REFRESHER COURSE ON CONCRETE BRIDGE DESIGN USING CODE

OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES (IRC: 112)

LECTURE 07

ULS OF INDUCED DEFORMATIONS WITH WORKED EXAMPLES

PROF MAHESH TANDON

MANAGING DIRECTOR, TANDON CONSULTANTS PVT LTD
GUEST PROFESSOR @ GANDHINAGAR
International Professional Engineer (India)

Prof Mahesh Tandon, Managing Director Tandon Consultants Pvt Ltd and Guest
Professor IIT Gandhinagar, is an international expert in the field of Structural
Engineering. Many of the structures designed by Prof Tandon have been widely
acclaimed and have received recognition in India as well as internationally. He is
Honorary Fellow, Indian Concrete Institute, President, Indian Society for Wind
Engineering (2015-2018), Immediate Past President, Indian Association of Structural
Engineers (2015-16), Member, National Committee of Civil Engineering, Institution
of Engineers (India) (2015-2018). Under the AICTE-INAE program he was appointed
Distinguished Visiting Professor at IITs @ Kanpur, Roorkee & Gandhinagar (2005-
2015).
He has accreditation of International Professional Engineer (India).
 P2 P1: CRUSH LOAD

P2: BUCKLING LOAD

P1

Buckling: failure due to instability of

a member or structure under
perfectly axial compression and
without transverse load
 CLASSICAL EULER
BUCKLING LOAD (ELASTIC)
SUPPORT CONDITIONS PLAY A VITAL ROLE
IN DETERMINING BUCKLING LOAD.
SECOND ORDER ANALYSIS IS SYNONYMOUS
WITH THE EULER LOAD
 Second order effects are additional action effects caused
by the interaction of axial forces and deflections under
load (cl. 11.1(1)
 In a column/pier it is the bending moment that is
influenced by second order effects.
 The axial force which is caused by vertical loads, is not
significantly affected by second order effects.
 Most design methods are based on calculating the
additional bending moment due to the second order
effects.
 EFFECT OF CREEP ON
CONCRETE MODULUS

Creep strain / initial strain

 DEFORMATIONS
INCREASE WITH TIME

PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
First order effects: action effects calculated without
consideration of the effect of structural deformations,
but including geometric imperfections. In other words, in
a first-order analysis, the state of equilibrium of the
structure is obtained in its initial geometry.

In a second-order analysis, the equilibrium of the

structure is verified in its deformed geometry. The
additional effects of the forces created by deformations
of the structure are duly considered.

EFFECTIVE LENGTH??
According to clause 11.2.1 (1), the slenderness
ratio is defined as = le/i, where ‘le’ is effective
length and ‘i’ is the radius of gyration of the
uncracked concrete section.
Effective length for members in frames may be
found out from cl.11.2.2(1) and for isolated
members from cl.11.2.2 (2)

 There is no value of λ specified as a cut-off

between short and slender columns, but in
practice, second order effects
(slenderness) need to be considered
above an le/i ratio of about 15.
 In the second order analysis:
The principle of superposition is not valid
The flexural rigidity of reinforced concrete structures EI is not
constant. Cracking of concrete and Creep of Concrete in particular
reduces EI

Thus SECOND ORDER EFFECTS involve both geometry and

material non-linearity.

The code has given relaxation in the following cases:

If second order effects are less than 10% of the first order effects.
If the slenderness λ is below a certain value λlim
• SIMPLIFIED METHODS:
i. Nominal Curvature Method suitable for Isolated Members
ii. Nominal Stiffness method suitable for all Isolated Members as well
as a group of compression members. NOT YET COVERED IN IRC
112.

