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Vibration Testing: Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition
Kenneth G. McConnell, Paulo S. Varoto

ISBN: 978-0-471-66651-6 October 2008 672 Pages

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DESCRIPTION
Vibration Testing: Theory and Practice, Second Edition is a step-by-step guide that
shows how to obtain meaningful experimental results via the proper use of modern
instrumentation, vibration exciters, and signal-processing equipment, with
particular emphasis on how different types of signals are processed with a
frequency analyzer. Thoroughly updated, this new edition covers all basic concepts
and principles underlying dynamic testing, explains how current instruments and
methods operate within the dynamic environment, and describes their behavior in a
number of commonly encountered field and laboratory test situations.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
KENNETH G. McCONNELL, PE, is Professor Emeritus, Aerospace Engineering and
Engineering Mechanics, Iowa State University, and has over forty-three years'
experience in vibrations and experimental mechanics. He is a Fellow of the Society
of Experimental Mechanics, and recipient of SEM's M.M. Frocht Award for
"outstanding achievement as an experimental mechanics educator"; SEM's highest
award, the William M. Murray Lecturer, for his "outstanding contribution to SEM in
the fields of dynamic instrumentation, vibration testing techniques, and fluid
structure interaction"; the D.J. DeMichele Award for "promoting the scientific and
educational aspects of modal analysis"; and the Brewer Award, "in recognition of
his contributions as an outstanding practicing experimental stress analyst." He is
the author of Instrumentation for Engineering Measurements, Second Edition
(coauthored with James E. Dally and William F Riley and published by Wiley) and
other books in the field.
PAULO S. VAROTO is professor on Dynamics and Vibrations at the Mechanical
Engineering Department, School of Engineering of S�o Carlos, University of S�o
Paulo. Professor Varoto earned his BSc and MSc in mechanical engineering from the
University of S�o Paulo and holds a PhD in engineering mechanics from the
Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Iowa State
University, where he worked under the supervision of Ken McConnell.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface xix

1. An Overview of Vibration Testing 1

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Preliminary Considerations 6

1.3 General Input-Output Relationships in the Frequency Domain 8

1.4 Overview of Equipment Employed 10

1.5 Summary 12

2. Dynamic Signal Analysis 13

2.1 Introduction 14

2.2 Phasor Representation of Periodic Functions 21

2.3 Periodic Time Histories 26

2.4 Transient Signal Analysis 32

2.5 Correlation Concepts�A Statistical Point of View 38

2.6 Correlation Concepts�Periodic Time Histories 40

2.7 Correlation Concepts�Transient Time Histories 47

2.8 Correlation Concepts�Random Time Histories 50

2.9 Summary 63

2.10 General References on Signal Analysis 65

3. Vibration Concepts 67

3.1 Introduction 68

3.2 The Single DOF Model 68

3.3 Single Degree of Freedom Forced Response 76

3.4 General Input-Output Model For Linear Systems 88

3.5 The Two Degrees of Freedom Vibration Model 101

3.6 The Second-Order Continuous Vibration Model 115

3.7 Fourth-Order Continuous Vibration System�The Beam 130

3.8 Nonlinear Behavior 143

3.9 Summary 156

3.10 References 161

4. Transducer Measurement Considerations 164

4.1 Introduction 164

4.2 Fixed Reference Transducers 166

4.3 Mechanical Model of Seismic Transducers�The Accelerometer 173

4.4 Piezoelectric Sensor Characteristics 180

4.5 Combined Linear and Angular Accelerometers 193

4.6 Transducer Response to Transient Inputs 199

4.7 Accelerometer Cross-Axis Sensitivity 212

4.8 The Force Transducer General Model 222

4.9 Correcting FRF Data for Force Transducer Mass Loading 235

4.10 Calibration 246

4.11 Environmental Factors 263

4.12 Summary 267

5. The Digital Frequency Analyzer 272

5.1 Introduction 272

5.2 Basic Processes of a Digital Frequency Analyzer 274

5.3 Digital Analyzer Operating Principles 289

5.4 Factors in the Application of a Single-Channel Analyzer 296

5.5 The Dual-Channel Analyzer 314

5.6 The Effects of Signal Noise on FRF Measurements 326

5.7 Overlapping Signal Analysis to Reduce Analysis Time 339

5.8 Zoom Analysis 348

5.9 Scan Analysis, Scan Averaging, and More on Spectral Smearing 359

5.10 Summary 368

6. Vibration Excitation Mechanisms 374

6.1 Introduction 375

6.2 Mechanical Vibration Exciters 382

6.3 Electrohydraulic Exciters 394

6.4 The Modeling of an Electro Magnetic Vibration Exciter System 403

6.5 An Exciter System�s Bare Table Characteristics 419

6.6 Interaction of An Exciter and a Grounded Single DOF Structure 426

6.7 Interaction of an Exciter and an Ungrounded Structure Under Test 438

6.8 Measuring An Exciter�s Actual Characteristics 449

6.9 Summary 460

7. The Application of Basic Concepts to Vibration Testing 465

7.1 Introduction 466

7.2 Sudden Release Or Step Relaxation Method 468

7.3 Forced Response of a Simply Supported Beam Mounted on an Exciter 485

7.4 Impulse Testing 499

7.5 Selecting Proper Windows for Impulse Testing 510

7.6 Vibration Exciter Driving a Free-Free Beam With Point Loads 530

7.7 Windowing Effects on Random Test Results 539

7.8 Low-Frequency Damping Measurements Reveal Subtle Data Processing Problems 551

7.9 A Linear Structure Becomes Nonlinear Due To Its Test Environment 559

7.10 Summary 573

8. General Vibration Testing Model: From the Field to the Laboratory 579

8.1 Introduction 580

8.2 A Two-Point Input-Output Model of Field and Laboratory Simulation Environments

587

8.3 Laboratory Simulation Schemes Based on the Elementary Model 593

8.4 An Example Using a Two DOF Test Item and a Two DOF Vehicle 603

8.5 The General Field Environment Model 622

8.6 The General Laboratory Environment Model 627

8.7 Test Scenarios for Laboratory Simulations 630

8.8 Summary 634

Index 641

REVIEWS
"�is a good foundational text for engineers concerned with component vibration
testing as it might relate to failure analysis, qualification testing, reliability
testing, and machinery diagnostics. The book is well written and makes the
presented concepts easy to understand. I recommend it both as an introduction to
laboratory testing techniques for the relative novice and as a reference for
experienced practitioners in the field." (Noise Control Engineering, Jan-Feb 2009)
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