Documente Academic
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Hazards
Presentation By
A.Chandramohan,
ASNT-Level II ( RT,UT,MT and PT)
Manager – FQA
NTPC - Kudgi
Radiation
e) Thulium-170 (Half Life period is 130 days, thin metals 1.3 cm jobs)
f) Cesium -137 (Half Life period is 30 yrs, widely used for gauges )
X-Ray ( Artifical Emitting rays )
X-radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation ,X-ray
wavelengths are shorter than those of UV rays and
typically longer than those of gamma rays, X-rays have
a wavelength ranging from 0.01 to 10 nanometers
Industrial X-Ray Unit
High Electrical Supply
High Electrical Potential
X-Ray Equipments
Electrons
+ -
X-ray Generator or
Radioactive Source Creates
Radiation
Radiation
Penetrate
the Sample
= less exposure
= more exposure
Top view of developed film
Medical X-Ray Unit
X-Ray Demo with
XRF - Analyzer
Gamma Rays Camera
Guide Tube
Cranking Cable
Gamma Rays Camera
Source Size
Time,Distance and Shielding
Basic principles in reducing external exposure to
ionizing radiation
Time
Distance
Inverse Square La
RADIATION ZONE SAFE WORKING DISTANCE
Safe working distance for Radiography calculation (panoramic radiation -360 deg)
where
Ci - Curie strength
RHM - Roentgen/Hour/Meter (for Ir192-0.48, Co60-1.3)
W - Work Load (No. of exposures x duration of exposure in minutes)
T - Occupancy factor (full occupancy -1 ; partial occupancy - 1/4 ; rare occupancy - 1/16)
P- Permissible does (permissible dose for public in your country)
this formula will help to calculate safe working distance from radiation zone.
Thumb Rule
1Curie=1 meter
Lead Bricks
Establishment of Radiographic Boundary
Safety Officer-1
Radiation Monitoring Safety Devices for Operator
Dosi meter
TLD Badge
Lead Gloves
Survey meter
Radiation Monitoring Safety Devices
Source Pit Room
Jeet Inspection
Source Pit Room
Locking Mechanism
Skin Reddening
Gastrointestinal Syndrome
Radiation Burns
Above 1000 rem
Loss of Hair above 100 rem
EFFECTS OF CELL DEATH
Before Radiation
exposure
After Radiation
exposure
Tests and diagnosis for Radiation dose
2. Blood tests. Frequent blood tests over several days enable medical personnel to look for
drops in disease-fighting white blood cells and abnormal changes in the DNA of blood cells.
3. Dosimeter.
4. Survey meter. A device such as a Geiger counter can be used to survey people to
determine the body location of radioactive particles.
Treatments and drugs
Decontamination
Bacterial infections
Headache
Fever
Diarrhea
Nausea and vomiting
Dehydration
Burns