuity
The discontinuity of f is removable and it can be made continuous by redefining the function as
1 − sin x π
f(x) = 2
, for x ≠
( π − 2x ) 2 π
at x =
1 π 2
= , for x =
8 2

2
v. f(0) = log   ….(given)
3
x
4x − e x 4 −1− ex +1
lim f(x) = lim = lim
x→ 0 x→ 0 6x − 1 x→ 0 6x − 1
(4 x − 1) − (e x − 1)
= lim x [1 Mark]
x →0 6x − 1
x
4 −1 ex −1
x
4x − 1 ex −1
− lim − lim
= lim x x x = x →0 x x →0 x
x→ 0 6 −1 x
6 −1
lim
x x →0 x
log 4 − log e
= [1 Mark]
log 6
4
log  
= e
log 6
∴ lim f(x) ≠ f(0)
x→ 0

∴ f is discontinuous at x = 0. [1 Mark]
The discontinuity of f is removable and it can be made continuous by redefining the function as
x x
4 −e
f(x) = x
, for x ≠ 0
6 −1
at x = 0 [1 Mark]
4
log  
= e , for x = 0
log 6

π
vi. f(0) = ....(given)
60

lim f(x) = lim

(e 3x
− 1) sin x°
= lim
 e 3 x − 1   sin x ° 
  
x→ 0 x→ 0 x2 x→0
 x  x 
 πx   πx 
 e 3x − 1   sin 180  π  e 3x − 1  π 
sin
180  = 3log e × π (1)
= lim 3   .  πx  × = 3  lim × .  lim
πx 
x →0
 3x    180  x → 0 3x  180  x → 0
 180
 180   180 
π π
∴ lim f(x) = 3 × 1 × =
x→ 0 180 60
Since, lim f(x) = f(0), f is continuous at x = 0.
x→ 0

17