Pocari Sweat:

CEHYDRO EI Homework #1

Presented to the Civil Engineering Department

De La Salle University - Manila
Term 3, A.Y. 2019 - 2020

Submitted by:
Lapore, Harris 11521244
Loreno, Kelcey 11515864
Moreno, Louielyn 11503467
Noriega, Vaughn 11512784

Submitted to:
Dr. Marla Maniquiz-Redillas

Date Submitted:
June 18, 2019
1. Differentiate hydrology from applied hydrology.
- Hydrology is mainly concerned with all the phases of the Earth’s water. It deals with the
occurrence, distribution, movement, and properties of the water of the Earth and their
relationship with the environment through the hydrologic cycle. Hydrology includes
atmospheric water, ocean and marine water, surface water, snow and ice, and
groundwater. Applied hydrology on the other hand helps in providing guidance on
planning and managing of water resources in order to avoid problems on mishandling and
disrupting the quality and cycle of water. Practical applications of hydrology include
design and operation of hydraulic structures, water supply, wastewater treatment,
irrigation, drainage, flood control, salinity control, recreational, and fish and wildlife
protection.
2. List the major activities in which hydrological studies are important.
a. Control of Excess Water mostly coming from water runoff
b. Conservation of the Quality of Water
c. Conservation of the Quantity of Water for proper allocation
3. Give some examples of actual engineering problems in the ​Philippines that
hydrology can be applied.
a. The water crisis in the Philippines obviously needs hydrology to analyze the
amount of water the service providers must cut in order to conserve the water in
the dame (having a critical level) and answer to the needs of the concessionaires.
b. In line with the first answer of number 3, another problem where hydrology
should really be applied on is the irrigation in farmlands. Many farmers still
cannot benefit from the fruits and vegetables that they planted because many
lands lack enough water supply to cover the whole field. Through hydrology they
may possibly avoid themselves from relying too much on seasonal rainfall and
find better ways in which water resources can be available especially during the
dry season.
 c. Pollution in water is also a problem in the Philippines especially in concentrated
areas such as Metro Manila. Some areas poor areas in Metro Manila get water
from groundwater and this introduces many risks in their health.

4. Enumerate the current global water issues that need to be addressed by hydrologists
and water experts.
a. Lack of access to clean and safe drinking water
b. Contamination of water used for daily consumption
c. Rising demand of drinking water and the inability of some third world countries
to supply the deman
5. Illustrate and explain the hydrologic cycle through a schematic diagram including
all the stages and processes involved. Explain briefly the man’s interference in
various parts of this cycle.
a. Precipitation
b. Overland Flow
c. Infiltration
d. Groundwater Recharge
e. Groundwater Flow
f. Subsurface Flow
g. Surface Runoff
h. Runoff to ocean and streams
i. Transpiration
j. Interception
k. Evaporation
l. 𝚺 - summation of water components
 Man’s interference with the various parts of the hydrological cycle disrupts the balance
within the system itself. Although it is impossible for people not to interfere with the cycle, it is
still important to take note that the more water people get from the natural flow of water within
the cycle, then the more the balance is disrupted and lesser water will go back to where the
source is. Say atmospheric water for example, interception will occur from plants and if people
remove trees then precipitation will most likely not go through this stage. Doing so will add
more surface water thus having greater runoff which may cause soil to erode or that infiltration
in the subsurface water will be so high that water will eventually produce flood. In addition,
installation of wells or pump station causes stored groundwater to empty out and causes soil
beneath the area to go to on liquefaction.

6. What are the significant features of global water balance studies?

Global water balance features the annual water balance in a continental scale. It includes
the tabulation of water allocation of precipitated, evaporated, and runoff water in the year. It
also features the average annual volumes of water subdivided per continent. Given a large scale,
the global water balance provides an estimation of water allocation instead of giving exact
measurements. In this case, we use flux in determining such estimation.
7. Provide common hydrologic units and conversions used in hydrology.
Quantity Metric Unit English Unit Conversion
(metric to English)

centimeters (cm) inches (in) 0.394

millimeters (mm) inches (in) 0.0394

Length
meters (m) feet (ft) 3.28

yard (yd) 1.09

square millimeters square inches (in​2​) 0.00155

(mm​2​)
Area
sq. meters (m​2​) sq. feet (ft​2​) 10.76

sq. meters (m​2​) sq. yards (yd​2​) 1.196

sq. meters (m​2​) acres 0.000247

hectares (ha) acres 2.47

sq. kilometers (km​2​) sq. miles (mi​2​) 0.386

cubic centimeters cubic inches (in​3​) 0.0610

(cm​3​)

