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Arab Gas Pipeline

The Arab Gas Pipeline is a natural gas pipeline in the Middle East. It
Arab Gas Pipeline
originates near Arish in the Sinai Peninsula and was built to export
Egyptian natural gas to Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon, with a branch
underwater pipeline to Israel. It has a total length of 1,200 kilometres
(750 mi), constructed at a cost of US$1.2 billion.[1]

The pipeline no longer exports Egyptian gas – initially due to sabotage

(mostly to its feeder pipeline in Sinai), followed by natural gas shortages in
Egypt which forced it to discontinue gas exports by the mid 2010s. Sections
of the pipeline still operate in Jordan to facilitate domestic transport of gas,
while an agreement has been reached to use the underwater pipeline to
Israel to transport gas in the reverse direction, i.e., from Israel to Egypt
starting in 2019.

Contents Location of Arab Gas Pipeline

Location
Description
Arish–Aqaba section Country Egypt, Israel,
Aqaba–El Rehab section Jordan, Syria,
Israel–Jordan connection Lebanon, Turkey
El Rehab–Homs section
General south-north
Homs–Tripoli connection
direction
Future extensions
Syria–Turkey connection From Arish
Connection with Iraq Passes Aqaba, Amman,
Arish–Ashkelon pipeline through El Rehab, Deir Ali,
Initial supply agreement Damascus,
2012 cancellation Baniyas, Aleppo
Litigation and settlement
To Homs, Tripoli,
Reverse flow agreement
(Kilis)
Discontinuation of service
Timeline General information
The pipeline today Type natural gas
See also Partners EGAS
References ENPPI
PETROGET
GASCO
Description SPC

The main section of the pipeline through Egypt and Jordan is 36 inches Commissioned 2003
(910 mm) in diameter, with compressor stations located approximately Technical information
every 200 km – providing for a maximum annual gas discharge of 10.3 Length 1,200 km (750 mi)
billion cubic meters (BCM). The pipeline's capacity could be increased by
Maximum 10.3 billion cubic
50% by roughly doubling the number of compressor stations (to every
discharge metres
100 km).
(360 ×109 cu ft)
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Arish–Aqaba section
The first section of pipeline runs from Arish in Egypt to Aqaba in Jordan. It has three segments. The first 250
kilometres (160 mi) long overland segment links Al-Arish to Taba on the Red Sea. It also consists of a compressor
station in Arish and a metering station in Taba. The second segment is a 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) long subsea segment
from Taba to Aqaba. The third segment, which also includes a metering station, is a 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) long onshore
connection to the Aqaba Thermal Power Station.[2]

The $220 million Arish–Aqaba section was completed in July 2003.[3] The diameter of the pipeline is 36 inches
(910 mm) and has a capacity of 10.3 billion cubic metres (360 billion cubic feet) of natural gas per year.[4] The
Egyptian consortium that developed this section included EGAS, ENPPI, PETROGET and the Egyptian Natural Gas
Company (GASCO).

Aqaba–El Rehab section

The second section extended the pipeline in Jordan from Aqaba through Amman to El Rehab, (24 kilometres (15 mi)
from the Syrian border). The length of this section is 390 kilometres (240 mi) and it cost $300 million.[5] The second
section was commissioned in 2005.

Israel–Jordan connection
As of 2018, a 65 km, 36 inches (910 mm) pipeline is under construction from the Jordan River near kibbutz Neve Ur
on the Israel-Jordan border that will connect to the Arab Gas Pipeline near Mafraq in northern Jordan. Inside Israel
the pipeline extends 23 km from the border with Jordan to near kibbutz Dovrat in the Jezreel Valley where it connects
to the existing Israeli domestic natural gas distribution network. The pipeline is expected to be completed in mid-2019
and will supply Jordan with 3 BCM of natural gas per year starting in 2020.[6]

A 12 inches (300 mm) gas pipeline from Israel also supplies the Jordanian Arab Potash factories near the Dead Sea,
however it is located far from the Arab Gas Pipeline and is not connected to it.

