Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
29 Apr 2019
Objective:
2
Contents
• Introduction to Communication techniques
• Voice & Audio Frequency
• ITU RF Frequency band
• Classes of Transmission media
• ISM bands
• IEEE standards (802.11 series)
• DCS overview
• Wayside/ Radio/ onboard network
• Security architecture of DCS
3
Audio Frequency
• Audio Frequency range: 20 Hz to 20 KHz.
Voice Frequency
5
Frequency and
Band name Abbreviation Example Uses
Wavelength
3–30 kHz Navigation, time signal, submarine communication,
Very low Frequency VLF
100–10 km wireless heartrate monitors.
30–300 kHz Navigation, AM long wave broadcasting (Europe and parts
Low Frequency LF
10–1 km of Asia), RFID.
300–3,000 kHz AM (medium-wave) broadcasts, amateur radio, avalanche
Medium Frequency MF
1,000–100 m beacons
3–30 MHz SW broadcasts, Citizen band radio, RFID, over the horizon
High Frequency HF
100–10 m radar, automatic link establishment
FM Television broadcasts, line-of-sight ground-to-aircraft
30–300 MHz and aircraft-to-aircraft communications, land mobile and
Very high frequency VHF
10–1 m maritime mobile communications, amateur radio,
Weather radio
Television broadcasts, microwave oven, microwave
300–3,000 MHz devices /communications, mobile phones, Wireless LAN,
Ultra-high frequency UHF
1–0.1 m Blue tooth, GPS and two-way radios such as land mobile,
Remote control System
Microwave devices/communications, wireless LAN, most
3–30 GHz modern radars communication satellite, cable and
Super high frequency SHF
100–10 mm satellite television broadcasting, amateur radio, satellite
radio.
Terahertz or Tremendously high 300–3,000 GHz Experimental medical imaging to replace X-rays, ultrafast
THz or THF
frequency 1–0.1 mm molecular dynamics, Gama rays
Types of Transmission Media
Transmission
media
Unguided
Guided (Wired)
(Wireless)
8
ISM bands frequencies defined by the ITU-R
Frequency range Bandwidth Centre Availability
frequency
6.765Mhz 6.795Mhz 30 KHz 6.780 MHz Subject to local
acceptance
13.553 MHz 13.567 MHz 14 KHz 13.560 Worldwide
26.957 MHz 27.283 MHz 327 KHz 27.120MHz Worldwide
40.660 MHz 40.700 MHz 40 KHz 40.680MHz Worldwide
433.050 MHz 434.790 MHz 1.74 MHz 433.920 MHz
902.000 MHz 928.000 MHz 26 MHz 915.000 MHz
2.400 GHz 2.500 GHz 100 MHz 2.450 GHz worldwide
5.725 GHz 5.875 GHz 150 MHz 5.800 GHz Worldwide
24.000 GHz 24.250 GHz 250 MHz 24.125 GHz Worldwide
61.000 GHz 61.500 GHz 500 MHz 61.250 GHz Subject to local
acceptance
122.000 GHz 123.000 GHz 1 GHz 122.500 GHz -do-
244.00 GHz 246.000 GHz 2 GHz 245.000 GHz -do-
Differences between 2.4 and 5.8 GHz
2.4 GHz 5.8 GHz
Longer (Reason- Basic Comparatively shorter
characteristics that wave attenuate (can increase the range by the use
Range much faster at higher frequencies). of specialized High gain directional
antennas)
Comparatively less (MW don’t
Interference Suffer more interference operate up in 5GHz)
Power
requirement Less power required More power required.
No of devices Large number of devices in usages Fewer no of devices in usage.
Channel Fewer channel Options (Only 3 Many channels are available (23
Option non-overlapping channel) Non overlapping channels)
Speed Slower data transmission Faster data transmission
13
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
a) On-Board to On-Board
b) On-Board to wayside.