liters (L) cubic feet (ft​3​) 0.035315

cubic feet (ft​3​) 35.3

3​
Volume cubic meters (m​ )
cubic yards (yd​3​) 1.31

acre-feet 0.000811

pints 2.113376
liters (L)
quarts 1.056688

gallons 0.264174

kilometers/hour miles/hour (mi/hr) 0.621

(km/hr)
Velocity
meters/second feet/second (ft/sec) 3.28
(m/sec)
 Acceleration meters/second feet/second squared 3.280839
squared (m/sec​2​) (ft/sec​2​)

cubic cubic feet/second 35.3

meters/second (ft3/sec)
Flow (m3/sec)

liters/second gallons/minute 15.850322

(L/sec) (gpm)

kilograms/hectare pounds/acre 0.892183

(kg/ha) (lb/acre)

Rates and yields metric tons/hectare short tons/acre 0.446091

(t/ha)

millimeters/hour inches/hour (in/hr) 0.03937

(mm/hr)

centimeters/day inches/day (in/day) 0.393701

(cm/day)

grams (g) ounces [avdp] (oz) 0.0353

Mass kilograms (kg) pounds [avdp] (lb) 2.20

metric tons (t) short tons (ton) 1.10

grams/cubic pounds/cubic foot 62.4

centimeter (g/cm3) (lb/ft3)
Density
kilograms/cubic pounds/cubic foot 0.0625
meter (kg/m3) (lb/ft3)

Force Newtons (N) pounds force (lbf) 0.00986

atmosphere 0.00987
(standard) (atm)

inches of mercury 0.296134

at 60◦F
Pressure or stress Kilopascals (kPa)
millibars (mb) 10.0

feet of water at 0.33456

30.2◦F

inches of water at 4.018655

 60◦F

pounds/square foot 0.145038

(lb/ft2)

pounds/square inch 20.885459

(lb/in2)

Temperature degrees Celsius degrees Fahrenheit ◦F = (1.8◦C) + 32

(◦C) ( ◦F)

British thermal 0.00095

Energy Joules (J) units (mean) (Btu)

calorie (cal) 0.239

watt-hours 0.00028

Power Watts foot-pounds/second 0.73756

(lbf/sec)