El Rehab–Homs section
The third section has a total length of 319 kilometres (198 mi) from Jordan to Syria. A 90 kilometres (56 mi) stretch
runs from the Jordan–Syrian border to the Deir Ali power station. From there the pipeline runs through Damascus to
the Al Rayan gas compressor station near Homs. This sections includes four launching/receiving stations, 12 valve
stations and a fiscal metering station with a capacity of 1.1 billion cubic metres (39 billion cubic feet), and it supplies
Tishreen and Deir Ali power stations. The section was completed in February 2008, and it was built by the Syrian
Petroleum Company and Stroytransgaz, a subsidiary of Gazprom.[7][8]

Homs–Tripoli connection
The Homs–Tripoli connection runs from the Al Rayan compressor station to Baniyas in Syria and then via 32-
kilometre (20 mi) long stretch to Tripoli, Lebanon. The agreement to start supplies was signed on 2 September 2009
and test run started on 8 September 2009.[4] Regular gas supplies started on 19 October 2009 and gas is delivered to
the Deir Ammar power station.[9]

There is a proposal to extend the branch from Banias to Cyprus.[10]

Future extensions

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Syria–Turkey connection
In 2006 Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Turkey, Lebanon, and Romania reached an agreement to build the pipeline's extension
through Syria to the Turkish border. From there, the pipeline would have been connected to the proposed Nabucco
Pipeline for the delivery of gas to Europe. Turkey forecasted buying up to 4 billion cubic metres per annum (140 billion
cubic feet per annum) of natural gas from the Arab Gas Pipeline.[11] In 2008 Turkey and Syria signed an agreement to
construct a 63 kilometres (39 mi) pipeline between Aleppo and Kilis as a first segment of the Syria-Turkey connection
of the Arab Gas Pipeline[12][13] and Stroytransgaz signed a US$71 million contract for the construction of this
section.[14] However, this contract was annulled at the beginning of 2009 and re-tendered. This section was awarded
to PLYNOSTAV Pardubice Holding, a Czech Contracting Company, who finished the project on May 2011. From Kilis,
a 15-kilometre (9.3 mi) long pipeline with a diameter of 12 inches (300 mm) would connect the pipeline with the
Turkish grid thus allowing the Turkish grid to be supplied via the Syrian grid even before completing the Homs–
Aleppo segment.

Connection with Iraq

In September 2004, Egypt, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon agreed to connect the Arab Gas Pipeline with Iraq's gas grid to
allow Iraq to export gas to Europe.[5]

Arish–Ashkelon pipeline
The Arish–Ashkelon pipeline is a 90-kilometre (56 mi) long submarine gas pipeline with a diameter of 26 inches
(660 mm), connecting the Arab Gas Pipeline with Israel. The physical capacity of the pipeline is 7 billion cubic metres
(250 billion cubic feet) of gas per year, although technical upgrades can increase its capacity to a total of 9 billion cubic
metres (320 billion cubic feet) per year. While it is not officially a part of the Arab Gas Pipeline project, it branches off
from the same pipeline in Egypt. The pipeline is built and operated by the East Mediterranean Gas Company (EMG), a
joint company of Mediterranean Gas Pipeline Ltd (28%), the Israeli company Merhav (25%), PTT (25%), EMI-EGI LP
(12%), and Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation (10%).[15] The pipeline became operational in February 2008, at
a cost of $180–$550 million (the exact figure is disputed).[16] It has since ceased operation due to sabotage of its
feeder pipeline in Sinai and gas shortages in Egypt. However, although originally intended for transporting gas from
Egypt to Israel, the gas shortages in Egypt have raised the possibility of operating the pipeline in the opposite
direction, i.e., from Israel to Egypt beginning in 2019.[17]