• GENERAL METHOD
Based on non-linear (material and geometric) analysis may be used
for all types of members including non prismatic. This approach will
require a suitable computer package, which can also cater to
provisions of stress-strain behaviour of materials in accordance with
IRC 112.
This is outside the scope of the presentation.
BRACED MEMBER:
A non-sway column will have an effective length which is
between 0.5 and 1.0 times the actual clear height of the column
.
UNBRACED MEMBER:
A sway column will have an effective length greater than the clear
height. In very rare cases the effective height will exceed twice
the overall height.
Formulae have been derived which will give the effective height
as a function of EI of the column and the rotation stiffness of the
members framing into each end of the column.
EFFECT OF SCOUR & LIQUEFACTION ON EFFECTIVE LENGTH
PILES ARE UNBRACED BUT RESTRAINED BY THE SYSTEM
MEMBERS SHOULD NOT BE ISOLATED
– use nominal stiffness method
Table11.1 IRC
Effective Length :
WHEN CAN WE USE THIS TABLE ?

 lo is the clear height

between end restraints.
 Rotational restraint is at
least 4EI/ lo for cases 2 to
6 and 8EI/ lo for case 7
EFFECTIVE LENGTH AS PER EUROCODE
The simplified methods are based upon
an analogy with a “model” column having
the following properties:
– constant cross section along the length;
- Symmetrical section (including reinf)
– pinned restraints at both ends;
– constant axial force and bending moment;
– no transversal loads applied over the length.
 CRITERIA FOR IGNORING 2ND ORDER
EFFECTS Cl 11.2.1 (2)
Second order effects may be ignored if the
slenderness λ is below a certain value λlim, ie, λ <
λlim.

lim  20. A.B.C / n

Where, n= is the relative normal force

n  N Ed /  Ac f cd 
As a first check whether second order analysis can be ignored
values of A=0.7, B=1.1, C=0.7 may be used. Cl 11.2.1 (2) Note
 IF THE FIRST CHECK FAILS:
Re-Calculate A,B,C
THE TERM A
A=

1 / 1  0.2ef 
ef = is effective creep ratio.

ef = M oEqp
 , to .
M oEd
M0Eqp = First order B.M. in quasi-permanent load
combination in SLS.

M0Ed = First order B.M. in design load combination in

U.L.S.
 THE TERM B

The term “B” accounts for reinforcement ratio :

 B = 1 2w
 w = As f yd /  Ac f cd 
 w is the mechanical reinforcement ratio. If the
same is not known, ‘B’ may be taken as 1.1.
 The above is equivalent to, w = 0.1.
 This value would usually be achieved in a slender
column, however this is generous in comparison to
minimum reinforcement clause 16.2.2 of IRC 112
 THE TERM C

 The term “C” accounts for bending

curvature:
 C = 1.7-rm, where moment ratio rm =
M01/M02.
 M01 & M02 are the first order end
moments at two ends
 If the end moments give tension on the
same side, rm should be taken as
positive (i.e. C 1.7), otherwise negative
(i.e. C >1.7).
 If ‘rm’ is not known, C may be taken as
0.7 which corresponds to uniform
Column bent in double curvature
moment throughout the member.
 ‘C’ also should be taken as 0.7 when the
members are not braced
SAMPLE CALCULATION OF C
C = 1.7-rm
 Conclusions regarding LIMITING
SLENDERNSS CRITERIA (Cl.11.2)
 As the axial force ‘n’ becomes greater, the section
becomes more susceptible to development of second
order effects and, consequently limiting slenderness
value become lower.
 Higher limiting slenderness can be achieved where:
 there is low creep ( because the stiffness of the concrete
part of the member in compression is then higher)
 there is a high percentage of reinforcement ( because total
member stiffness is then less affected by the cracking of the
concrete)
 the location of the peak first order is not the same as the
location of peak second order moment.
 These effects are accounted for by the terms A, B and C
respectively.
Detailed Calculations of Effective Length (CL.11.2.2) :
FOR BRACED AND UN BRACED MEMBERS IN FRAME

k 
  EI
.
M lo
  / M = is the rotation of restraining members
at a joint for unit bending moment M
EI = is the bending stiffness of compression
member
Io = is the clear height of compression member
between end restraints.
 Cl.11.2.2 : EFFECTIVE LENGTHS FOR BRACED AND UN
BRACED MEMBERS IN REGULAR FRAME
cont’d

 For Braced Members:

 k1   k2 
le  0.5lo 1   * 1  
 0.45  k1   0.45  k 2 
For Unbraced members:
  k1.k2   k1   k 2 
le  lo * max of  1  10.  ; 1   * 1  
  k1  k2   1  k1   1  k2 