Architecture for an Overlay Application
SelTrac® CBTC
AMI ATS
Interlocking
ZC ZC Interlocking
Signals, Signals,
Switches MR MR Switches
Track circuits TOD VOBC TOD Track circuits
TI
TIA
ATS
Switches ZC ZC Switches
MR MR
A-tag A-tag
Architecture for an Integrated System with
Secondary Detection
SelTrac® CBTC
SelTrac® S&SS
ATS
Switches Switches
Signals, ZC ZC Signals,
Axle Counters Axle Counters
MR MR
•Train Position
•Platform Door Commands
Zone ATS
Controller
DCS
(IP secure)
Electronic
Interlocking VOBC
(optional)
Key Data Exchange – All Configurations
Zone ATS
Controller
Electronic
Interlocking VOBC
(optional)
Key Data Exchange – All Configurations
Zone ATS
Controller
DCS
(IP secure)
Electronic
Interlocking • Train Position for display VOBC
(optional)
• Train Alarms
Key Data Exchange – All Configurations
Zone ATS
Controller
• CBTC status
DCS
(IP secure)
Electronic
Interlocking VOBC
(optional)
Key Data Exchange – All Configurations
Zone ATS
Controller
•TSR create/delete
•Close / open track
DCS
(IP secure)
Electronic
Interlocking VOBC
(optional)
Key Data Exchange – Overlay Configuration
Zone ATS
Controller
DCS
(IP secure)
Electronic
Interlocking VOBC
•Signalling Status
Key Data Exchange – Overlay Configuration
DCS
(IP secure)
Electronic
Interlocking VOBC
Key Data Exchange – Overlay Configuration
Zone ATS
Controller
•Route Request
DCS
(IP secure)
Electronic
Interlocking VOBC
Key Data Exchange – Overlay Configuration
Zone ATS
Controller
DCS
(IP secure)
•Signalling Status
Electronic
Interlocking VOBC
Key Data Exchange – Overlay Configuration
Zone ATS
Controller
DCS
(IP secure)
•Signalling Status
Electronic
Interlocking VOBC
Key Data Exchange – Integrated Configuration
Zone ATS
Controller
• Route status
DCS
(IP secure)
VOBC
Data Communication System
DCS Features
– Self-managing
– Transparent to applications
SPACING UP TO 700 m
AP AP AP AP AP AP AP
' MR MR
Secure Access Across a Network
– Safety: The untrusted side of the DCS can not talk to any
outside device
• Source authentication protects against intruder emulation
– Reliability
• Encryption and password protect
against denial of service attempts
SD
SD
NMS
NETWORK
HACKER
SNOOPER
The Untrusted Side of the DSC SD
SD
SD Network Cannot Talk to Any SD
Outside Device
COMPUTATIONALLY UNFEASIBLE
AP AP AP
TO BREAK ENCRYPTION CODES
RADIO
INTRUDER
' STA
SD
DCS – Security
➢ “Trusted” Backbones
➢ “Untrusted” Radio Backbone
Security Devices
• The security system in DCS consists of three components:
Trusted network
(backbones)
Security certificate
device(s) authority
On-board On-board
trusted network Security Untrusted network Security trusted network
equipment device (radio network & its backbone) device equipment
(LAN) (LAN)
Security
device
MIMIC
x18
M/C M/C M/C M/C M/C M/C M/C M/C
Backup L- SW1 L- SW2
L- SW1 L- SW2 L- SW1 L- SW2 RAS L- SW1 L- SW2
L- SW1 L- SW2
RTR1 RTR2
RTR2
RTR1
C2- SW1 C2- SW2 C2- SW1 C2- SW2 C2- SW1 C2- SW2
Paradise C2- SW1
x4
SD- LDR SD SD SD SD
Parakash Nagar BB
- SW1
BB- SW1 BB- SW2
Power 1
WRU RING
Ring redundancy
Power 2
Ring coupling
redundancy
UNTRUSTED BACKBONE
Ring redundancy
(not shown)
WRU coverage in the other direction (antenna 2)
Horizontal
Coverage Area Horizontal
of Left Antenna Coverage Area
of Right Antenna
AP AP
Standards & Regulations
• The 802.11 FHSS international standard is used in the radio design for DCS,
• The network consists of two basic components:
➢ AP (Access points) (radio modules within the WRUs)
➢ MRU clients (radio modules within the MRUs).
• The radios are fully compliant with the IEEE 802.11 FHSS (frequency
hopping spread spectrum) Wireless LAN standard.
• According to this standard, they utilise the ISM band at 2.4 GHz.
• This is a shared band and the use of the FHSS access method is a powerful
means of mitigating interference from co-users of this band.
Radio Radio
Security Security
Gateway Gateway
1 2
VOBC_1
2 1
VOBC_2
1 2
LDC
1 1
TOD_A TOD_B
DM T DM
Antenna Configuration for On-Board
Front
Train
Rear
Spatial MRU Spatial
MRU
diversity (top view) diversity
54
Antenna Configuration for Wayside
WRU
55
Software defined Radio
56
AP Antenna
57
MRU Antenna
58
Lightning Arrester
RF Splitter
59
Band Pass filter 2.4 GHz
60
AP Assembly Unit
61
Thank You
62