8. Describe briefly the sources of hydrological data in the Philippines.

a. PAG-ASA (Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration) - collect hydrologic data to forecast weather and flood
b. NIA (National Irrigation Administration) - gathers and reports water discharge
data
c. NPC (National Power Corporation) - collects streamflow data
d. NWRB (National Water Resources Board) - develops rules and regulations for the
exploitation and optimum utilization of water resources
9. Enumerate and define at least 100 terms (keywords) associated with hydrology.
1.) Ablation - the process by which ice and snow dissipate owing to melting and
evaporation
2.) Abutment - the part of a valley or canyon wall against which a dam is constructed
3.) Abutment seepage - reservoir water that moves through seams or pores in the
natural abutment material and exits as seepage
4.) Absorption - Process by which substances in gaseous, liquid or solid form
dissolve or mix with other substances
5.) Acre-foot - the amount of water required to cover one acre to a depth of one foot.
An acre-foot equals 326,851 gallons, or 43,560 cubic feet
6.) Agglomerate - an ice cover of floe formed by the freezing together of various
forms of ice
7.) Anabranch - a diverging branch of a river which re-enters the main stream
8.) Anchor ice - submerged Frazil ice attached or anchored to the river bottom,
irrespective of its formation
9.) Anchor ice dam - an accumulation of anchor ice which acts as a dam and raises
the water level
10.) Annual flood - The maximum discharge peak during a given water year
11.) Applied Hydrology - Study concerned with engineering applications
12.) Aquifer - Permeable layers of underground rock, or sand that hold or transmit
groundwater below the water table that will yield water to a well in sufficient
quantities to produce water for beneficial use
13.) Back flow - The backing up of water through a conduit or channel in the
direction opposite to normal flow
14.) Backwater flooding - Upstream flooding caused by downstream conditions
such as channel restriction and/ or high flow in a downstream confluence stream
15.) Bank storage - Water absorbed and stored in the void in the soil cover in the
bed and banks of a stream, lake, or reservoir, and returned in whole or in part as
the level of water body surface falls
16.) Barrage - any artificial obstruction placed in water to increase water level or
divert it
17.) Base flow - Part of the stream discharge that is not attributable to direct runoff
from precipitation or melting snow; it is usually sustained by groundwater
discharge
18.) Basin - an area having a common outlet for its surface runoff
19.) Black ice - Transparent ice formed in rivers and lakes, or on roads and bridges
20.) Calibration - The process of using historical data to estimate parameters a
hydrologic forecast technique
21.) Capillary action - Movement of water in the interstices of a porous medium
due to capillary forces
22.) Capillary zone - The soil area just above the water table where water can rise
up slightly through the cohesive force of capillary action
23.) Catchment - control area of land where water flows through streams and to a
single outlet
24.) Channel inflow - Water, which at any instant, is flowing into the channel
system form surface flow, subsurface flow, base flow, and rainfall that has
directly fallen onto the channel
25.) Contents - The volume of water in a reservoir
26.) Convective Precipitation - Type of precipitation that is caused due to upward
movement of air that is warmer than the surrounding air due to localised heating
27.) Condensation - process in which vapor or gas transforms into liquid
28.) Collision & Coalescence - cloud droplets bump each other forming larger and
heavier droplets that eventually falls as precipitation
29.) Creek - A small stream of water which serves as the natural drainage course
for a drainage basin of nominal, or small size
30.) Critical depth - The depth of water flowing in an open channel or conduit,
partially filled, corresponding to one of the recognized critical velocities
31.) Critical flow - A condition of flow where the mean velocity is at one of the
critical values; ordinarily at Belanger's critical depth and velocity
32.) Cryology - The science of the physical aspects of snow, ice, hail, and sleet and
other forms of water produced by temperatures below Zero degrees Celsius
33.) Cyclone - A system of winds rotating inward to an area of low atmospheric
pressure, with a counterclockwise (northern hemisphere) or clockwise (southern
hemisphere) circulation
34.) Dam - Any artificial barrier which impounds or diverts water
35.) Dam failure - Catastrophic event characterized by the sudden, rapid, and
uncontrolled release of impounded water
36.) Deep Percolation - Drainage of soil water downward by gravity below the
maximum effective depth of the root zone toward storage in subsurface strata
37.) Dendrites - Thin branch-like growth of ice on the water surface
38.) Depression Storage - small low points in the rising and falling slopes of
terrain that stores precipitation which would eventually become runoff
39.) Depth of runoff - The total runoff from a drainage basin, divided by its area
40.) Dew-point Temperature - temperature to which water vapor starts to condense
41.) Discharge - The rate at which water passes a given point. Discharge is
expressed in a volume per time with units of L3/T
42.) Diversion - The taking of water from a stream or other body of water into a
canal, pipe, or other conduit
43.) Drainage basin - A part of the surface of the earth that is occupied by a
drainage system, which consists of a surface stream or a body of impounded
surface water together with all tributary surface streams and bodies of impounded
surface water
44.) Drizzle - A fine sprinkle of tiny water droplets of size < 0.5mm and intensity
< 1mm/h. The tiny drops forming a drizzle appear to float in air
45.) Effective porosity - The ratio, usually expressed as a percentage, of the
volume of water or other liquid which a given saturated volume of rock or soil
will yield under any specified hydraulic condition, to the given volume of soil or
rock
46.) Embankment - Fill material, usually earth or rock, placed with sloping sides
