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FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR
(FET)
1
Field Effect Transistor (FET)
( )
Simplest forms of transistor
widely used in analogue and digital applications
very high input impedance, small physical dimensions
low power consumption (ideal for use in VLSI circuits)
low power consumption (ideal for use in VLSI circuits)
Unipolar device (i.e. only one type of charge carriers
contribute to the current flow , either electrons or
holes)
‘field effect’ – derived from the fact that the current
flow is controlled by an electric field set up in the
device by an externally applied voltage
2
Classification scheme for field effect transistors
l f h f f ld ff
3
JFET C t ti
JFET Construction
N‐channel JFET consists of an n region of Si
into which two p++ regions are diffused
n‐region is called channel because it
permits current to flow as in a conducting
channel
h l
The end of the channel are metallized and
external leads are taken out to form the
Source (S) and Drain (D) terminals
Source (S) and Drain (D) terminals
The two p++ regions are shorted together to
form the Gate (G) terminal
Immediately after p
Immediately after p++ regions are diffused
regions are diffused
into n‐channel, depletion layers are formed
around the p++ regions
4
Basic Operation of a JFET (an analogy)
JFET operation can be compared to a water spigot.
6
JFET Operation
As shown in the Figure (a), if the bias is not supplied at the gate, the current
flows from the drain to the source, and when the bias is supplied at the gate,
the depletion region begins to grow and reduces the current as shown in
Figure (b).
The reason for the wider depletion region of the drain compared to the source
depletion region is that the reverse bias of the gate and the drain VDG(‐VGS+VDS)
is higher than the V
h h h h GS (bias between the gate and the source).
(b b h d h )
(a) When VGS (Gate‐source voltage) is not supplied
7 (b) When VGS (Gate‐source voltage) is supplied
JFET Operating Characteristics
The voltage VGS applied to the Gate controls
the current flowing between the Drain and
the Source terminals.
h S i l
VGS refers to the voltage applied between
the Gate and the Source.
VDS refers to the voltage applied between
refers to the voltage applied between
the Drain and the Source.
Because a Junction Field Effect Transistor is a
voltage controlled device, "NO
voltage controlled device, NO current flows
current flows
into the gate!" then the Source current ( IS )
flowing out of the device equals the Drain
current flowing into it and therefore ( I
g ( D = IS )).
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JFET Operating Characteristics
The characteristics curves shows the four different regions of operation for a JFET.
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JFET Operating Characteristics
p g
The Drain current is zero when VGS = VP. For normal operation, VGS is biased to be
somewhere between VP and 0. Then we can calculate the Drain current, ID for any
g
given bias point in the saturation or active region as follows:
p g
2
Drain current in the active region ⎛ V ⎞
(known as Shockley’s Equation or ID = I ⎜ 1 − GS
DSS ⎜ V
⎟
⎟
Square Law Equation) ⎝ P ⎠
VP : VGS at pinch‐off / VGS(off)
IDSS : ID at saturation or maximum
The JFET can be used as a variable resistor ( in ohmic region), where VGS controls
the drain‐source resistance (rd). As VGS becomes more negative, the resistance (rd)
increases.
ro
rd = 2
ro : resistance with VGS = 0
⎛ V ⎞ rd : resistance at particular VGS
⎜⎜ 1 − GS ⎟
⎝ VP ⎠
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J
JFET Symbols
Sy bo s
n‐channel
h l p‐channel
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JFET Transfer Curve
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Merit and Demerit of JFET
1. Its operation depends upon the flow of majority carriers only, it is, therefore, a unipolar
p p p j y y, , , p ((one type of carrier)
yp )
device. On the other hand in an ordinary transistor both majority and minority carriers take part in conduction
and, therefore, ordinary transistor is sometimes called the bipolar transistor. The vacuum tube is another example
of a unipolar device. ‘
2. It is simpler to fabricate, smaller in size, rugged in construction and has longer life and higher efficiency. Simpler
to fabricate in IC form and space requirement is also lesser
to fabricate in IC form and space requirement is also lesser.
3. It has high input impedance (of the order of 100 M Ω), because its input circuit (gate to source) is reverse biased,
and so permits high degree of isolation between the input and the output circuits. However, the input circuit of
an ordinary transistor is forward biased and, therefore, ordinary transistor has low input impedance.
4. It carries very small current because of reverse biased gate and, therefore, it operates just like a vacuum tube
where control grid (corresponding to gate in JFET) carries extremely small current and input voltage controls the
output current. This is the reason that JFET is essentially a voltage driven device (ordinary transistor is a current
operated device since input current controls the output current.)
5. An ordinary transistor uses a current into its base for controlling a large current between collector and emitter
whereas in a JFET voltage on the gate (base) terminal is used for controlling the drain current (current between
whereas in a JFET voltage on the gate (base) terminal is used for controlling the drain current (current between
drain and source). Thus an ordinary transistor gain is characterized by current gain whereas the JFET gain is
characterized as the transconductance (the ratio of drain current and gate‐source voltage).
6. JFET has no junction like an ordinary transistor and the conduction is through bulk material current carriers (N‐
type or P‐type semiconductor material) that do not cross junctions. Hence the inherent noise of tubes (owing to
high temperature operation) and that of ordinary transistors (owing to junction transitions) is not present in JFET.
