1.- Normal flow rate to real flow rate 2.

- Real

Normal flow rate data Operation absolute pressure Real flow rate data
Pop = Patm_loc + Pop
Vn = 7.53 Nm3/h Patm_loc = 80 kPa V=
Pn = 101,325 Pa Pop = 600 kPa (g) Pop =
Tn = 273.15 K Pop = 680.00 kPa top =
Pop = 680,000 Pa
Local atmospheric pressure Local atmospheric pressure
Patm_loc = 80 kPa Real volumetric flow rate Patm_loc =
V= (Pn/Pop) * (Top/Tn) * Vn
Operating conditions Pn = 101,325 Pa Normal conditions
Pop = 600 kPa (g) Tn = 273.15 K Pn =
top = 10 °C Pop = 680,000 Pa Tn =
Top = 283.15 °C
Operation absolute temperature Vn = 7.53 Nm3/h Operation absolute temperat
Top = top + 273.15 V= 1.16 m3/h Top =
top = 10 °C top =
Top = 283.15 K Top =

3.- Normal flow rate to real flow rate P atm_oc = f(H)

Normal flow rate data Operation conditions Real flow rate data
Vn = 7.53 Nm3/h Pop = 680,000 Pa V=
top = 10 °C Top = 283 K top =
Hloc = 1949 m.a.s.l. Hloc =
Pop_g = 600.0 kPa (g) Normal conditions Pop_g =
Pn = 101,325 Pa
Patm_Loc = 101,325* (1 -2,25577E-5 * H)^5,25588 Tn = 273.15 K Patm_Loc = 101,325* (1 -2,25577E-5 * H)^5,

H= 1949 m.a.s.l. H=
Patm_loc = 80.00 kPa (abs) Patm_loc =
Real volumetric flow rate
Operation pressure V= (Pn/Pop) * (Top/Tn) * Vn Operation pressure
Pop = Pop_g + Patm_loc Pn = 101,325 Pa Pop =
Pop_g = 600.00 kPa (g) Tn = 273 K Pop_g =
Patm_loc = 80.00 kPa Pop = 680,000 Pa Patm_loc =
Pop = 680.00 kPa Top = 283.15 °C Pop =
Pop = 680,000 Pa Vn = 7.53 Nm3/h Pop =
V= 1.16 m3/h
Operation absolute temperature Operation absolute temperat
Top = top +273.15 Top =
top = 10 °C top =
Top = 283.15 K Top =
 Rev. cjc. 21.04.02.2016

2.- Real flow rate to normal flow rate

Real flow rate data Operation absolute pressure

Pop = Patm_loc + Pop Normal_to_real_flow_rate_and_FAD_flow rate

1.16 m /h3 Patm_loc = 80 kPa www.piping-tools.net

600 kPa (g) Pop = 600 kPa (g) cjcruz[at]piping-tools.net
10 °C Pop = 680 kPa
Pop = 680,000 Pa
ocal atmospheric pressure
80 kPa Normal volumetric flow rate
Vn = (Pop/Pn) * (Tn/Top) * V
Normal conditions Pop = 680,000 Pa
101,325 Pa Pn = 101,325 Pa
273.15 K Tn = 273.15 K
Top = 283.15 °C
Operation absolute temperature V= 1.2 m3/h
top + 273.15 Vn = 7.53 Nm3/h
10 °C
283.15 K

4.- Real flow rate to normal flow rate P loc = f(H)

Real flow rate data Operation conditions

1.2 m /h3 Pop = 680,000 Pa
10 °C Top = 283.15 K
1949 m.a.s.l.
600 kPa (g) Normal conditions
Pn = 101,325 Pa
atm_Loc
= 101,325* (1 -2,25577E-5 * H)^5,25588 Tn = 273.15 K
1949 m.a.s.l.
80.00 kPa (abs) Normal volumetric flow rate
Vn = (Pop/Pn) * (Tn/Top) * V
Operation pressure Pop = 679,999.9 Pa
Pop_g + Patm_loc Pn = 101,325 Pa
600.00 kPa (g) Tn = 273.15 K
80.00 kPa Top = 283.15 °C
680.00 kPa V= 1.2 m3/h
680,000 Pa Vn = 7.53 Nm3/h

Operation absolute temperature

top +273.15
10 °C
283.15 K
_flow_rate_and_FAD_flow rate
FAD volume flow rate

Free air delivery (FAD) is the volume of air delivered under the conditions of
temperature and pressure existing at the compressor's intake (state 2).

