SUSTAINABLE WASTE

MANAGEMENT : CASE STUDY

Jayant Joshi
 Waste Classification
Municipal Solid
Waste

Vegetable
Industrial Medical Domestic Market Construction
Waste Waste Waste Waste Waste

Bio-Degradable Non-Bio-
Degradable
Kitchen Waste
Vegetables, Garden Waste Recyclable
(Tree Leaves) Non-Recyclable
Peels,

Plastic, Thermacoal,
Glass, Sanitary Napkins,
Metal Paper, Diapers
 Composition of MSW
Composition of MSW in India & Regional Variation

53.41
Compostable (%)

52.38
51.91
60
50.89

50.41

50.41
Recyclables (%)
50 Inerts (%)
Composition of MSW

32.82

40

30.85

29.57
28.86

28.15

28.15
21.44

21.44
30
19.23

17.02
16.78
16.28

20

10

0
Metro Other East India North South IndiaWest India Region/City
Cities India
 ~51% of Domestic Waste is Compostable
MSWM Comparison
Existing MSWM System Proposed MSWM System
Domestic Waste Non-Bio-
Degradable
Generation

Bio-Degradable
Segregation at
Mixing in House Source

Unsegregated Recyclable
Waste Collection Composting At Source

Collected by
Municipal Vermin-Compost Aerobic
Anaerobic
Corporation (Trucks)
Sanitary Landfill
Recycling Plant
Or Incineration
Transportation Compost
Biogas

Open Dumping
AND/OR Burning
India: Overview
 ~920m tons of MSW landfill or 843m tons Open
Dump (91% of Total Waste Generated)
 Inefficient handling of waste by municipalities
(50-60%)
 Receive Treatment : 10% of the collected waste
 Scientific Disposal in Landfill: ~ 0%
 No segregation, unsafe disposal
 Discarded Composting Rejects : 60%
 Utilized Mixed Waste : Only 6-7%
 Non-organics and heavy metals reduced efficiency

 Calorific Value of MSW-India: NOT suitable for

Energy Generation
 Although LFG recovery reduces overall GHG emissions
 Opportunity to produce 3.6m tons of waste compost
 Produces 33.1 m TPY of RDF in the form of composting rejects
 Insufficient information on performance of MSW
composting facilities
 Average Expenditure on SWM : 15 -20% of Total Budget
 75% Salaries , 20% Transportation, Rest on other O&M costs
24.3.1 Prohibition Against Littering the Streets,
Deposition of Solid Waste on
the Streets, Open Defecation, etc.
No person shall litter public streets or public places or
deposit or cause or permit to be deposited or thrown
upon or along any public street, public place, land
belonging to the local body, State or Central
Government or any unoccupied land or on the bank of
a water-body any solid waste except in the receptacles
specified in 2, 6 and 8 above or resort to open
defecation.
Mumbai: Existing Scenario
 Population : ~1.3Crore
 Budget for Waste Disposal: 2300 Crore/yr
 Waste Generate: 11,000 TPD (2014-15 BMC Report)
 ~630 gm/per Family /Day

 15-20% Waste remains uncollected

 Almost 0% Gets Scientific Treatment

 >80% of Domestic Waste is Bio-degradable

 Waste is dumped on Deonar ,it’s capacity is ended 25 years

back,Hari om nagar Mulund it’s closer is declared ,the third is at
Kanjur it is not yet stared fully because of litigations.
 The height of the waste tower at Deonar has reached about 55
meters or 165 feet equivalent , as against the 35-metre cap
mandated by the Airports Authority of India.
Kalyan Dombivali Corporation scenario

 No scientific dumping ground allocated

 Last two years all the new Housing projects are being
rejected
 Unauthorized construction are in full swing
 200 crore revenue loss
 Day by day MSW quantity is on increase
 Dirtiest city in India
 24 Hrs garbage heaps are left burning
 Thane and Mumbai are also on the same Path
SIT inquiry for 4087Cr.Rs And 4408
Cr Rs irregularities .
Carelessness of the citizens
Unscientific way of handling the waste
All the Rivers are polluted
Our all the water resources are polluted and not giving potable water
Mumbai –Malad beach is full of garbage thrown in the deep sea
,came back with high tide
Holy water to immerse Flower
Hazards of open dumping
 Open Burning of Solid Wastes and Landfill Fires Emit 22,000 TPY
of pollutants
 CO, HC,H2S , NOx , SOx, SO2 , dioxins, furans