7. It is relatively immune to radiation.
8. It has negative temperature coefficient of resistance and, therefore, has better thermal stability.
9. It has high power gain and, therefore, the necessity of employing driver stages is eliminated.
10.It exhibits no offset voltage at zero drain current and, therefore, makes an excellent signal chopper.
10.It exhibits no offset voltage at zero drain current and, therefore, makes an excellent signal chopper.
11.It has square law characteristics and, therefore, it is very useful in the tuners of radio and TV receivers.
12.It has got high frequency response.
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Drawbacks of JFET
1. Its relative small gain‐bandwidth product in comparison
with that of a conventional transistor.
2. Greater susceptibility to damage in its handling.
3. JFET has low voltage gains because of small
transconductance .
transconductance
4. Costlier when compared to BJT’s.
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MOSFETs (Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET)
( )
MOSFETs have characteristics similar to JFETs and
additional characteristics that make them very useful
There are two types of MOSFETs
There are two types of MOSFETs
Depletion‐type
Enhancement‐type
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MOSFETs Symbols
MOSFETs Symbols
Depletion‐type Enhancement‐type
The drain (D) and source (S)
connect to the to n‐doped
regions. These n‐doped regions
are connected via an n‐channel.
This n‐channel is connected to
n channel is connected to
the gate (G) via a thin insulating
layer of SiO2.
The n‐doped material lies on a p‐
doped substrate that may have
an additional terminal connection
called substrate (SS). In some
cases SS is internally connected to
the source (S) terminal.
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Enhancement‐Type MOSFET Construction
The drain (D) and source (S) connect
to the to n‐doped regions. These n‐
doped regions are connected via an
n‐channel
The gate
h ( )
(G) connects to the p‐
h
doped substrate via a thin insulating
layer of SiO2
There is no physical channel
The
The nn‐doped
doped material lies on a p
material lies on a p‐
doped substrate that may have an
additional terminal connection
called the substrate ((SS))
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(a) When VGS (Gate‐source voltage) is not supplied
MOSFET Operation (b) When VGS (Gate‐source voltage) is supplied
The two types of Depletion Type MOSFET
MOSFETs are the
depletion type and the
enhancement type, and
each has a n/p –channel
type.
The depletion type is
The depletion type is
normally on, and
operates as a JFET.
The enhancement type
is normally off, which
ll ff h h Enhancement Type MOSFET
means that the drain to
source current increases
as the voltage at the
g
gate increases. No
current flows when no
voltage is supplied at
th
the gate.
t
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MOSFET Operation Animation
Step 1: Apply Gate Voltage
Gate
Source Drain
5 volts
holes N N
electrons
P
electrons to be
transmitted
Step 3: Channel becomes
Step 2: Excess electrons saturated with electrons.
surface in channel, holes Electrons in source are
are repelled. able to flow across channel
to Drain.
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Output Characteristics of D‐MOSFET
Operate in two modes
Depletion mode ( VGS = ‐ve values) 2
⎛ V ⎞
Enhancement mode ( V
Enhancement mode ( VGS = +ve
= +ve values)
ID = I ⎜ 1 − GS
DSS ⎜ V ⎟
⎝ P ⎠
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Output Characteristics of E‐MOSFET
ID = k(VGS − VT )2 k=
ID(ON)
(VGS(ON) − VT )2
VT = (VGS(th)) : threshold voltage or voltage at which the MOSFET turns on
k : constant found in the specification sheet
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Output Characteristics of MOSFET
It describes how the output voltage affects the output current i.e. ID
characteristics due to VDS in many VGS conditions. .
It is divided into the ohmic
It is divided into the ohmic region, the saturation (active)
region the saturation (active) region, and the
region and the
cut‐off region.
1. Ohmic region: A constant resistance region. If the drain‐to‐source voltage
is zero, the drain current also becomes zero regardless of gate–to‐source
is zero, the drain current also becomes zero regardless of gate to source
voltage. This region is at the left side of the VGS – VGS(th) = VDS boundary
line (VGS – VGS(th) > VDS > 0). Even if the drain current is very large, in this
region the power dissipation is maintained by minimizing VDS(on).
2. Saturation region: A constant current region. It is at the right side of the
VGS – VGS(th) = VDS boundary line. Here, the drain current differs by the
gate–to‐ source voltage, and not by the drain‐to‐source voltage. Hence,
the drain current is called saturated.
3. Cut‐off region: It is called the cut‐off region, because the gate‐to‐source
voltage is lower than the VGS(th) (threshold voltage).
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Advantages & Disadvantage of MOSFET
Advantages
i. High input impedance ‐ voltage controlled device ‐ easy to drive.
ii
ii. Unipolar device majority carrier device ‐
Unipolar device ‐ majority carrier device fast switching speed.
fast switching speed
iii. Wide SOA (safe operating area).
iv. Forward voltage drop with positive temperature coefficient ‐ easy to
use in parallel.
use in parallel.
Disadvantage
In high breakdown voltage devices over 200V, the conduction loss of a
MOSFET is larger than that of a BJT, which has the same voltage and current
rating due to the on‐state voltage drop.
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