V2 = V1 * (P1 - RH1 * Psat.water_1) / (P2 - RH2 * Psat.water_2) * (T2 / T1)

1.- Normal flow rate (state 1) to FAD flow rate (state 2)

Normal air conditions (State 1)

V1 = 480 Nm3/h
P1 = 101,325 Pa
RH1 = 0 -
t1= 0 °C
T1 = 273 K
Psat.water_1 = f(T1)
Psat.water_1 = 609.6 Pa

FAD conditions (State 2))

P2 = 73,400 Pa
RH2 = 0.42 -
t2= 22 °C
Psat.water_2 = f(T2)
Psat.water_2 = 2645.1 Pa
T2 = 295 K

V2 = 726.99 m3/h (FAD)

Psat.water1 = 100000 * EXP(153.5411 + 0.066953 *(D36) - 0.0000505796 * (D36)^ 2 + 0.00000002183911 * (D36) ^ 3

t1= 0 °C
T1 = 273 K
Psat.water1 = 609.6 Pa

Free air delivered (FAD)

Free air delivery is the volume of air delivered under the conditions of
temperature and pressure existing at the compressor`s intake (state 2).

To obtain the volume flow rate at the intake conditions (2), knowing the
volume flowrate at the standard conditions (1), one applicates Boyle-Mariot
law between both cases. Since we want a value of dry air, Boyle-Mariot is
to be applied to the dry air.

Thus, dry air partial pressures are to be used.

- Since normal air is a dry air (da), the total air pressure at this conditions is
the same as the partial dry air pressure
Pda_1 = P1 - Pw_1
with an air without water vapor
Pw_1 = 0
thus
Pda_1 = P1

- The partial pressure of the dry air (da) in the ambient air (2) is
Pda_2 = P2 - Pw_2
P2 : Total pressure of ambient air (state 2)
Pw_2 : Partial pressure of water vapor in sate 2
where the water vapor pressure is calculated as
Pw_2 = f2 * Psat.water_2
with
f2 : Relative humidity of ambient air (Also, indicated as RH)
Psat.water_2 = Pressure of saturated water vapor at ambient temperatute "t 2"

Thus, Boyle-Mariot is applied as

Determination of dry air flowrate (V2) that is to be sucked at the compressor's

intake to obtain the desired volume flowrate (V 1)

V1 = 480 Nm3/h

Normal conditions (1) Intake or local conditions (2)

t1 = 0 °C t2 = 22 °C
T1 = 273.15 K T2 = 295 K
P1 = 101,325 Pa P2 = 73,400 Pa
RH1 = 0 - RH2 = 0.42 -
Psat.water_1 = 609.6 Pa Psat.water_2 = 2645.1 Pa
 V2 = V1 * (P1 - RH1 * Psat.water_1) / (P2 - RH2 * Psat.water_2) * (T2 / T1)
V1 = 480 Nm3/h
P1 = 101,325 Pa
RH1 = 0 -
t1= 0 °C
Psat.wate1 = 609.6 Pa
P2= 73,400 Pa
RH2 = 0.42 -
t2= 22 °C
Psat.wate_2 = 2645.1 Pa
T2 = 295 K
T1 = 273 K
V2 = 726.99 m3/h (FAD)

Saturation pressure of water

Psat = 100000 * Exp(153.5411 + 0.066953 *(C3+273.15) - 0.0000505796 * (C3+273.15)^ 2 + 0.00000002183911 * (C3+273.15) ^ 3 - 8990.134 * (C3+273
Valid 0 ºC < t < 100 ºC
t= 0 ºC
Psat= 609.6 Pa
 Rev. cjc. 21.04.02.2016

V1 = V2 * (P2 - RH2 * Psat.water_2) / (P1 - RH1 * Psat.water_1) * (T1 / T2)

2.- FAD flow rate (state 2) to Normal flow rate (state 1)

