Measures of Central Tendency and

Dispersion
• Measure of Central Tendency – describe the middle or center of
Presentation TitleAnalysis
Goes Hereof Variance distribution
o Mean – sum of the observations divided by the number of
and Mean Comparison
…presentation subtitle. observations.
o Median – number wherein half are above and half are below
it.
Violeta Bartolome
Senior Associate Scientist-Biometrics o Mode – most frequently occurring value.
Crop Research Informatics Laboratory
• Measure of Dispersion – describe how data varies or are spread
International Rice Research Institute
out.
o Variance or standard deviation
o range

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Sample Mean and Variance Sample Mean and Variance

∑ xi
Mean = 58 + 58 + ⋯ + 60
n Mean = = 59
60 60 60 + 60 + ⋯ + 60 10
= = 60 58 60
10
60 60 2
∑( x i − x ) 58 60 (60 − 59)2 + (58 − 59)2 + ⋯ + ( 60 − 59)2
60 60 Var = Var =
n −1 58 60 9
60 60 ( 60 − 60)2 + ⋯ + (60 − 60)2
= 1.11
=
9
=0 58 60
60 60
58 60 1.11
sem = = 0.33
var 0 10
sem = = =0
n 10 µ = x ± sem
= 59 ± 0.33
= (58.67 , 59.33)

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 Sample Mean and Variance Analysis of Variance
61 + 63 + ⋯ + 67
61 72 Mean = = 63.6 • Used to identify sources of variability from one or
10
63 65 more potential sources called treatments or factors.
61 68 (61 − 63.6)2 + (63 − 63.6)2 + ⋯ + (67 − 63.6)2
Var =
55 63 9 • Test variability due to treatments is real and not due
61 67 = 22.04 to random error.

22.04
sem = = 2.204
10

µ = x ± sem
= 63.6 ± 2.2
= (61.4 , 65.8)
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One-way ANOVA (CRD) One-way ANOVA (CRD)

Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Objective is to identify how much of
this variation is explained by
60 60 treatment and how much variation is Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Source of
unexplained. Variation df SS MS
60 60 58 60
Treatment t-1=2-1=1 10.00 10.00
60 60 58 60
Source of Error 9-1=8 0.00 0.00
60 60 Variation df SS MS 58 60 Total n-1=10-1=9 10.00 1.11
60 60 Treatment t-1=2-1=1 0.00 0.00 58 60
Error 9-1=8 0.00 0.00
58 60
Total n-1=10-1=9 0.00 0.00
Var = 0
(60 − 59)2 + (58 − 59)2 + ⋯ + (60 − 59)2
Var =
= Total Variation (Total MS ) 9
= 1.11

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 Hypothesis Testing
One way ANOVA
Source of
Variation
df SS MS Ho: Variability among treatments is not different from random
Treatment 1 Treatment 2 error. ⇒ There are no differences among treatment means.
61 72 Treatment t-1=2-1=1 115.60 115.60
Objective is to reject Ho so that we can conclude that
63 65 Error 9-1=8 82.80 10.35 differences exist among treatments.
61 68 Total n-1=10-1=9 198.40 22.04
55 63
TrMS
F=
61 67 Is the variability between EMS
treatments different from Ho is rejected if F-value is significant
( 61 − 63.6)2 + ( 63 − 63.6)2 + ⋯ + ( 67 − 63.6)2
Var =
9
random error?
= 22.04
P ≥ .05 ⇒ F is not significant
.01 ≤ P < .05 ⇒ F is significant at 5% ⇒ *
P < .01 ⇒ F is significant at 1% ⇒ **

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Standard error of the mean

Source of
df SS MS F P
Variation Estimate of the treatment mean: Xi
Treatment t-1=2-1=1 115.60 115.60 11.17* 0.0102

Standard error of a treatment mean: EMS

Error 9-1=8 81.80 10.35 SEM =
r
Total n-1=10-1=9 198.40 22.04
10.35
* - significant at 5% level.
SEM = = 2.07
5

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Standard error of the difference Example
Estimate of the difference between 2 treatment means: Difference bet. means of Trt 1 and Trt 2:
Xi − X j 67.0 – 60.2 = 6.8
2EMS
Standard error of the diff. bet. 2 means: SED = 2(10.35)
r SED = = 2.03
5
Least Significant Difference: LSD=t*SED
LSD (5%)=2.306*2.03=4.68
Rule: If difference is greater than the LSD
value then the 2 means are significantly Conclusion: Since 6.8 is greater than 4.68 then
different. the means of the two treatments are significantly
different.
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Type I Error
Rule on the Use of LSD
Hypothesis

•Use only when F-test for treatment effect is significant Can not Reject Reject
•Number of treatments to be compared is less than 6 Ho is True
Type I Error

Ho is False Type II Error

Why?
Note: Ho: µi=µj
Probability of committing type I error increases with the
number of treatments to be compared. Family-wise error rate (FWER)=probability of committing Type I Error
= 1-(1-α)N where N=the number of pairwise comparison.