Initial supply agreement

Egypt and Israel had originally agreed to supply through the pipeline 1.7 billion cubic metres (60 billion cubic feet) of
natural gas per year for use by the Israel Electric Corporation.[18] This amount was later raised to 2.1 billion cubic
metres (74 billion cubic feet) per year to be delivered through the year 2028. In addition, by late 2009, EMG signed
contracts to supply through the pipeline an additional 2 billion cubic metres (71 billion cubic feet) per year to private
electricity generators and various industrial concerns in Israel and negotiations with other potential buyers were
ongoing. In 2010, the pipeline supplied approximately half of the natural gas consumed in Israel, with the other half
being supplied from domestic resources. With the capacity to supply 7 billion cubic metres (250 billion cubic feet) per
year, it made Israel one of Egypt's most important natural gas export markets. In 2010 some Egyptian activists
appealed for a legal provision against governmental authorities to stop gas flow to Israel according to the obscure
contract and very low price compared to the global rates, however the provision was denied by Mubarak regime for
unknown reasons. In 2011, after the Egyptian revolution against Mubarak regime, many Egyptians called for stopping
the gas project with Israel due to low prices. After a fifth bombing of the pipeline, flow had to be stopped for
repair.[19][20]

2012 cancellation

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Following the removal of Hosni Mubarak as head of state, and a perceived souring of ties between the two states, the
standing agreement fell into disarray. According to Mohamed Shoeb, the head of the state-owned EGAS, the "decision
we took was economic and not politically motivated. We canceled the gas agreement with Israel because they have
failed to meet payment deadlines in recent months". Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu also said that
according to him the cancellation was not "something that is born out of political developments". However, Shaul
Mofaz said that the cancellation was "a new low in the relations between the countries and a clear violation of the
peace treaty".[21] Eventually, gas shortages forced Egypt to cancel most of its export agreements to all countries it
previously sold gas to in order to meet internal demand.

Litigation and settlement

The Egyptian state entities supplying the pipeline attempted to declare force majeure in cancelling the gas agreement
with EMG and the Israel Electric Corporation, while the latter contented the cancellation amounted to a unilateral
breach of contract. The matter was referred to the International Court of Arbitration of the International Chamber of
Commerce in Geneva. After four years of proceedings the arbitration panel ruled against Egypt and ordered it to pay
approximately US$2 billion in fines and damages to EMG and the IEC for unilaterally cancelling the contract. Egypt
then appealed the panel’s decision to the Swiss courts, who also ruled against Egypt in 2017.[22][23] Eventually, a
settlement over the fine was reached in 2019 underwhich Egypt will pay the IEC US$500 million over the course of 8.5
years as compensation for halting the gas supplies. The settlement clears the way for gas exports from Israel to Egypt
to begin.[24]

Reverse flow agreement

Since the Egyptian revolution, Egypt has been experiencing significant domestic shortages of natural gas, causing
disruptions and financial losses to various Egyptian businesses who rely on it, as well as curtailing exports of natural
gas from Egypt through the Arab Gas Pipeline (even during periods when it has been available for operation) and via
LNG export terminals located in Egypt. This situation raised the possibility of using the Arish-Ashkelon Pipeline to
send natural gas in the reverse mode.

In March 2015, the consortium operating Israel's Tamar gas field announced it reached an agreement, subject to
regulatory approvals in both countries, for the sale of at least 5 billion cubic metres (180 billion cubic feet) of natural
gas over three years through the pipeline to Dolphinus Holdings – a firm representing non-governmental, industrial
and commercial consumers in Egypt.[25][26] In November 2015 a preliminary agreement for the export of up to
4 billion cubic metres per annum (140 billion cubic feet per annum) of natural gas from Israel's Leviathan gas field to
Dolphinus via the pipeline was also announced.[27][28] The cost of rehabilitating the pipeline and converting it to allow
for flow in the reverse direction is estimated at US$30 million.