and usually with length greater than height
47.) Erosion - Wearing away of the lands by running water, glaciers, winds, and
waves
48.) Evaporation - Process by which liquid water is converted into water vapor
49.) Evaporation rate - The quantity of water, expressed in terms of depth of liquid
water, which is evaporated from a given surface per unit of time
50.) Evapotranspiration - Combined loss of water from a given area by evaporation
from the land and transpiration from plants
51.) Extratropical Cyclones - Have cold air at their core, and derive their energy
from the release of potential energy when cold and warm air masses interact
52.) Flood - An overflowing of a large amount of water beyond its normal
confines, especially over what is normally dry land
53.) Flood Control - The technique or practice of preventing or controlling floods
with dams, artificial channels, etc
54.) Flood forecast - is a prediction that flooding is imminent
55.) Flood frequency - is the relationship between flood size and the probability
that a flood of that size will be exceeded
56.) Fracturing - Deformation process whereby ice is permanently deformed, and
fracture occurs
57.) Glaze - Formed when rain or drizzle comes in contact with cold ground at
around 0 deg C. The water drops freeze to form an ice coating
58.) Groundwater Mound - A raised area in a water table or other potentiometric
surface created by groundwater recharge
59.) Hail - Showery precipitation in the form of pellets or lumps of size >8mm.
These occur in violent thunderstorms
60.) Hydrograph - A graph relating stage, flow, velocity, or other characteristics of
water with respect to time
61.) Hydrologic System - A structure or volume in space, surrounded by a
boundary, that accepts water and other inputs, operates on them internally, and
produces them as outputs
62.) Hyetometer – An instrument used to measure rainfall
63.) Irrigation Return Flow - The part of artificially applied water that is not
consumed by evapotranspiration and that migrates to an aquifer or surface water
body
64.) Juvenile Water - Water formed chemically within the earth and brought to the
surface in intrusive rock
65.) Lotic system - A flowing body of freshwater, such as a river or stream
66.) Low flows - are the stream flows that occur during a prolonged absence of
rain
67.) Mixing Ratio - mass of water vapor in g/kg of air
68.) Moisture content - water content inside an undrained soil
69.) Monsoon - A seasonal reversing ​wind accompanied by corresponding changes
in precipitation
70.) Movable Bed - A stream bed made up of materials readily transportable by the
stream flow
71.) Net Rainfall - The portion of rainfall which reaches a stream channel or the
concentration point as direct surface flow
72.) Ombrometer - Instrument used by ​meteorologists and ​hydrologists to gather
and measure the amount of liquid ​precipitation​ over a set period of time
73.) Overland Flow - The flow of rainwater or snowmelt over the land surface
toward stream channels. After it enters a watercourse it becomes runoff
74.) Percolation - water in soil layer travel between rocks and soil particles causing
saturation of the area
75.) Permeability - The ability of a material to transmit fluid through its pores
when subjected to a difference in head
76.) Planimeter - A drafting instrument used to measure the area of a graphically
represented planar region, regardless of its shape (regular or irregular)
77.) Precipitation - water fall from atmosphere to earth
78.) QPF (Quantitative Precipitation Forecast) - A spatial and temporal
precipitation forecast that will predict the potential amount of future precipitation
for a specified region, or area
79.) Rainfall - The amount of precipitation usually measured by the depth in
inches
80.) Rainfall-runoff model - is a mathematical representation of the movement of
water through a river basin
81.) Recession - river flow stop the decreasing phase from increased rainfall in the
catchment
82.) Relative Humidity - ratio of vapor pressure to saturation vapor pressure
83.) River Gage - A device for measuring the river stage
84.) Runoff - The portion of precipitation on land that ultimately reaches streams
often with dissolved or suspended material
85.) Snow - Atmospheric water vapor frozen into ice crystals and falling in light
white flakes or lying on the ground as a white layer
86.) Snowfall - The amount of snow that falls in a single storm or in a given period
87.) Station Rainfall – The amount of rainfall measured in a given area bounded by
a certain distance
88.) Streamflow - The flow of water in streams, rivers, and other channels, and is a
major element of the water cycle
89.) Subsurface water - All water that occurs below the land surface
90.) Surface Runoff - The flow of ​water that occurs when excess stormwater, ​melt
water​, or other sources flows over the ​Earth's surface
91.) Transpiration - Water discharged into the atmosphere from plant surfaces
92.) Typhoon - A mature ​tropical cyclone that develops between ​180°​and ​100°E in
the Northern Hemisphere
93.) Unconfined - A condition in which the upper surface of the zone of saturation
forms a water table under atmospheric pressure
 94.) Vadose Zone - The locus of points just above the water table where soil pores
may either contain air or water. This is also called the zone of aeration
95.) Vapor Pressure - partial pressure of water vapor in the atmosphere
96.) Water Balance - ​An accounting process where flow and chemistry values are
assigned to each of the individual water sources identified in the
water-management plan
97.) Water Budget Equation - A continuity principle describing the quantities of
water going through various individual paths of the hydrological cycle in a given
system
98.) Watershed - An area of land draining into a stream at a given location
99.) Watershed Divide - A line dividing land whose drainage flows toward the
given stream from land whose drainage flows away from that stream
100.) Withdrawal of Monsoon - The change from summer to winter type of
circulation with the retreat of the sun to the south of the equator
References:
https://www.niwa.co.nz/education-and-training/schools/students/hydro-terms
https://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/hod/SHManual/SHMan014_glossary.htm