For t=10, N=45 → FWER=1-(1-.05)45=.90

:: color, composition, and layout :: color, composition, and layout

Using LSD for multiple pairwise comparison Two way ANOVA - RCB
Block Trt 1 Trt 2
Source of
Treatment Mean
1 61 72 Variation df SS MS F Prob
Block b-1=5-1=4 61.40 15.35 2.87 .1659
1 7.44 2 63 65 Treatment t-1=2-1=1 115.60 115.60 21.61 .0097
2 9.78 How do we put letters to compare (b-1)(t-1) 21.40 5.35
3 61 68 Error
means? =4*1=4
3 9.86 4 55 63 Total n-1=10-1=9 198.40 22.04

4 11.10 5 61 67
5 7.25
Note: formula for sed is the
same as CRD.
LSD.05=3.34

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Factorial Experiments
Two or more factors are tested simultaneously. Factorial Experiments
Example : Given the ff. treatment combinations
for a 2x2 factorial experiment Most important objective is to test interaction
effects between factors.
Treatment Combinations
 Interaction occurs when effects of the levels
Treatment No. Variety Nitrogen Rate of one factor changes with the levels of
(kg/ha)
another factor
1 V1 N1(0 kg/ha)
2 V1 N2(60 kg/ha)
3 V2 N1(0 kg/ha)
4 V2 N2(60 kg/ha)
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 Which illustrate(s) the presence of interaction?
No Interaction
(a)) Yield(kg/ha) (b)) Yield(kg/ha)
5
Variety N1(0 kg/ha) N2(60 kg/ha) Average 5

4 V2 4
V2
V1 1.00 2.00 3.00 2.00 3 3
1.00 1.00 1.00 V1
V2 2.00 2.00 4.00 3.00 2 2

1 1 V1
Average 1.50 2.00 3.50 0 0
N1 N2 N1 N2

(c)) Yield(kg/ha) (d)) Yield(kg/ha)

Interaction Present 5 5
4 V2 4
Variety N1(0 kg/ha) N2(60 kg/ha) Average
3 3
V2
V1 1.00 0 1.00 1.00 2 2
1.00 3.00 2.00 V1
1 1
V2 2.00 2.00 4.00 3.00 V1
0 0

Average 1.50 1.00 2.50 N1 N2 N1 N2

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Example: RCB factorial

TRTS: 2 varieties, 3 Nitrogen rates, 3 reps
Rule in Factorial Experiments
When interaction is present comparing
means averaged over the levels of the other Blk 1
N2V2 N1V1 N1V2 Source of Variation df
factor is meaningless. N3V1 N3V2 N2V1 Block 2
Variety (V) 1
N1V2 N1V1 N2V1
A1 A2 Mean Blk 2 Nitrogen (N) 2
N2V2 N3V1 N3V2
NxV 2
B1 1 -1 0 N2V1 N2V2 N1V2
Blk 3 Error 10
B2 -1 1 0 N1V1 N3V1 N3V2 Total 17

Mean 0 0

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 Factorial RCB SED for RCB factorial

Source of Variation df Type of comparison sed

Block r-1
Factor A (A) a-1 2EMS
Compare 2 AxB means
r
Factor B (B) b-1
AxB (a-1)(b-1) 2EMS
Compare 2 A means
Error (r-1)(ab-1) rb

Total rab-1 2EMS

Compare 2 B means
ra
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Example: Split-plot Example: Split-plot

Mainplot-3 N-rates; Subplot-2 varieties; 3 reps Mainplot-3 N-rates; Subplot-2 varieties; 3 reps

V2 V1 V2
Source of Variation df
Blk 1 N3 N1 N2
V1 V2 V1 Blk 1 N3 N1 N2 Block 2
Nitrogen (N) 2
V1 V2 V1
Error (a) 4
Blk 2 N1 N3 N2
V2 V1 V2 Blk 2 N1 N3 N2