FAD conditions (State 2))

V2 = 726.99 m3/h (FAD)
P2 = 73,400 Pa
RH2 = 0.42 -
t2= 22 °C
Psat.water_2 = f(T2)
Psat.water_2 = 2645.1 Pa
T2 = 295 K

Normal air conditions (State 1)

P1 = 101,325 Pa
RH1 = 0 -
t1= 0 °C
T1 = 273 K
Psat.water_1 = f(T1)
Psat.water_1 = 609.6 Pa

V1 = 480 Nm3/h

0.00000002183911 * (D36) ^ 3 - 8990.134 * (D36) ^ -1 - 25.07797 * LN((D17+273.15)))

Water vapor pressure

P1 y P2 son presiones absolutas totales
de la mezcla de aire y vapor de agua
La presión parcial del aire seco es Pa_1
La temperatura normal es t1 = 0°C
La presión parcial del vapor de agua a
la temperatura normal es Pw_1
La humedad relativa del aire seco
es RH1 = 0

Air at normal conditions (state "1")

Pw_1 = (Pw_2 / Psat.water_2) * Psat.water_2
(Pw_1 / Psat.water_1) = f
with "f" : air Relative Humidity (RH)
Pw_1 = f1 * Psat.water_1
Pw_1 = RH1 * Psat_1
RH1 = 0 -
t1 = 0 °C
Pw_1= 609.6 Pa

Air at ambient conditions (estado "2")

Pw_2 = (Pw_2 / Psat.water_2) * Psat.water_2
(Pw_2 / Psat.water_2) = f
with "f" : air Relative Humidity (RH)
Pw_2 = f2 * Psat.water_2
Pw_2 = RH2 * Psat_2
RH2 = 0.42 -
t2 = 22 °C
Pw_2= 2645.1 Pa
 FAD volume flowrate
V2 = V1 * (P1 - RH1 * Psat.water_1) / (P2 - RH2 * Psat.water_2) * (T2 / T1)
V1 = 480 Nm3/h
P1 = 101,325 Pa State 1: Normal air conditions
RH1 = 0 - State 2: Local ambient air conditions
t1= 0 °C and also compressor intake conditions
Psat.wate1 = 609.6 Pa
P2= 73,400 Pa Free air delivery (FAD) is the volume of
RH2 = 0.42 - air delivered under the conditions of
t2= 22 °C temperature and pressure existing at
Psat.wate_2 = 2645.1 Pa the compressor's intake (state 2).
T2 = 295 K
T1 = 273 K
V2 = 726.99 m3/h (FAD)

C3+273.15) ^ 3 - 8990.134 * (C3+273.15) ^ -1 - 25.07797 * Ln((C3+273.15)))

Air density and mass flow rates

1.-Normal flow rate to mass flow rate. SI 3.- Mass flow rate imperial to Normal
flow rate. SI

Vn = 1,000 Nm3/h m= 0.792

m= 0.3592
Mass flowrate m= 1293.2
m= V n * rn Vn = m / rn
Vn = 1000 Nm3/h m= 1,293.2
rn = 1.29 kg/Nm 3 rn = 1.29
m= 1293 kg/h Vn = 1,000
m= 0.3592 kg/s
4.- Normal flow rate to mass flow
2.- Mass flow rate to Normal flow rate. SI rate imperial

m= 0.3592 kg/s Vn = 1000

Mass flowrate
m= 1293.2 kg/h m= V n * rn
Vn = m / rn Vn = 1000
m= 1,293.2 kg/h rn = 1.29
rn = 1.29 kg/Nm 3
m= 1293
Vn = 1,000 Nm3/h m= 0.3592
m= 0.792
 Rev. cjc. 21.04.02.2016

