Unit I: Introduction and Fluid Statics

Dimensions and units: physical properties of fluids specific gravity, viscosity and its significance,
surface tension, capillarity, compressibility and bulk modulus, vapor pressure. Pascal’s law,
hydrostatic law, Atmospheric, gauge and vacuum pressure – measurement of pressure,
Manometers: Piezometer, U-tube, inverted and differential manometers. Buoyancy and floatation:
Meta center, stability of floating body, Submerged bodies, Calculation of Meta center height,
Stability analysis and applications.

Unit II: Kinematics of Fluid

Lagrangian and Eulerian description, streamline, streakline and pathline, Acceleration of a fluid
element, continuity equation, stream function, circulation and vorticity, rotation and angular
deformation, irrotational flow, velocity potential, flow net, source and sink, doublet and vortex
flow.

Unit III: Dynamics of Fluid and Dimensional analysis

Dynamics of Fluid: Euler equation, Bernoulli’s equation and its applications, Reynolds transport
theorem - conservation of mass, Navier-Stokes equations. Dimensional analysis: introduction,
Non dimensional numbers: Reynolds, Froude, Euler, Weber and Mach number, dimensional
homogeneity, Buckingham Pi theorem, model analysis, similitude, dimensionless numbers and its
significance, model laws.
Unit IV: Internal and External Flows
Internal Flows: Viscous flow in pipes: laminar and turbulent flow, Hagen-Poiseuille’s law. flow
between two parallel plates: couette flow and both plates at rest, Darcy Weisbach equation, friction
factor, hydraulic diameter minor and major losses in pipes, Moody diagram, pipe networks: pipes
in series and pipes in parallel- total energy line and hydraulic gradient line, External Flows: Flow
over a flat plate, boundary layer approximation, momentum integral method, boundary layer,
displacement, momentum and energy thickness, Stream lined body, Bluff body and its
applications, basic concepts of velocity profiles, flow separation and its control.
Unit V: Fluid Machinery
Euler equation for turbomachines, centrifugal pump: Classification, working, work done –
manometric headlosses and efficiencies- specific speed- pumps in series and parallel performance
characteristic curves, cavitation & NPSH, Reciprocating pumps: Working, Discharge, slip,
indicator diagrams.
Unit VI: Fluid Machinery
hydraulic turbines: classification of turbines, impulse and reaction turbines, Pelton wheel,
Francis turbine and Kaplan turbine-working proportions, work done, efficiencies, hydraulic
design –draft tube- theory functions and efficiency. Performance of hydraulic turbines:
Geometric similarity, Unit and specific quantities, characteristic curves, governing of turbines,
selection of type of turbine, cavitation, surge tank, water hammer problem
1. Closed circuit Venturimeter
(a) To calibrate a given Venturimeter and to study the variation of coefficient of
discharge of it with discharge
2. Closed circuit orifice meter test rig
(a) To calibrate a given orifice meter and to study the variation of coefficient of
discharge of it with discharge
3. Orifice and free jet flow
(a) Determination of coefficient of velocity from jet trajectory
(b) Determination of coefficient of discharge under constant head
(c) Determination of coefficient of discharge under varying head
4. Free and forced vortices
(a) Investigation of forced vortices
(b) Investigation of free vortices
5. Multistage centrifugal pump
(a) To study the characteristics of multistage (2 stage) centrifugal pump, to calculate the
efficiency and draw the following curves:
 Discharge vs head
 Discharge vs efficiency
 Discharge vs power
6. Performance characteristics of variable speed centrifugal pump
7. Calibration of rotameter
8. Francis turbine
(a) To determine the operation Francis turbine and to determine its typical operation
characteristics