 Particulate Matter

 Burning at Ground Levels

 Upper Respiratory tract Disorders to the Locals

 Mix Waste Compost Samples Fall Below QC standards

 Exceeded Quantities of Heavy Metals

 Soil, Air, Water Pollution

 Physically Challenged Next Generation
Agenda
 Understating Municipal Waste

 Existing Methods of composting

 Merits and Demerits
 Case Studies

 Proposed Solution
 De-Centralization of Waste
 Summary
 Conclusion
 Next Steps
 Deonar Fire
 Deonar:
Piles of Trash in Deonar ~30m Tall
 Largest Garbage Dump in Mumbai, (possibly India)
9 Story Building..!! -NASA
 132-Hectare Site Receives ~4000 to 5000Tons of waste/Day
 Home to Thousands of Scavengers
 Open Pit Toilet Leading to Health Hazards
 Rs. 3,700-Crore contract for partial closure of dump and building
an integrated waste management facility given to United
Phosphorous (2009)
 Disputes ->No Compost Plant Yet

 Caught Severe Fire on Jan 28. 2016

 Severity: Visible even from Space
 Thick Smoke (Acrid smoke)That Bloated Out the Sun
 Severe Threat to the health of those who live nearby
 Fire lasted for more than four days
 Possible Causes:
 Self combustion of methane inside the dump
 Misconduct ?
 Irresponsibility ?

• http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/05/asia/mumbai-giant-garbage-dump-fire/
• http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/a-fire-mumbai-finds-hard-to-douse/
NASA
Swacchs Bharat Abhiyan
Current Mentality
 People’s Attitude
 Innocence
 Ignorance
 Arrogance
Education on paper
 The civic administration, in its 2014-15 budget,
has allocated around Rs 44 crore to increase
awareness among citizens regarding waste
management, to improve civic sense and also
streamline the role played by NGOs in this
process.
 Decentralization :Experts opinion

 The BMC needs to draw up a policy to micro-

manage organic waste,” said Dr.Shyam
Asolekar, professor, centre for science and
engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-
Bombay.

 Estimates suggest that the Garbage treatment is

Rs 60,000-crore industry has the potential to grow
at 10-15 per cent a year
 Comparison
Methods Merits Demerits
• Informal Sectored,
• Integral part of SWM • Successful only if segregation at source
Recycle • Robust Collection and supply chain in large cities follow ed
• Only ~20% to 35% Available in India
• Suitable for Organic Waste (51%-India)
• Significant Reduction in Transportation Cost
• Fast and Cheap • Possibility of heavy metals entering into food
Aerobic Composting • Low Space ,No Odor ,Most Eco-Friendly chain if used as Mixed .
• Proved to be the best if decentralized • If it is done on centralized way it is costly affair
• 100 Nitrogen is recovered

• Low Efficiency
• High position on hierarchy of SWM • Excessive Water Required
Small Scale
• Divert waste from landfills • Medium Space Required
Bio-Gas/ Methanization • Only successful at small scale • Slushy Slurry as bi-product

• Not advisable for Kitchen waste

Vermi Compost • Gets good quality manure
• Slow process failure chances are more
• Potential Substitute for Coal
Refuse Derived Fuel • Divert waste from landfills • Many failures from case studies
(RDF) • 5plants • Severe problems during operation
• Lack of funding, logistics and
• Low Efficiency due to lower Cal. Value
Waste to Energy • Potential Substitute for Coal • GHG Emissions
Combustion • Recommended after all possible recycling and • Inert Organic Bi-products
(WTE) composting • Flyash is another waste generated
Segregation at Manchester
Segregation in UK At Food Joint
Key Concepts: Waste Reduction
 National Level
 Law must be implemented very strictly
 promotion of consumer awareness.
 promotion of producer responsibility for post-consumer wastes.
 Required Change In Packing Material