Air constant
e imperial to Normal 5.- Actual density R=
Rg =
tact = 10 ºC MM =
lb/s Pact_g = 450.0 kPa (g) R=
kg/s H= 1730 m.a.s.l.
kg/h Nitrogen constant
patm_loc = 101,325* (1 -2,25577E-5 * H)^5,25588 R=
kg/h patm_loc = 82.20 kPa Rg =
kg/Nm 3
T= tact + 273.15 MM =
Nm /h
3 tact = 10 ºC R=
T= 283.15 K
ate to mass flow P= Pact_g + Patm_loc Molecular masses from [1]
Pact_g = 450.0 kPa (g)
patm_loc = 82.20 kPa Normal air density
Nm3/h P= 532.2 kPa rn =
P= 532,197 Pa p=
R=
Nm /h
3 ract = p / ( R * T) T=
kg/Nm 3
p= 532,197 Pa rn =
kg/h R= 287.0 J/(kg*K)
kg/s T= 283 K
lb/s ract = 6.55 kg/m3
 Rg / MM
8314.41 [ J / (kmol*K)]
28.97 kg/kmol
287.0 J/(kg*K)

trogen constant
Rg / MM
8314.41 [ J / (kmol*K)]
28.0134 kg/kmol
296.8 J/(kg*K)

olecular masses from [1]

ormal air density

p / ( R * T)
101,325 Pa
287.0 J/(kg*K)
273 K
1.29 kg/Nm3
Nitrogen density and mass flow rates

Nitrogen constant
R= 296.8 J/(kg*K)

1.-Normal flow rate to mass flow rate. SI 3.- Mass flow rate imperial to Normal
flow rate. SI

Vn = 1,000 Nm3/h m= 0.766

m= 0.347
Mass flowrate m= 1250.5
m= V n * rn
Vn = 1000 Nm3/h Vn = m / rn
rn = 1.25 kg/Nm3 m= 1,250.5
m= 1251 kg/h rn = 1.25
m= 0.3474 kg/s Vn = 1,000

2.- Mass flow rate to Normal flow rate. SI 4.- Normal flow rate to mass flow
rate imperial
m= 0.3474 kg/s
Vn = 1000
m= 1250.5 kg/h Mass flowrate
m= V n * rn
Vn = m / rn Vn = 1000
m= 1,250.5 kg/h rn = 1.25
rn = 1.25 kg/Nm 3
m= 1251
Vn = 1,000 Nm3/h m= 0.3474
m= 0.766

Normal density 1 kg = 2.20

rn = p / ( R * T) m= 0.3474
p= 101,325 Pa m= 0.7658
R= 296.8 J/(kg*K)
T= 273 K
rn = 1.25 kg/Nm3
 Rev. cjc. 21.04.02.2016

Air constant
e imperial to Normal 5.- Actual density R=
Rg =
tact = 10 ºC MM =
lb/s Pact_g = 450.0 kPa (g) R=
kg/s H= 1730 m.a.s.l.
kg/h
patm_loc = 101,325* (1 -2,25577E-5 * H)^5,25588 Nitrogen constant
patm_loc = 82.20 kPa R=
kg/h Rg =
kg/Nm 3
T= tact + 273.15 MM =
Nm /h3 tact = 10 ºC R=
T= 283.15 K
Molecular masses from [1]
ate to mass flow P= Pact_g + Patm_loc
Pact_g = 450.0 kPa (g)
patm_loc = 82.20 kPa
Nm3/h P= 532.2 kPa
P= 532,197 Pa

Nm3/h ract = p / ( R * T)
kg/Nm 3
p= 532,197 Pa
kg/h R= 296.8 J/(kg*K)
kg/s T= 283 K
lb/s ract = 6.33 kg/m3

Rev. cjc. 03.07.2013

lb
kg/s
lb/s
 Rg / MM
8314.41 [ J / (kmol*K)]
28.97 kg/kmol
287.0 J/(kg*K)

trogen constant
Rg / MM
8314.41 [ J / (kmol*K)]
28.0134 kg/kmol
296.8 J/(kg*K)

olecular masses from [1]

 Rev. cjc. 21.04.02.2016

Imperial standard flow rate to Normal flow rate

Imperial standard flow rate data Normal absolute pressure

PN = 101,325 Pa
VS = 1.0 Sm /h 3
Normal absolute temperature
TN = 273.15 K
Imperial standard temperature
tS = 68 °F Standard volumetric flow rate to
tS = 20.00 °C Normal volumetric flow rate
Imperial standard pressure Vn = VS * (PS/Pn) * (Tn/TS)
PS = 101,325 kPa PS = 101,325 Pa
Pn = 101,325 Pa
Tn = 273.15 K
Standard conditions (Imperial) TS = 293.15 °C
PS = 101,325 Pa VS = 1.0 Sm3/h
TS = 293.15 K Vn = 0.9318 Nm3/h