V1 V2 V2
Blk 3 N3 N2 N1
V2 V1 V1 Blk 3 N3 N2 N1

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Example: Split-plot Example: Split-plot
Mainplot-3 N-rates; Subplot-2 varieties; 3 reps Mainplot-3 N-rates; Subplot-2 varieties; 3 reps

V2 V1 V2 Source of Variation df V2 V1 V2 Source of Variation df

Blk 1 N3 N1 N2 Blk 1 N3 N1 N2
V1 V2 V1 Block 2 V1 V2 V1 Block 2
Nitrogen (N) 2 Nitrogen (N) 2
V1 V2 V1 V1 V2 V1
Error (a) 4 Error (a) 4
Blk 2 N1 N3 N2 Blk 2 N1 N3 N2
V2 V1 V2 Variety (V) 1 V2 V1 V2 Variety (V) 1
NxV 2 NxV 2
V1 V2 V2 V1 V2 V2
Blk 3 N3 N2 N1 Error (b) Blk 3 N3 N2 N1 Error (b) (1x2) x 3 = 6
V2 V1 V1 V2 V1 V1
Total 17

:: color, composition, and layout :: color, composition, and layout

Split-plot SEDs for Split-plot

Type of pair comparison
Source of Variation df sed t-value

Block r-1 Number Between

Factor A (A) a-1 1 Two main-plot means

2E a tinv(α, dfa )
(averaged over all subplot
Error (a) (r-1)(a-1) treatments) rb

Factor B (B) b-1 2 Two subplot means

2E b
(averaged over all main-plot tinv ( α, df b )
AxB (a-1)(b-1) treatments) ra
3 Two subplot means at the 2E b
Error (b) a(r-1)(b-1) same main-plot treatment r
tinv ( α, df b )

Total rab-1 4 Two main-plot means at the 2[(b−1)E b +E a ]

same or different subplot tinv ( α, df ab )
rb
treatment
:: color, composition, and layout :: color, composition, and layout
 Example: Strip-plot
Satterthwaite degrees of freedom VF: 3 N-rates; HF: 2 Varieties; 3 reps

V1
Blk 1 N3 N1 N2

df ab =
[Ea + (b − 1) Eb ]2 V2

Ea [(b − 1) Eb ]
2 2
V2
+
df a df b Blk 2
V1
N2 N3 N1

V1
Blk 3 N1 N2 N3
V2

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Example: Strip-plot Example: Strip-plot

VF: 3 N-rates; HF: 2 Varieties; 3 reps VF: 3 N-rates; HF: 2 Varieties; 3 reps

Source of Variation df Source of Variation df

V1
Blk 1 N3 N1 N2 Block 2 Blk 1 Block 2
V2
Nitrogen (N) 2 Nitrogen (N) 2
Error (a) 4 Error (a) 4
V2
Blk 2 N2 N3 N1 Blk 2 Variety (V) 1
V1 Error (b) 2

V1
Blk 3 N1 N2 N3 Blk 3
V2

:: color, composition, and layout :: color, composition, and layout

Example: Strip-plot
VF: 3 N-rates; HF: 2 Varieties; 3 reps
Strip-plot
Source of Variation df
V1 Source of Variation df
N3 N1 N2 Block 2
Blk 1
V2
Block r-1
Nitrogen (N) 2
Horizontal Factor (H) h-1
Error (a) 4 Error (a) (r-1)(h-1)
V2
Blk 2 N2 N3 N1 Variety (V) 1 Vertical Factor (V) v-1
V1 Error (b) 2
Error (b) (r-1)(v-1)
NxV 2
V1 HxV (h-1)(v-1)
N2 Error (c) 4
Blk 3 N1 N3 Error (c) (r-1)(h-1)(v-1)
V2 Total 17
Total rhv-1

:: color, composition, and layout :: color, composition, and layout

SEDs for Strip-plot Satterthwaite degrees of freedom

Type of pair comparison
sed t-value
df ac =
[Ea + (b − 1) Ec ]2
Ea [(b − 1) Ec ]
2 2
Number Between back

+
df a df c
1 Two horizontal means 2E a
(averaged over all vertical tinv ( α, df a )
rb
treatments)
2 Two vertical means
(averaged over all horizontal
2E b tinv ( α, df b )
dfbc =
[Eb + (a − 1) Ec]2
Eb2 [( a − 1) Ec ]
ra 2
treatments)
3 Two vertical means at the 2[(a −1)E c + E b ] +
tinv ( α, df bc ) dfb dfc
same horizontal treatment ra
4 Two horizontal means at the 2[(b −1)E c + E a ]
same vertical treatment tinv ( α, df ac )
rb
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