Where, k1, k2 are the relative flexibilities of
rotational restraints at ends 1 and 2 respectively.
 EXAMPLE CALCULATION OF /M
A fixed cantilever pier will have rotational restraints as follows:
Upper end has no restraining member hence k1= ∞

The Lower end is fixed hence k2 = 0

k1

Note: k = 0 is the theoretical limit for rigid

rotational restraint, and k = ∞ represents the
limit for no restraint at all. Since fully rigid
restraint is rare in practise, a minimum value of
0,1 is recommended for k1 and k2.
k2
 Simplified criteria for ignoring 2nd
order effects (Cl.11.2)

Where ef defined above is not known, ‘A’ may

be taken as 0.7.
The above corresponds to ef = 2.0 that
would be typical of concrete loaded at relatively
young age, such that  = 2.0 with a loading
being entirely quasi permanent.
Using the default value of A = 0.7 is reasonably
conservative as the same is in any case not
sensitive to realistic variation of ef.
 Calculating EQUIVALENT
FIRST ORDER MOMENT

Differing First order end moments M01 M02 should be replaced by

An equivalent First Order Moment M0e
 Calculating EQUIVALENT FIRST ORDER MOMENT
For Indeterminate structures

The equivalent moment, M0 , is

calculated with reference to the
end moments,
M1and M2.
M0 = 0.6 ⋅M2 + 0.4 ⋅M1 ≥ 0.4 ⋅M2

Where |M2| ≥ |M1|. The signs of

M1 and M2 coincide if the column
is bent in single curvature,
otherwise they are opposite.
SIGN CONVENTION FOR EVALUATING
EQUIVALENT FIRST ORDER MOMENT
COLUMN BENT IN DOUBLE CURVATURE COLUMN BENT IN SINGLE CURVATURE

Clause 11.3.2.1(2) Note:

The equivalent moment concept for First Order does not apply to
cantilever columns or to bridge piers with bearings on top
CALCULATING TOTAL MOMENT
 CALCULATING TOTAL MOMENT
Clause 11.3.2.2

FIRST ORDER MOMENT TO INCLUDE IMPERFECTIONS

e = 15+l0/800 mm
AASHTO CHAPTER 5 effective length
ISOLATED MEMBERS: EFFECTIVE LENGTHS
Second order effects with axial load

Compression resultants with eccentricities and

curvature variations (Source : FIB Model code 2010)
 Second order effects with axial load

Interaction Chart showing Second Order effect

 11.3.2 Simplified methods and their
common basis

For practical design, there are two principal

methods to calculate this 2nd order moment (M2)
Estimation of the flexural stiffness EI to be used in a
linear second order analysis (i.e. considering
geometrical non-linearity but assuming linear material
behaviour); this method is called stiffness method.
 Cl.11.2.2 :Effective Length and Slenderness Ratio for
isolated members

 For the cases from (b) to (e) above in Euro & FIB model codes
assume that the rotational stiffnesses at the bottom is infinitely stiff.
 In reality, the same is not the case as such the effective lengths will
always be somewhat greater than for rigid restraints.
 For cases 4 to 6 in Table 11.1 of IRC : 112 seem to be highly on
conservative side compared to Euro and FIB model codes.
These equations are time-consuming to use, and Table 7.1 (from BS 8110) provides a simple
and conservative means of estimating the effective length for columns in regular structures.
 Guidelines for the above geometric imperfections

********

Note. “Pure buckling” as defined above is not a relevant limit state in real structures, due
to imperfections and transverse loads, but a nominal buckling load can be used as a
parameter in some methods for second order analysis. synonymous with the Euler load
Both the moment magnification method and the nominal curvature
method require an estimate of the first-order moment at around mid-
height of the column, since this is the point where the second-order
moment will be a maximum. Both methods use the same method to
establish the first-order moment,

MEd= MoEd+M2, where,

Med = Final design moment.
MoEd = First order design moment
M2 = 2nd order moment.
Cl 11.3.2.METHOD BASED ON NOMINAL CURVATURE
Estimation of the curvature 1/r corresponding to a 2nd order deflection for
which the 2nd order moment is calculated; this method is called curvature
method, which is used in IRC :112.