1 Sm3/h = 0.9318 Nm3/h

1 Nm3/h = 1.073 Sm3/h

Rev. cjc. 21.04.02.2016

Standard cubic feet a minute @ 68 ªF T p

V N =V S⋅ N ⋅ S
1 ft = 0.3048 m T S pN
1 ft ³ = 0.02832 m³
1 ft ³/min = 0.02832 m³/min VN =
1 cfm = 0.02832 m³/min
1 Scfm = 0.02832 Sm³/min

1 Sm3/min 0.9318
= Nm3/min

1 Scfm =0.026384945 Nm3/min

1 Scfm = 1.583 Nm3/h
 T p
V N =V S⋅ N ⋅ S
T S pN
VS * (TN / TS) * (PS / PN)
Approximate method
Aproximate equation for calculating the atmospheric
pressure as a function of the height above sea level

p= 101,325* (1 -2,25577E-5 * H)^5,25588

H= 1730 m
p= 82.20 kPa

The Engineering Toolbox

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/air-altitude-pressure-d_462.html
Esta ecuación es una simplificación de la fórmula
hipsométrica [2], en la que la temperatura ambiente
se toma con un valor aproximado de 15,2 °C
Esta ecuación aproximada produce un error máximo
de 0.1% cuando se aplica en le rango de alturas
0 m.sn.m. <= H <= 6000 m.s.n.m.
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/molecular-weight-gas-vapor-d_1156.html

Molecular Weight - Gases and Vapors

Molecular mass of common gases and vapors

The molecular weight of a substance, also called molecular mass, is the
mass of one molecule of that substance, relative to the unified atomic
mass unit u equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12.

Molecular Molecular
Gas or Vapor Gas or Vapor
mass mass
kg/kmol kg/kmol
Acetylene, C2H2 26.04 Hydrogen, H2 2.016
Air 28.966 Hydrogen Chloride 36.461
Ammonia (R-717) 17.02 Hydrogen Sulfide 34.076
Argon, Ar 39.948 Hydroxyl, OH 17.01
Benzene 78.11 Krypton 83.8
N-Butane, C4H10 58.12 Methane, CH4 16.044
Iso-Butane (2-Metyl propane) 58.12 Methyl Alcohol 32.04
Butadiene 54.09 Methyl Butane 72.15
1-Butene 56.108 Methyl Chloride 50.488
cis -2-Butene 56.108 Natural Gas 19
trans-2-Butene 56.108 Neon, Ne 20.179
Isobutene 56.108 Nitric Oxide, NO2 30.006
Carbon Dioxide, CO2 44.01 Nitrogen, N2 28.0134
Carbon Disulphide 76.13 Nitrous Oxide 44.012
Carbon Monoxide, CO 28.011 N-Octane 114.22
Chlorine 70.906 Oxygen, O2 31.9988
Cyclohexane 84.16 Ozone 47.998
Deuterium 2.014 N-Pentane 72.15
Ethane, C2H6 30.07 Iso-Pentane 72.15
Ethyl Alcohol 46.07 Propane, C3H8 44.097
Ethyl Chloride 64.515 Propylene 42.08
Ethylene, C2H4 28.054
Fluorine 37.996
Helium, He 4.02
N-Heptane 100.2
Hexane 86.17
Hydrochloric Acid 36.47
 Molecular
Gas or Vapor
mass
kg/kmol
R-11 137.37
R-12 120.92
R-22 86.48
R-114 170.93
R-123 152.93
R-134a 102.03
R-611 60.05
Sulfur 32.02
Sulfur Dioxide 64.06
Sulfuric Oxide 48.1
Toluene 92.13
Xenon 131.3
Water Vapor -
Steam, H2O 18.02
[1] The Engineering Toolbox
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/air-altitude-pressure-d_462.html
also
www.piping-tools.net
Atmospheric_temperature_pressure_and_density_as_function_of_the_height_above_sea_level.xlsm
ght_above_sea_level.xlsm