In September 2018 it was announced that the consortium operating the Tamar and Leviathan fields and an Egyptian
partner will spend US$518 million to buy a 39% stake in EMG in anticipation of beginning gas exports from Israel to
Egypt through the Arish–Ashkelon pipeline.[29] Test flows through the pipeline from Israel to Egypt are expected to
begin in summer 2019. If tests are successful, small amounts of gas will be exported on an interruptible basis until
after the Leviathan field comes online in late 2019 at which point more substantial amounts could be supplied.

Discontinuation of service
The Egyptian pipelines carrying natural gas to Israel and Jordan stopped operating following at least 26 insurgent
attacks since the start of the uprising in early 2011 until October 2014.[30] These attacks have mostly taken place on
GASCO's pipeline to El-Arish which feeds the Arab Gas Pipeline and the pipeline to Israel. The attacks have been
carried out by Bedouin complaining of economic neglect and discrimination by the central Cairo government.[31][32]
By spring 2013 the pipeline returned to continuous operation, however, due to persistent natural gas shortages in
Egypt, the gas supply to Israel was suspended indefinitely while the supply to Jordan was resumed, but at a rate
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substantially below the contracted amount.[33] The pipeline has since been targeted by militants several more times. It
no longer exports any Egyptian gas since domestic gas shortages have caused Egypt to stop exporting gas to all
countries.

Timeline
On 5 February 2011, amidst the 2011 Egyptian protests an explosion was reported at the pipeline near the El Arish
natural gas compressor station, which supplies pipelines to Israel and Jordan.[34][35][36][37][38] As a result, supplies to
Israel and Jordan were halted.[39]

On 27 April 2011, an explosion at the pipeline near Al-Sabil village in the El-Arish region halted natural gas supplies to
Israel and Jordan.[40] According to the Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources unidentified saboteurs blew up a
monitoring room of the pipeline.[41]

On 4 July 2011, an explosion at the pipeline near Nagah in the Sinai Peninsula halted natural gas supplies to Israel and
Jordan.[42] An official said that armed men with machine guns forced guards at the station to leave before planting
explosive charge there.[42]

An overnight explosion on 26–27 September 2011 caused extensive damage to the pipeline at a location 50 kilometres
(31 mi) from Egypt's border with Israel. As the pipeline had not been supplying gas to Israel since an earlier explosion
in July, it did not affect Israel's natural gas supply. According to Egyptian authorities, local Bedouin Islamists were
behind the attack.[43]

On 14 October 2014, an explosion targeted the pipeline for the 26th time near Al-Qurayaa region south east of El-Arish
city.[44]

On May 31, 2015, the pipeline was targeted by unknown attackers for the 29th time.[45]

It was targeted by unknown assailants again on January 7, 2016, and Wilayat Sinai claimed responsibility.[46]

The pipeline today

Since 2013, Aqaba–El Rehab section is the only section of the Arab Gas Pipeline outside Egypt that is still in operation.
It's used to transport gas domestically within Jordan – mostly from an LNG reception terminal in Aqaba built after the
discontinuation of gas imports from Egypt, and in the future for gas supplied from Israel through the Israel-Jordan
pipeline connection.

Since 2015 Egypt has also occasionally used the Aqaba LNG terminal to import gas which is transported to Egypt in
the reverse direction through the Arish–Aqaba section.

An agreement has been reached to allow gas from Israel to flow to Egypt over the Arab Gas Pipeline fed by the Israel-
Jordan connection via Jordan and Sinai, although supplying quantities larger than the 3 BCM/year allocated to
Jordan requires a capacity upgrade to the Israeli domestic gas distribution grid between Yokneam and Dovrat in
northern Israel. This upgrade is expected to be completed in early 2020.

Exports of gas from Israel to Egypt through the Arish–Ashkelon pipeline are expected to begin in 2019.[17]

See also
Energy in Egypt
Energy in Jordan
Energy in Israel

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