 Local Level
 At Source Segregation .
 recovery of materials from mixed waste.
 Implementation of Three R
 support of home composting, either centralized or small-scale.
Composting Levels

• Individual
L1 • Inside Our House

• Small-Sized Groups
L2 • 10-15 families prepare their own composting pit

• Mid-Sized Groups
• A society of 100 members waste management. So that
L3 it will require mechanized mixing , sifting et.
Organic Discards:
Contribution to Greenhouse Gasses

Domestic Waste Organic Discards

Decomposition Natural Aerobic

Decomposition
Anaerobic
Environment

CO2
High in Nitrogen
Emission Emission
No Methane
High
Carbohydrates (Food Scrap,
Manure, Glass)

Not Considered in N2O

GHG GHG
Computations
CH4
Emission 21
300Times
more
times more dangerous
dangerous than CO2
than CO2
 Fish Bone diagram

People are not cultured No enough funds

People are to be educated

Dry and wet Garbage is
Corporaters are inefficient not segregated at source

City garbage
There is no enough problem is going
space for composting out of control
There is no
punishment for
Metropolitan cities misbehavior
are growing
uncontrolled Dumping ground is the
only solution of this
problem
Sustainable solution Composting basket
 L1: Kitchen Kompost
 Compost Basket
 It converts all the kitchen waste in to good compost inside the kitchen
without any smell
 Gives good quality compost useful for organic Garden
 Very Economical, Last for many years
 No recurring cost
 Makes the citizen aware of their duties
 Converts Food waste ,Fruit waste , Flowers
Tea powder, Fish bones ,Prawn , Egg shells
in to compost
Very fast and Robust
L1 Scaled to L2

Common box made up of M.S mesh with Netlon inside of 2X3X2 size of 325 Lts capacity
 Easily assembled, Good mobility
 Highly recommended for 15-20 families , hotels , Canteens and Garden waste
 Can be kept open no civil structure is required
 Low Capital cost or running cost
 No emission of Methane .
Useful for about 25 kg waste /day
 L2 Example: Up’Grade- Bangalore
Self Sustaining Zero Waste Community
 In-house Bulk Composting Solution
 Up’Grade Mix + Food Waste = Compost (25-30 Days)
 Primary Segregation into Dry and Wet by Residents
 ~78kg of wet waste /day/complex 780Kg/month
 Beneficial Microbes Isolated from Tropical Agricultural Soils
 Blended with Coco peat as Carrier Material
 Enhance Aerobic Decomposition

 Low Cost
 Shredder (Rs. 30,000) + Crates (Rs.400/unit) by Society
 Worm Free and Odor Free
Case Studies
 White Coal (RDF/WTE)
 Gorai Dumping Ground Closure
 First Housing Society: No Waste to Landfills
 White Coal

 Converting Fallen Trees Into White Coal ( Briquettes )

 Cheaper than firewood and black coal
 Replaces traditional coal, lignite, gas etc.
 Application: Boiler Fuel in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan
 India : Leading Manufacturer and Consumer -Wikipedia
 Not the Ideal Way
 Wastage of Biomass (Organic Material)
 Required Infrastructure consumes more energy than the
 Need to convert into compost for efficient utilization
 Emits Co2 ,which is trapped by Plants
Zero garbage Society in Parel :
No Waste to Landfills
 Marathon Era Co HSC- Parel, Mumbai
 36 Storey Complex

 236 flats Generate 300kg/day

 No Impact on Environment
 1500sqft Waste Sorting Area

 Section 1: Bio-degradable or wet Waste is Composted

 Wet Waste, Kitchen Refuse

 Section 2: Recycle 9 Categories

 (Plastic, Glass, Paper, Electronics)

 Awareness in Residents..!!
 600kg of ‘Organic Fertilizer’ per month
 Manure is used in society garden

 Excess is distributed among residents

Bio-Digester: Green Project by BMC
(Bio-Methanization)
 Parel-Mumbai, Mumbai University Canteen
 Wet Garbage, Cow dung, non-potable Water
 Peels, Vegetables ,Waste/ Extra food

 Biogas
 Cost 25000/Rs

 5kg Waste ,4 hours supply of gas

 1m3 in 24 hours

 Residue is used as Organic manure in the Garden

Effective
 Remains slushy But
 Requires a lot of water and space NOT
IDEAL
 Low Efficiency
 Merits and Demerits L1 composting
Merits
 Your own Property
 Simple Maintenance
 The out put of this is valuable
compost for your garden.
 This will eliminate the waste
 transportation from
Kitchen to dumping ground
 Being aerobic process it is
faster.
 Very Economical
Demerits
 You have to pay from your
own pocket
 It occupies space in your
house
 If the user is not willing to
follow the procedure the
process fails .
 Its very difficult to change the
mindset of person .NIMBY
syndrome
Merits And Demerits of L2 composting
Merits
 Less Space
 Very Economical
 No Odor
 Significant Reduction in
Transportation Cost
 Easy Maintenance
 Fast Conversion
 Aerobic Decomposition
 No GHG
Demerits
 Require Cooperation of all
 No Control Over Team
Members
 Everyone Need to be Aware
 Shared Responsibility
 System Fails if anyone Fails
to segregate at source
 If not operated properly
Anaerobic decomposition
 GHG
How do organic discards contribute to greenhouse gases?

By definition, all organic discards contain carbon. When they

decompose naturally under aerobic conditions the CO2 they
give off is part of the natural short-term carbon cycle6. Since
this is part of the natural flux of CO2 it is not considered in
GHG computations. However, when those organic discards are
placed in an anaerobic environment the decomposers will
convert and release the carbon as methane and other volatile
organic compounds which can contribute to global climate
change. Organic discards that are high in nitrogen, such as
food scraps, manures and grass clippings, under wet and
oxygen-limited conditions, can also produce N2O during
decomposition, roughly 300 times worse than carbon dioxide.
Gorai Dumpsite Closure
 19.6 Hectare : 2200TPD since 1972
 Total Waste ~2.34 million tons (26m high)
 Scientific Closure on July 25, 2009 by United Phosphorus
 Covering of Reformed Slopes with Soil
 Relocation and Reformation of Existing Waste
 Landscaping and Compound Wall Construction
 Systems Installed Include
 Landfill Gas Collection and Venting system
 Leachate collection system
 Flaring System
 Incinerate the Landfill Gasses
 Flare Burner with 12m High Chimney
 Maintenance Period 15years
 Power Generation from Methane : for 10 years..!!
 Toxins are still seeping into the ocean
 Fish are getting infected
 Inherently WE are consuming toxins via Fish
Original Proposal - Dr. S. R. Maley
 Only 3 Crore
 Proposed Step 1 : Sanitization using Bacteria and flies
 Essentially Composting..!!
 Proposal was Denied and Given to United Phosphorous..!!
 Dr. Maley Recommends Segregation @ Source
 Low Cost
 Composting : Naturally Recommended (90%)
 Gain :90L Ton of Compost for Organic Farming
 Equivalent to Rs. 27,000 crore per year
 Can make baron land fertile
 90L ton food in India.!!!
 Healthy Food and NO MORE Rejects from EU/ UK
 http://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/eu-rejects-indian-grapes-290
 Promote Organic Farming
 Recycle -> ReUSE

 Recyclable
Waste
Recycling of even pet bottle waste
 In India recycle of PET material is not used.
 In USA bottle is made of 50% recycle bottle.
Recycle -> Reuse
Dr.John Bryer Nobel Laureate
Dr.John Bryer Nobel Laureate
Dr.John Bryer’s Students
“Paryavaran Mitra” Award from TJSB
Vocational Excellence Award from Rotary
 Last but not the least

Everybody Blames
Somebody When Nobody
Does It
What Anybody can Do it